Apropriação dos espaços urbanos na infância e na velhice em Brasília (DF) / Occupation of urban spaces in childhood and old age in Brasilia, Brazil / Apropiación de espacios urbanos en la infancia y en la vejez en Brasília, Brasil

Os estudos sobre as relações mútuas entre as pessoas e o ambiente buscam subsidiar melhorias no contexto urbano a partir de métodos e técnicas pautados na compreensão do uso de espaços públicos e privados. A crescente demanda pela promoção de ambientes amigáveis para idosos e crianças nos cenários urbanos direcionou esta pesquisa e elencou dois componentes: o panorama relativo à população local e o arcabouço teórico da psicologia ambiental. Para tanto, buscou-se identificar as principais atividades realizadas por crianças e idosos em seus respectivos locais de moradia. Foram avaliados os principais usos e atividades desses dois grupos, em duas vizinhanças, diferenciando-os de acordo com suas especificidades em termos de demandas individuais e ambientais. As observações sistemáticas a partir da técnica de mapeamento comportamental centrado no lugar (MCCL) ocorreram na cidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal (DF) e permitiram compreender o processo de apropriação dos espaços na infância e na velhice e suas repercussões em termos da congruência pessoa-ambiente. Cada um destes setores organizados a partir de elementos específicos direciona as ações dos participantes para determinados tipos de comportamentos, observados de maneira a compor um roteiro em que a brincadeira (lazer ativo) surge como central na infância e a caminhada (circulação) como mais potente para a população idosa. Os resultados demonstram que o diálogo entre a psicologia ambiental e a ciência do desenvolvimento humano tem sido bastante profícuo e tem contribuído para a compreensão de aspectos da relação pessoa-ambiente em diferentes momentos do ciclo de vida.(AU)

Studies on the mutual relations between people and the environment seek to support improvements in the urban context from methods and techniques based on understanding the use of public and private spaces. The growing demand for the promotion of friendly urban environments for older people and children guided this research, with two notable components: the panorama related to the local population and the theoretical framework of Environmental Psychology. Therefore, we sought to identify the main activities carried out by children and older people in their respective dwellings. The main uses and activities of these two groups were evaluated in two neighborhoods, differentiating them according to their specificities in terms of individual and environmental demands. Systematic observations using the place-centered behavioral mapping technique took place in the city of Brasília, Federal District, and allowed us to understand the process of appropriation of spaces in childhood and old age and its repercussions in terms of person-environment congruence. Each of these sectors, organized from specific elements, directs the participants' actions towards certain types of behavior, observed in order to compose a script in which playing (active leisure) emerges as central in childhood and walking (circulation) as more potent for the older people. The results demonstrated that the dialogue between environmental psychology and the science of human development has been very fruitful and has contributed to the understanding of aspects of the person-environment relationship at different times in the life cycle.(AU)

Los estudios sobre las relaciones mutuas entre las personas y el medio ambiente buscan aportar mejoras en el contexto urbano mediante métodos y técnicas basados en la comprensión del uso de los espacios públicos y privados. La creciente demanda de la promoción de ambientes amigables para las personas mayores y los niños en entornos urbanos guio esta investigación y enumeró dos componentes: el panorama relacionado con la población local y el marco teórico de la Psicología Ambiental. En este contexto, buscamos identificar las principales actividades que realizan los niños y las personas mayores en sus respectivas viviendas. Se evaluaron los principales usos y actividades de estos dos grupos en dos barrios, diferenciándolos según sus especificidades en cuanto a las demandas individuales y ambientales. Las observaciones sistemáticas utilizando la técnica de mapeo conductual centrado en el lugar (MCCL) ocurrieron en la ciudad de Brasília, Distrito Federal (Brasil) y nos permitieron comprender el proceso de apropiación de espacios en la infancia y la vejez y sus repercusiones en la congruencia persona-ambiente. Cada uno de estos sectores, organizados a partir de elementos específicos, orienta las acciones de los participantes hacia determinados comportamientos, observados para componer un guion en el que el juego (ocio activo) emerge como central en la infancia y el caminar (circulación) como el más potente para las personas mayores. Los resultados demuestran que el diálogo entre la Psicología Ambiental y la ciencia del desarrollo humano ha sido muy fructífero y ha contribuido a la comprensión de aspectos de la relación persona-entorno en diferentes momentos del ciclo de vida.(AU)

Isolamento de amebas de vida livre potencialmente patogênicas em piscinas de uso coletivo localizadas no município de Redenção, Pará, Brasil / Isolation of potentially pathogenic free-living amoebae in swimming pools for collective use located in the municipality of Redenção, Pará, Brazil

Objetivo Isolar amebas dos gêneros Acanthamoeba e Naegleria em piscinas de uso coletivo do município de Redenção, Pará, Brasil. Métodos A identificação dessas amebas se deu a partir de amostras retiradas de piscinas de uso coletivo de quatro clubes da cidade. As análises foram realizadas a partir do exame direto a fresco, cultura, análise morfológica após coloração de Gram e teste de exflagelação, seguindo o protocolo descrito por Carlesso, Artuso e Rott. Resultados As amebas de vida livre foram encontradas em 41,67% das amostras, com predomínio das do gênero Acanthamoeba (63,2%) no exame direto a fresco. No clube A, localizado no setor Serrinha, houve predominância dessas amebas em relação às demais (8,34%). As amostras obtidas por swabs apresentaram 73,69% de formas evolutivas em comparação à análise feita apenas na água das piscinas. A confirmação dos gêneros das amebas presentes nas amostras feita através da coloração de Gram encontrou um perfil de identificação diferente, sendo que nesse exame a ameba de gênero Naegleriaspp. se sobressaiu perante a de gênero Acanthamoeba (61,11% e 38,89%, respectivamente). Conclusão Os resultados do estudo confirmam a presença de isolados potencialmente patogênicos de amebas de vida livre em piscinas de uso coletivo, o que pode significar um risco à saúde pública.

Objective To isolate amoebae of the genera Acanthamoeba and Naegleria in swimming pools for collective use in the municipality of Redenção, Pará, Brazil. Methods The identification of these amoebae was determined from samples of swimming pools for collective use in four private clubs in the city. The analysis methodology was performed based on direct fresh examination, culture, morphological analysis after Gram staining and exflagellation test, following the protocol described by Carlesso, Artuso and Rott. Results The frequency of free-living amoebae was 41.67%, with a predominance of the Acanthamoeba genus (63.2%) in direct fresh examination. At club A, located in the Serrinha sector, the frequency of these amoebae was higher than the others (8.34%). The samples obtained by swabs showed 73.69% of evolutionary forms in comparison to the analysis only of the water in the pools. The confirmation of the genera by Gram stain showed a different identification profile, in which Naegleria spp. stood out before the genus Acanthamoeba (61.11% and 38.89%, respectively). Conclusion In conclusion, the results of the study confirm the presence of potentially pathogenic isolates from free-living amoebae in swimming pools for collective use that may present risks to public health.

Aspectos relacionados à segurança em um serviço de hidroterapia / Aspects relating to safety in a hydrotherapy service

Objetivo: Observar e relatar aspectos relacionados à segurança em um serviço de hidroterapia do município de Goiânia, Goiás. Casuística e Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo observacional realizado entre agosto e dezembro de 2017, no período matutino, em um serviço de Fisioterapia de Goiânia, Goiás. Primeiramente, realizou-se uma revisão da literatura buscando artigos científicos no Google Acadêmico, Scielo, PubMed, Medline e literatura especializada (normas técnicas, portarias e resoluções). O levantamento abrangeu a literatura nacional e internacional, artigos originais gratuitos e disponíveis na íntegra, sendo utilizados como descritores: acessibilidade, padrões da hidroterapia, risco, contraindicações, perigo e precauções. Em seguida, tomando como referência as normas e recomendações para serviços de hidroterapia encontradas na literatura, foi construída uma tabela constando os aspectos de segurança observados. Resultados: De 31 itens elencados e observados neste estudo, quatro (12,9%) não puderam ser avaliados, 14 (45,2%) atenderam aos padrões e recomendações e 13 (41,9%) apresentaram necessidade de reflexão e melhoria, uma vez que não atenderam às exigências apresentadas nas normas vigentes. Conclusão: O serviço de hidroterapia observado requer a adoção de algumas medidas de segurança, recomendando-se um olhar mais cuidadoso frente ao assunto e um esforço coletivo no sentido de ampliar a discussão sobre segurança nesta área, a fim de tornar os profissionais conscientes de seus atos e do pleno atendimento às normas técnicas vigentes

Objective: Observe and report safety-related aspects in a hydrotherapy service in the city of Goiânia, Goiás. Casuistry and Methods: This is an observational study carried out between August and December of 2017, in the morning period, in a Physiotherapy service in the city of Goiânia, Goiás. Initially, a literature review was carried out searching for scientific articles on Google Scholar, Scielo, PubMed, Medline and specialized literature (technical standards, ordinances and resolutions). The survey covered national and international literature, original articles were free and available in full, being used as descriptors: accessibility, hydrotherapy standards, risk, contraindications, danger and precautions. Then, with the rules/recommendations for a hydrotherapy service taken from the literature review, a table was built and during the internship, the safety aspects contained in the table were observed by that service. Results: Of 31 items listed and observed in this study, four (12.9%) could not be evaluated, 14 (45.2%) met the standards and recommendations and 13 (41.9%) generated energy for reflection and improvement, since they did not meet the requirements of current regulations. Conclusion: The observed hydrotherapy service requires the adoption of some safety measures, recommending a more careful look at the subject and a collective effort to expand the discussion on safety in this area, in order to make professionals aware of their acts and full compliance with current technical standards.

Respostas musculoesqueléticas e cardiorrespiratórias do Deep Water Running em obesos: revisão de literatura / Deep Water Running Musculoskeletic and Cardiorrespiratory Responses in Obese: Review

O Deep Water Running (DWR) é um método bastante difundido para o condicionamento cardiovascular e reabilitação em atletas. Contudo, nos últimos anos, foram realizadas investigações científicas sobre o DWR em populações especiais. Porém, ainda existem poucas evidências sobre as respostas musculoesqueléticas e cardiorrespiratórias em indivíduos obesos. O objetivo foi realizar um estudo de revisão sistemática de literatura referente às respostas musculoesqueléticas e cardiorrespiratórias, mediante ao treinamento em água funda em obesos. Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura de 2009 a 2019, por meio de levantamento de artigos científicos nas bases de dados eletrônica PubMed, e Scielo. Para tanto, foram utilizadas as seguintes palavras-chave: aquatic, deep water running, water-based, head-out aquatic, physical activity, obesity, overweight, também foram aplicados os operadores boleanos "and" e "OR". Foram encontrados 11 estudos de ensaios clínicos, cujos temas estavam relacionados com as variáveis de interesse do presente estudo. Baseado na literatura científica selecionada, conclui-se que a técnica de DWR é uma estratégia de treinamento e reabilitação física extremamente indicada para potencializar a força e resistência muscular, melhorar a capacidade funcional, cardiorrespiratória e qualidade de vida em obesos.

Deep Water Running (DWR) is a widely used method for cardiovascular conditioning and rehabilitation in athletes. Although, in recent years, scientific investigations have been conducted on DWR in special populations. However, there is still little evidence on musculoskeletal and cardiorespiratory responses in obese individuals.The objective was to perform a systematic review on musculoskeletal and cardiorespiratory responses, through deep water running in obese patients. It is a systematic reviewfrom 2009 to 2019, by means of a survey of scientific articles in the electronic databases PubMed, and Scielo. The following keywords were used: aquatic, deep water running, water-based, head-out aquatic, physical activity, obesity, overweight, and boolean operators "and" and "OR". Were found 11 clinical trial studies, whose themes were related to the variables of interest of the present study. Based on the selected scientific literature, it is concluded that the DWR technique is a strategy of training and physical rehabilitation extremely indicated to potentiate muscular strength and endurance, improve functional capacity, cardiorespiratory capacity and quality of life in obese patients.

Geographic Information System as an aid instrument for public policies and management of sports facilities and programs

Abstract Aims: This paper sought to evaluate the infrastructure of public swimming pools in a countryside municipality of the state of São Paulo and to present the Geographic Information System (GIS) as a tool capable of assisting in the management of sports facilities and programs. Methods: This is a descriptive study since it intends to expose the characteristics of a certain context. First, documentary research was performed to map the facilities and their respective projects. After that, a field survey was conducted seeking to evaluate the infrastructure of public pools and their surroundings through observation. Lastly, using georeferencing software, the population, and socioeconomic data around these pools were obtained and analyzed. Results: It was identified ten public swimming pools, and in seven the offer of swimming projects was foreseen. The infrastructure of the pools is mainly unsatisfactory, making necessary the improvement of the installation itself and in its surroundings. According to the results of the GIS, each pool has its specific public target concerning the characteristics of the profile of the residents surrounding these facilities. Conclusion: Information regarding the public profile around sports facilities generated from a tool such as GIS showed it is possible to determine which sports projects should be prioritized in each facility, leading to improvement in the management of sports-related public policies.

Diversidad de especies de micobacterias no tuberculosas aisladas en ambientes acuáticos de la ciudad de General Pico, La Pampa, Argentina / Species diversity of non-tuberculous mycobacteria isolated from aquatic environments of General Pico city, Province of La Pampa (Argentina)

Las micobacterias no tuberculosas (MNT) no solo se estudian por su importancia como patógenos oportunistas, sino también por sus aplicaciones en biotecnología y biorremediación. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la presencia de micobacterias en los distintos hábitats acuáticos de la ciudad de General Pico (provincia de La Pampa), así como su diversidad. Los porcentajes de muestras positivas a micobacterias fueron los siguientes: 37,5% en el sistema de distribución de agua de red, 32,6% en el acuífero que abastece dicho sistema, 36,8% en el agua proveniente de las precipitaciones, 53,1% en los humedales del área de influencia, 80% en los natatorios cubiertos y 33,3% en las fuentes decorativas ubicadas en plazas públicas. De los 90 aislamientos de MNT obtenidos el 8,9% no logró ser identificado a nivel de especie con los métodos utilizados, que incluyeron pruebas fenotípicas y métodos moleculares. Las especies más frecuentemente aisladas fueron Mycobacterium fortuitum y Mycobacterium gordonae. Algunas especies identificadas han sido reportadas en casos de micobacteriosis en nuestro país, entre ellas M. fortuitum, M. gordonae, M. intracellulare, M. vaccae, M. lentiflavum y M. nonchromogenicum. No se aislaron MNT en muestras de agua de red con concentraciones de cloro activo residual mayores de 0,8mg/l, mientras que en los natatorios la presencia de hasta 1,5mg/l de cloro activo residual no fue una limitante para la proliferación de estos microorganismos. Se puede considerar que la incidencia de micobacterias en los ambientes acuáticos de General Pico es cercana al 35%, y que la presencia de estos microorganismos y su diversidad se ve afectada por el contacto con el hombre y sus actividades, como así también por la existencia de vida animal.

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are studied not only for their importance as emerging opportunistic pathogens but also for their applications in biotechnology and bioremediation. Our aim was to determine the occurrence and diversity of mycobacteria in different aquatic habitats of General Pico city, Province of La Pampa. The percentage of samples with positive cultures for mycobacteria were the following: 37.5% recovered from the water supply distribution system; 32.6% from the aquifer that supplies water to the distribution system; 36.8% from rain water; 53.1% from the two wetlands in the area of influence; 80% from indoor swimming pools; and 33.3% from water fountains in downtown public squares. Of the 90 NTM isolates, 8.9% could not be identified at the species level with any of the used methods, phenotypic tests and molecular methods. Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium gordonae were the most frequently isolated species. Some of the identified species such as, M. fortuitum, M. gordonae, M. intracellulare, M. vaccae, M. lentiflavum and M. nonchromogenicum, have been reported in cases of mycobacteriosis in Argentina. Mycobacteria with values higher than 0.8mg/ml of residual active chlorine were not recovered from the drinking water supply network, whereas in the swimming pools the presence of up to 1.5 mg/l was not a constraint. Based on our results, the presence of mycobacteria in aquatic environments is close to 35% and their occurrence and diversity is affected both by contact with man and his activities as well as by the existence of animal life.

Efeito da fisioterapia aquática na força muscular respiratória de crianças e adolescentes com Síndrome de Down / Effect of aquatic physioterapy on the respiratory muscle strength of children and teenagers with Down Syndrome

A força muscular respiratória em crianças e adolescentes com Síndrome de Down é comprometida pela hipotonia generalizada que os acometem. Analisar os efeitos da fisioterapia aquática na força muscular respiratória em crianças e adolescentes com síndrome de Down. Estudo de intervenção, quasi-experimental, com amostra constituída de oito crianças e adolescentes diagnosticados com SD e média de idade de 12 anos (± 3,8). Foram realizadas 10 sessões de fisioterapia aquática, com 50 minutos de duração cada, em piscina com água aquecida. A força muscular respiratória foi avaliada a partir da pressão inspiratória máxima (PImáx) e pressão expiratória máxima (PEmáx) com auxílio do manuvacuômetro, sendo obtido seus valores antes do primeiro atendimento e após o último. Analisou-se ainda a saturação periférica de oxigênio e frequência cardíaca. Para comparação das médias antes e depois da intervenção foi utilizado o Teste T pareado. Amostra de indivíduos predominantemente do sexo feminino (75,0%), pardos (75,0%) e residentes em zona urbana (87,5%). A comparação da PImáx e PEmáx antes e após as 10 sessões de fisioterapia aquática evidenciou melhora da força muscular inspiratória e expiratória, sendo tais diferenças estatisticamente significantes (valor de p<0,01). Também foram notadas melhorias na frequência cardíaca e saturação de oxigênio (valor de p<0,05) com a intervenção. Destaca-se neste estudo que a fisioterapia aquática parece ser um recurso terapêutico eficiente para o fortalecimento da musculatura respiratória e melhora dos sinais vitais de crianças e adolescentes de com diagnóstico de Síndrome de Down.

Respiratory muscle strength in children and adolescents with Down syndrome is compromised by the generalized hypotonia that affects them. This study aims to analyze the effects of aquatic physical therapy on respiratory muscle strength in children and adolescents with Down syndrome. Material and method: A quasi-experimental study with a sample consisting of eight children and adolescents diagnosed with DS and mean age of 12 years (± 3.8). Ten sessions of aquatic physiotherapy were performed, each with a duration of 50 minutes, in a pool with heated water. Respiratory muscle strength was assessed from maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) using a manuvacuometer, and its values were obtained before the first session and after the last one. Peripheral oxygen saturation and heart rate were also analyzed. The paired T-test was used to compare the means before and after the intervention. Sample of predominantly female (75.0%), brown (75.0%) and urban residents (87.5%). The comparison of MIP and MEP before and after the 10 sessions of aquatic physiotherapy showed an improvement in inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength, and these differences were statistically significant (p <0.01). Improvements in heart rate and oxygen saturation (p value <0.05) were also noted with the intervention. In this study, aquatic physiotherapy seems to be an efficient therapeutic resource for the strengthening of respiratory muscles and improvement of the vital signs of children and adolescents diagnosed with Down's Syndrome.

Acanthamoeba in Southeast Asia – Overview and Challenges

Acanthamoeba, one of free-living amoebae (FLA), remains a high risk of direct contact with this protozoan parasite which is ubiquitous in nature and man-made environment. This pathogenic FLA can cause sight-threatening amoebic keratitis (AK) and fatal granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) though these cases may not commonly be reported in our clinical settings. Acanthamoeba has been detected from different environmental sources namely; soil, water, hot-spring, swimming pool, air-conditioner, or contact lens storage cases. The identification of Acanthamoeba is based on morphological appearance and molecular techniques using PCR and DNA sequencing for clinico-epidemiological purposes. Recent treatments have long been ineffective against Acanthamoeba cyst, novel anti-Acanthamoeba agents have therefore been extensively investigated. There are efforts to utilize synthetic chemicals, lead compounds from medicinal plant extracts, and animal products to combat Acanthamoeba infection. Applied nanotechnology, an advanced technology, has shown to enhance the anti-Acanthamoeba activity in the encapsulated nanoparticles leading to new therapeutic options. This review attempts to provide an overview of the available data and studies on the occurrence of pathogenic Acanthamoeba among the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) members with the aim of identifying some potential contributing factors such as distribution, demographic profile of the patients, possible source of the parasite, mode of transmission and treatment. Further, this review attempts to provide future direction for prevention and control of the Acanthamoeba infection.

Water workout application effects on the body composition and motor abilities of 13-year-old female adolescents / Efectos de la aplicación de entrenamiento acuático sobre la composición corporal y las habilidades motoras de adolescentes mujeres de 13 años de edad

The aim of this research was to determine the water workout application effects on anthropometric characteristics, body composition and motor abilities of 13-year-old female adolescents. The research was conducted on the sample of 154 female adolescents from south-eastern Serbia, divided into experimental group (n= 82) and control group (n= 72). In the area of anthropometry, the following components were measured: body height, body mass, body mass index (BMI) and five skinfolds. In the area of body composition, the percentage of body fat and total muscle mass was measured. According to the Eurofit Manual, the standard tests recommended for testing school children were conducted, measuring the following variables in the motor area: plate tapping, sit-andreach, standing broad jump, sit-ups in 30 seconds, bent-arm hang test, agility run 10 x 5 m, and 20 m shuttle-run. The three-times-a-week water training programme lasting for eight weeks was the experimental factor. ANOVA results indicate the statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups in body mass, BMI, skin biceps brachi, skin suprailiaca, skin medicalf, skin triceps brachi and body composition variables (p<0.01). There were statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups (p< 0.01) in variables pertaining to the plate tapping, standing broad jump, sit-ups in 30 seconds, 20 m shuttle-run, and sitand- reach and agility run 10 x 5 m (p< 0.05). Based on the obtained results, we can conclude that the water training programme affected the reduction of body composition, improvement of cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular force, muscular endurance and mobility in 13-year-old female adolescents. The given water training programme would be the means for obesity prevention in adolescents, which can be useful for the improvement of youth health and quality of life.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar los efectos de la aplicación de entrenamiento acuático en las características antropométricas, la composición corporal y las habilidades motoras de mujeres de 13 años. La investigación se realizó en una muestra de 154 mujeres adolescentes del sudeste de Serbia, divididas en dos grupos, experimental (n = 82) y control (n = 72). En el área de la antropometría, se midieron los siguientes componentes: Altura corporal, masa corporal, índice de masa corporal (IMC) y cinco pliegues cutáneos. En el área de composición corporal, se midió el porcentaje de grasa corporal y la masa muscular total. Según el Manual de Eurofit, se llevaron a cabo las pruebas estándar recomendadas para evaluar a escolares, midiendo las siguientes variables en el área motora: golpear las placas, sentado y alcance, salto de pie, sentadillas en 30 segundos, prueba de colgar el brazo doblado, agilidad de 10 x 5 m, y 20 m de carrera de lanzadera. El programa experimental de entrenamiento en agua tres veces por semana durante ocho semanas fue el factor experimental. Los resultados de ANOVA indican las diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos experimental y de control en masa corporal, IMC, pliegue braquio cutáneo, piel suprailiaca, tríceps y variables de composición corporal (p<0,01). Hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos experimental y control (p<0,01) en las variables relacionadas con el golpe de placas, el salto de pie, las sentadillas en 30 segundos, la carrera de lanzadera de 20 m y la carrera de sentarse y alcanzar, y agilidad 10 x 5 m (p<0,05). En base a los resultados obtenidos, podemos concluir que el programa de entrenamiento acuático provocó una reducción de la composición corporal, el mejoramiento de la resistencia cardiorrespiratoria, la fuerza muscular, la resistencia muscular y la movilidad en mujeres de 13 años. El programa de entrenamiento realizado en agua, sería el medio para la prevención de la obesidad en adolescentes, que puede ser útil para mejorar la salud y la calidad de vida de los jóvenes.

Monitoring of Noxious Protozoa for Management of Natural Water Resources

Waterborne parasitic protozoa, particularly Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium spp., are common causes of diarrhea and gastroenteritis worldwide. The most frequently identified source of infestation is water, and exposure involves either drinking water or recreation in swimming pools or natural bodies of water. In practice, studies on Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in surface water are challenging owing to the low concentrations of these microorganisms because of dilution. In this study, a 3-year monitoring of Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, and Naegleria fowleri was conducted from August 2014 to June 2016 at 5 surface water sites including 2 lakes, 1 river, and 2 water intake plants. A total of 50 water samples of 40 L were examined. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 22% of samples and Giardia cysts in 32%. Water at the 5 sampling sites was all contaminated with Cryptosporidium oocysts (0–36/L), Giardia cysts (0–39/L), or both. The geometric mean concentrations of Cryptosporidium and Giardia were 1.14 oocysts/L and 4.62 cysts/L, respectively. Thus, effective monitoring plans must take into account the spatial and temporal parameters of contamination because they affect the prevalence and distribution of these protozoan cysts in local water resources.

Mallory-Weiss Tear After Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in a Patient Suffering From Acute Myocardial Infarction / 고신대학교의과대학학술지

A report of a 79 year old male patient suffering from acute myocardial infarction with Mallory-Weiss tear after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR) by emergency medical technician in the swimming pool is presented. Successful percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI) was done after appropriate transfusion. The patient survived and discharged without major complications after admitting 11days in the hospital. Importance of CPR in AMI patient is reiterated as complication such as Mallory-Weiss tear may arise.

Contamination of swimming pools and park ponds with free living amoebae in Tehran

Background and Objectives: Free-living amoebae [FLA] include various genera habitat in water sources; some FLA can lead to severe complications in high risk people. The present study aimed to isolate free living amoebae using morphological methods in recreational water sources of Tehran

Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was performed during 8 months in 2014. Seventy five samples from Tehran were collected and filtered. Samples were cultured in 1.5% non-nutrient bacto-agar. Plates were then monitored for the presence of amoebae daily and positive plates were cloned. In the present study, identification was based on morphological criteria and page key. The page key is based on morphological character of free living amoebae such as trophozoites shape, pseudopodia shape, amoebae nucleus, and endo and ecto-cysts in the cystic form, These criteria could lead to identification of amoeba at the family and genus level

Results: Out of 75 water samples, 18 [24%] were positive for free living amoebae. Of 40 pond waters, 13 [32,5%] were positive including Acanthamoeba, Hartmcmnella and Vahlkampfiids [Naegleria] and out of 35 samples 5 [14.2%] strain belonging io Acanthamoeba were identified based on morphological criteria

Conclusion: According to the presence of free living amoebae in recreational water sources, it is necessary to alert swimming pools authorities and high risk people. Additionally, posting alarming signs and educating the high risk people is of utmost importance to prevent free living amoebae-related infections

Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and the Relationship between Protozoa and Water Quality Indicators in Swimming Pools

A total of 60 samples were collected from 35 swimming pools in Beijing, China, and the presence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia were investigated. The results showed that 16.7% and 15.0% of samples were positive for Cryptosporidium oocyst and Giardia cysts, respectively, with a mean concentration of 0.30 oocysts/10 L and 0.27 cysts/10 L. The oocysts and cysts were found to have higher rates of occurrence in August than in May. Genotyping confirmed the presence of Cryptosporidium hominis, C. parvum, and Giardia assemblages A and B, all of which were associated with human infections. The predominant species/assemblages were C. hominis and Giardia assemblage A. Analyses of the relationships between parasite oocysts/cysts, indicator bacteria, and physical-chemical parameters revealed that there was no correlation between 2 parasites and fecal bacterial indicators, whilst there was a significant correlation between protozoa and urea concentration, which indicates that urea concentration rather than fecal bacterial indicators might be an appropriate index for chlorine-resistant protozoa in swimming pools. This study provides useful information to improve the safety of swimming pool water and deduce the risk of protozoan infections.

First microbiota assessments of children's paddling pool waters evaluated using 16S rRNA gene-based metagenome analysis

Insufficient chloric sterilization of children's paddling pool waters increases the risk of diarrheal illness. Therefore, we investigated the micro-biota changes after children use pools. First, we applied 16S rRNA gene-based metagenome analysis to understand the dynamics of microbiota in pool water, especially with respect to the bio-contamination by potential pathogens. Proteobacterio were major taxa detected in every pool water sample after children spent time in the pool. In more detail, Gammaproteobacteria comprised the dominant class, which was followed by Betaproteobacteria. Five phyla, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Deinococcus-Thermus phyla were minor groups. The pool water microbiota are likely to be a consortium of intestinal and skin microbiota from humans. Interestingly, the ratio of Gammaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacterio differed according to the age of the children who used the pool, which means the pool water was additionally contaminated by soil microbiota as a result of the children's behavior. Furthermore, potential pathogens, such as Campylobacterspp., Comamonas testosteroni and Burkhoideria pseudomallei, were also found. Considering the standard plate counts, the abundances of these human pathogens are unlikely to be a sufficiently infectious dose. We suggest the importance of sanitary measures in paddling pool waters to reduce bio-contamination from both humans and the environment

Restorative management using hybrid ceramic of a patient with severe tooth erosion from swimming: a clinical report

This clinical report presents the clinical appearance and treatment approach in a case of excessive anterior teeth erosion resulted from swimming in a poorly-chlorinated swimming pool. Clinical findings revealed tooth sensitivity, severe enamel erosion resembling veneer preparations, and the presence of anterior open bite. A novel hybrid ceramic (Vita Enamic) was chosen for fabricating full-coverage crowns for this patient. After 6-months follow-up, the tooth sensitivity disappeared and the patient was satisfied with esthetic outcome. The hybrid ceramic restorations can be recommended with no complications.

Characterization of a virulent Leptospira interrogans strain isolated from an abandoned swimming pool

Pathogenic Leptospira spp. are the etiological agents of leptospirosis, an important disease of both humans and animals. In urban settings, L. interrogans serovars are the predominant cause of disease in humans. The purpose of this study was to characterize a novel Leptospira isolate recovered from an abandoned swimming pool. Molecular characterization through sequencing of the rpoB gene revealed 100% identity with L. interrogans and variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) analysis resulted in a banding pattern identical to L. interrogans serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae, serovar Copenhageni or Icterohaemorrhagiae. The virulence of the strain was determined in a hamster model of lethal leptospirosis. The lethal dose 50% (LD50) was calculated to be two leptospires in female hamsters and a histopathological examination of infected animals found typical lesions associated with severe leptospirosis, including renal epithelium degeneration, hepatic karyomegaly, liver-plate disarray and lymphocyte infiltration. This highly virulent strain is now available for use in further studies, especially evaluation of vaccine candidates.

Morpho-physiological and biochemical criteria of acanthamoeba spp. isolated from the Egyptian aquatic environment

The free-living amoebae Acanthamoeba spp., have been recognized as etiologic agents of amoebic encephalitis, keratitis, otitis, lung lesions and other skin infections mainly in immunocompromised individuals. In this study, morpho-physiological and biochemical characterization of Acanthamoeba strains isolated from the Egyptian aquatic environment were surveyed. Some Acanthamoeba species were cultivated on non-nutrient agar. Isolated strains of Acanthamoeba were identification based on the morphology of trophic and cyst forms in addition to temperature and osmo-tolerance assays. Biochemical characterization of the isolated amoeba strains was performed using quantitative assay as well as qualitative determination of proteolytic activity in zymograph analysis. Potentially pathogenic Acanthamoeba species were isolated from all of the examined water sources. Colorimetric assays showed protease activity in the heat-tolerant isolates of Acanthamoeba. All pathogenic isolates of Acanthamoeba exhibited higher protease activity than did the non-pathogenic ones. The zymographic protease assays showed various banding patterns for different strains of Acanthamoeba. The incidence and prevalence of the pathogenic Acanthamoeba species in the aquatic environment using parasitological and biochemical diagnostic tools will provide baseline data against which the risk factors associated with waterborne transmission can be identified.

The pH of water from various sources: an overview for recommendation for patients with atopic dermatitis

BACKGROUND: Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) have increased susceptibility to irritants. Some patients have questions about types of water for bathing or skin cleansing. OBJECTIVE: We studied the pH of water from various sources to give an overview for physicians to recommend patients with AD. METHODS: Water from various sources was collected for measurement of the pH using a pH meter and pH-indicator strips. RESULTS: Bottled drinking still water had pH between 6.9 and 7.5 while the sparkling type had pH between 4.9 and 5.5. Water derived from home water filters had an approximate pH of 7.5 as same as tap water. Swimming pool water had had pH between 7.2 and 7.5 while seawater had a pH of 8. Normal saline and distilled water had pH of 5.4 and 5.7, respectively. Facial mineral water had pH between 7.5 and 8, while facial makeup removing water had an acidic pH. CONCLUSION: Normal saline, distilled water, bottled sparkling water and facial makeup removing water had similar pH to that of normal skin of normal people. However, other factors including benefits of mineral substances in the water in terms of bacteriostatic and anti-inflammation should be considered in the selection of cleansing water.

Protocolo de esforço durante a corrida em piscina funda / Effort protocol during a deep-pool swimming race

Tanto a frequência cardíaca, quanto a percepção subjetiva de esforço, aumentaram linearmente em relação ao incremento das cadências durante o exercício de corrida em piscina funda