Impact of cigarette smoke and aerobic physical training on histological and molecular markers of prostate health in rats

Recent evidence suggests that aerobic physical training may attenuate the deleterious effects of cancer risk factors, including smoking. We investigated the effects of cigarette smoke inhalation and aerobic physical training on the expression of steroid receptors and inflammatory and apoptotic proteins in the prostate. Forty male Wistar rats were distributed in four groups: control (CO), exercise (EXE), cigarette smoke exposure (CS), and cigarette smoke exposure with exercise (CS+EXE). For eight weeks, animals were repeatedly exposed to cigarette smoke for 30 min or performed aerobic physical training either with or without the cigarette smoke inhalation protocol. Following these experiments, we analyzed prostate epithelial morphology and prostatic expression of androgen (AR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2), BCL-2-associated X protein (BAX), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) via immunohistochemistry. Cigarette smoke exposure stimulated the expression of AR, IGF-1, BCL-2, and NF-κB while downregulating BAX, IL-6, and TNF-α labeling in the prostate. In contrast, aerobic physical training attenuated cigarette smoke-induced changes in AR, GR, IGF-1, BCL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and NF-κB. This suggests that cigarette smoke stimulates inflammation and reduces apoptosis, culminating in increased prostatic epithelial and extracellular matrices, whereas physical training promoted beneficial effects towards maintaining normal prostate morphology and protein levels.

Evaluation of apoptosis indexes in currently used oral alpha-blockers in prostate: a pilot study

ABSTRACT Objectives: Apoptosis effect of oral alpha-blockers is known in the prostate. Apoptosis index of silodosin has not been proved, yet. Aims are to present apoptosis index of silodosin in prostate and to compare this with other currently used alpha-blocker's apoptosis indexes together with their clinical effects. Materials and Methods: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients were enrolled among those admitted to urology outpatient clinic between June 2014 and June 2015. Study groups were created according to randomly prescribed oral alpha-blocker drugs as silodosin 8mg (Group 1; n=24), tamsulosin 0.4mg (Group 2; n=30), alfuzosin 10mg (Group 3; n=25), doxazosin 8mg (Group 4; n=22), terazosin 5mg (Group 5; n=15). Pa- tients who refused to use any alpha-blocker drug were included into Group 6 as control group (n=16). We investigated apoptosis indexes of the drugs in prostatic tissues that were taken from patient's surgery (transurethral resection of prostate) and/or prostate biopsies. Immunochemical dyeing, light microscope, and Image Processing and Analy- sis in Java were used for evaluations. Statistical significant p was p<0.05. Results: There were 132 patients with mean follow-up of 4.2±2.1 months. Pathologist researched randomly selected 10 areas in each microscope set. Group 1 showed statisti- cal significant difference apoptosis index in immunochemical TUNEL dyeing and im- age software (p<0.001). Moreover, we determined superior significant development in parameters as uroflowmetry, quality of life scores, and international prostate symptom score in Group 1. Conclusions: Silodosin has higher apoptosis effect than other alpha-blockers in prostate. Thus, clinic improvement with silodosin was proved by histologic studies. Besides, static factor of BPH may be overcome with creating apoptosis.

Effect of concurrent training and supplementation with ß-hydroxy- ß-methylbutyirate (hmb) on the prostate: alterations in the androgen receptor and inflammation / Efecto del entrenamiento concomitante y suplementación con ß-hidroxi-ß-metilbutirato (hmb) en la próstata: alteraciones en el receptor de andrógenos y la inflamación

SUMMARY: Supplementation is a strategy to potentiate physical training through hypertrophy of skeletal muscles, but other tissues such as the prostate may also be affected. Changes in prostate size and function are associated with the behavior of individuals, but evidence for an association with supplementation is scarce. Therefore, the aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of b-hydroxy bmethylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation and concurrent training on the prostate. Wistar rats were divided randomly into four groups with 10 animals each: control group (C), supplemented group (S), training group (T), and supplemented plus training group (TS). The supplemented groups (S and TS) received 76 mg·kg/day of HMB and the concurrent training groups (T and TS) performed exercise three times per week for eight weeks. HMB increased body composition, total weight of the prostate, and altered the histology of prostatic compartments. The lateral prostate of animals in the supplemented group had an increase in mast cells per mm2 (28.0 ± 3.9) compared to the control and exercise group (6.1 ± 3.0; 2.3 ± 0.9) There was also an increase in inflammation in the stroma and lumen of the prostate, and increased expression of androgen receptor (AR) in the supplemented and trained supplemented group (79.8 ± 2.1; 76.8 ± 11.4) in relation to the trained group (61.5 ± 7.0). We concluded that HMB alters hormone receptors that induce morphological changes and inflammation, and animals in the concurrent training group had normal inflammatory and hormonal profiles, and favorable prostatic histology.

RESUMEN: La suplementación con β-hidroxi β-metilbutirato (HMB) es una estrategia para potenciar el entrenamiento físico a través de la hipertrofia de los músculos esqueléticos, pero otros tejidos como la próstata también pueden verse afectados. Los cambios en el tamaño y la función de la próstata están asociados con el comportamiento de las personas, pero la evidencia de una asociación con la suplementación es escasa. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de nuestro estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la suplementación con β-hidroxi βmetilbutirato (HMB) y el entrenamiento concurrente en la próstata. Las ratas Wistar se dividieron aleatoriamente en cuatro grupos con 10 animales cada uno: grupo de control (C), grupo suplementado (S), grupo de entrenamiento (T) y grupo de entrenamiento suplementado (TS). Los grupos suplementados (S y TS) recibieron 76 mg•kg / día de HMB y los grupos de entrenamiento concurrentes (T y TS) realizaron ejercicio tres veces por semana durante ocho semanas. HMB aumentó la composición corporal, el peso total de la próstata y alteró la histología de los compartimentos prostáticos. La próstata lateral de los animales en el grupo suplementado tuvo un aumento en los mastocitos por mm2 (28,0 ± 3,9) en comparación con el grupo de control y ejercicio (6,1 ± 3,0; 2,3 ± 0,9) También hubo un aumento de la inflamación en el estroma y la luz de la próstata, y aumento de la expresión del receptor de andrógenos (AR) en el grupo suplementado y entrenado (79,8 ± 2,1; 76,8 ± 11,4) en relación con el grupo entrenado (61,5 ± 7,0). Concluimos que el HMB altera los receptores de hormonas que inducen cambios morfológicos e inflamación, y los animales en el grupo de entrenamiento concurrente tenían perfiles inflamatorios y hormonales normales y una histología prostática favorable.

The prostate after castration and hormone replacement in a rat model: structural and ultrastructural analysis

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate if late hormonal replacement is able to recover the prostatic tissue modified by androgenic deprivation. Materials and Methods: 24 rats were assigned into a Sham group; an androgen deficient group, submitted to bilateral orchiectomy (Orch); and a group submitted to bilateral orchiectomy followed by testosterone replacement therapy (Orch+T). After 60 days from surgery blood was collected for determination of testosterone levels and the ventral prostate was collected for quantitative and qualitative microscopic analysis. The acinar epithelium height, the number of mast cells per field, and the densities of collagen fibers and acinar lumen were analyzed by stereological methods under light microscopy. The muscle fibers and types of collagen fibers were qualitatively assessed by scanning electron microscopy and polarization microscopy. Results: Hormone depletion (in group Orch) and return to normal levels (in group Orch+T) were effective as verified by serum testosterone analysis. The androgen deprivation promoted several alterations in the prostate: the acinar epithelium height diminished from 16.58±0.47 to 11.48±0.29μm; the number of mast cells per field presented increased from 0.45±0.07 to 2.83±0.25; collagen fibers density increased from 5.83±0.92 to 24.70±1.56%; and acinar lumen density decreased from 36.78±2.14 to 16.47±1.31%. Smooth muscle was also increased in Orch animals, and type I collagen fibers became more predominant in these animals. With the exception of the densities of collagen fibers and acinar lumen, in animals receiving testosterone replacement therapy all parameters became statistically similar to Sham. Collagen fibers density became lower and acinar lumen density became higher in Orch+T animals, when compared to Sham. This is the first study to demonstrate a relation between mast cells and testosterone levels in the prostate. This cells have been implicated in prostatic cancer and benign hyperplasia, although its specific role is not understood. Conclusion: Testosterone deprivation promotes major changes in the prostate of rats. The hormonal replacement therapy was effective in reversing these alterations.

Protective effect of alcoholic extract of garden cress seeds on the histopathological changes of the ventral prostate in streptozotocin diabetic rats / Efecto protectivo de extracto alcohólico de garden cress seeds en los cambios histopatológicos de la próstata ventral en ratas diabéticas por streptozotocina

Diabetes mellitus is a common serious metabolic illness occurring worldwide that may lead to male infertility. Various plants have been used in the treatment of diabetes. In this study, the effect of garden cress (Lepidium sativum) seed extract on fasting blood sugar is assessed for its protective effect on histopathological changes in the ventral prostate gland of streptozotocine-induced diabetic rats. Fifty adult male Wistar rats were randomly selected into five groups. Group 1 was the control placebo group where rats received only 0.1 mL normal saline via gastric gavages. Rats in Group 2 received an intraperitoneal injection of STZ 60 mg/kg body weight and those with FBS >250 mg/dL were considered diabetic. In Group 3, diabetic rats received insulin (3 U/100 g body weight) while in Groups 4 and 5 diabetic rats received 0.1 ml of 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively of an ethanol extract of Lepidium sativum seeds by gavage daily. The prostate was removed and weighed before transfer to Bouin’s solution for histological studies. Administration of the 200 and 400 mg/kg doses of Lepidium sativum seed extract increased epithelium height and decreased interstitial volume density and fibromuscular thickness of the prostate significantly. Also, the volume density of the epithelium, fibro muscular, lumen, and interstitial tissues were changed significantly. The results suggest that Lepidium sativum seed extract has beneficial effects as a protective agent against the detrimental effects of diabetes on the reproductive system of diabetic male rats.

La diabetes mellitus es una enfermedad metabólica común y grave que ocurre en todo el mundo y que puede conducir a la infertilidad masculina. Se han utilizado varias plantas en el tratamiento de la diabetes. En este estudio se evalúa el efecto del extracto de semilla de Lepidium sativum sobre los niveles de azúcar en sangre, en ayunas, por su efecto protector sobre los cambios histopatológicos en la próstata ventral, de ratas diabéticas inducidas por estreptozotocina (STZ). Cincuenta ratas Wistar adultas fueron divididas aleatoriamente en cinco grupos. El grupo 1 fue el grupo placebo, de control, en el que las ratas recibieron sólo 0,1 ml de solución salina normal mediante sondas gástricas. Las ratas del grupo 2 recibieron una inyección intraperitoneal de 60 mg / kg de peso corporal de STZ y aquellas con FBS> 250 mg / dl se consideraron diabéticas. En el grupo 3, las ratas diabéticas recibieron insulina (3 U / 100 g de peso corporal) mientras que en los grupos 4 y 5 las ratas diabéticas recibieron 0,1 ml de 200 y 400 mg / kg respectivamente de un extracto etanólico de semillas de Lepidium sativum por gavage diariamente. La próstata se retiró y se pesó antes de transferir a una solución de Bouin para realizar estudios histológicos. La administración de las dosis de 200 y 400 mg / kg de extracto de semilla de Lepidium sativum aumentó la altura del epitelio y disminuyó la densidad volumétrica intersticial y el espesor fibromuscular de la próstata, significativamente. Además, la densidad volumétrica del epitelio fibromuscular, del lumen y el intersticio de los tejidos sufrieron modificaciones significativas. Los resultados sugieren que el extracto de semilla de Lepidium sativum posee efectos beneficiosos como agente protector contra los efectos perjudiciales de la diabetes en el sistema reproductivo de las ratas macho diabéticas.

Nutritional supplementation with arginine protects radiation-induced effects. An experimental study

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To investigate the protective effect of L-arginine on the prostate (nonneoplasic) of rats with radiation-induced injury. METHODS: Twenty-nine Wistar rats, male adult, allocated into three groups: Control group (C) was not exposed to irradiation (n=10); Radiated group (R) had undergone pelvic irradiation (n=10); Supplemented and radiated group (R+S) had undergone pelvic irradiation plus L-arginine supplementation (n=9). The animals were observed for signs of toxicity. After euthanization, the prostate was dissected under magnification and stained by hematoxylin and eosin to study acinar structures and stained with Picrosirius red for collagen analysis. RESULTS: After radiation exposure, all animals presented diarrhea, but supplementation with L-arginine reduced this effect. The weight gain in the R+S group was significantly higher than in the C and R groups. In the R+S group the collagen density and the prostate acinar area was similar to the R and C groups. Epithelial height was significantly reduced in group R compared with group C (p<0.0001). When comparing the group R+S with R, a statistical difference was observed to be present (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Pelvic radiation promotes systemic effects and some structural modifications in the ventral prostate of rats. These modifications can be prevented by oral supplementation with L-arginine.

Effects of L-Glutamine oral supplementation on prostate of irradiated rats

ABSTRACT Objectives To investigate the protective effect of L-Glutamine in animals undergone to ventral radiation when the target organ is not the prostate. Materials and Methods Wistar rats were divided into groups of 10 animals each: Controls (C), maintained under standard conditions and not exposed to radiation, Radiated group (R) undergone to abdominal radiation only and Radiated plus supplemented by L-glutamine group (R+G). The animals of group R+G were supplemented with L-glutamine at the beginning of the experiment until death in the 22nd day. The ventral prostate was dissected and processed for morphometrical analysis. The epithelial height, collagen density and acinar area were objectively assessed in histological sections. Results Epithelial height was significantly reduced in R group in comparison to C group (p= 0.005). However, there was no statistical difference between the C and R+G groups. Collagen surface density in the C and R groups were not statistically different, but a significant difference was observed when comparing groups R+G and R (p= 0.040). The R+G group values did not differ significantly from C group. The acinar prostate area of group R was similar to that of C (p= 0.971), but in R+G it was significantly reduced when compared with the C (p= 0.038) and R (p= 0.001) groups. Conclusions Pelvic radiation promotes structural modifications in ventral prostate of rats, which can be reduced by L-Glutamine.

Effect of sesame-supplemented diet on prostate and seminal vesicle histology of adult rat / Efecto de la dieta suplementada con sésamo en la histología de la próstata y vesícula seminal de ratas adultas

Infertility is a great concern among the people of reproductive age. The use of natural products obtained from traditional herbs is appealing. Studies show that antioxidants are important in improving male infertility. Thirty adult male rats were randomly divided into two regimen and control groups. The regimen group received diet containing 30 % sesame seed, while the control group received standard diet for 12 weeks. Histology of prostate and seminal vesicle were evaluated and serum levels of FSH, LH and testosterone concentrations were assessed as well. The results showed that, the diameter of peripheral epithelium and the volume density of the prostate epithelium increased but the volume density of the prostate stroma was decreased significantly in the regimen group compared to the control group. Central epithelium diameter and the volume density of the prostate lumen did not change significantly between two groups. In seminal vesicle, volume density of fibromascular and lumen decreased significantly in regimen group compared to control group. FSH and Testosterone level did not change while LH concentration increased significantly in the regimen group compared to the control group (P <0.03). This study shows that the sesame seed might improve male rat reproductive systems by histopathological changes in prostate and seminal vesicle.

La infertilidad es una gran preocupación para las personas en edad reproductiva y el uso de productos naturales obtenidos a partir de hierbas tradicionales es interesante. Los estudios demuestran que los antioxidantes son importantes en la mejora de la infertilidad masculina. Treinta ratas macho, adultas, se dividieron aleatoriamente en dos grupos, experimental y control. El grupo experimental recibió dieta con un 30 % de semillas de sésamo, mientras que el grupo control recibió dieta estándar durante 12 semanas. Fueron evaluadas la histología de próstata y vesícula seminal, así como los niveles séricos de las concentraciones de FSH, LH y testosterona. Los resultados mostraron que el diámetro del epitelio periférico y la densidad de volumen del epitelio de la próstata aumentaron, pero la densidad de volumen del estroma de próstata se redujo significativamente en el grupo experimental en comparación con el grupo control. El diámetro del epitelio central y la densidad de volumen del lumen de la próstata no presentaron cambios significativos entre los dos grupos. En la vesícula seminal, la densidad de volumen fibromuscular y el lumen se redujeron significativamente en el grupo de régimen en comparación con el grupo control. FSH y el nivel de testosterona no cambiaron, mientras que la concentración de LH aumentó significativamente en el grupo de régimen en comparación con el grupo control (P <0,03). Este estudio indica que la semilla de sésamo podría mejorar los sistemas reproductivos de ratas macho a partir de cambios histopatológicos en la próstata y las vesículas seminales.

Histological changes caused by meclofenamic acid in androgen independent prostate cancer tumors: evaluation in a mouse model

ABSTRACT Meclofenamic acid is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that has shown therapeutic potential for different types of cancers, including androgen-independent prostate neoplasms. The antitumor effect of diverse nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been shown to be accompanied by histological and molecular changes that are responsible for this beneficial effect. The objective of the present work was to analyze the histological changes caused by meclofenamic acid in androgen-independent prostate cancer. Tumors were created in a nude mouse model using PC3 cancerous human cells. Meclofenamic acid (10 mg/kg/day; experimental group, n=5) or saline solution (control group, n=5) was administered intraperitoneally for twenty days. Histological analysis was then carried out on the tumors, describing changes in the cellular architecture, fibrosis, and quantification of cellular proliferation and tumor vasculature. Meclofenamic acid causes histological changes that indicate less tumor aggression (less hypercellularity, fewer atypical mitoses, and fewer nuclear polymorphisms), an increase in fibrosis, and reduced cellular proliferation and tumor vascularity. Further studies are needed to evaluate the molecular changes that cause the beneficial and therapeutic effects of meclofenamic acid in androgen-independent prostate cancer.

Deleterious effects of prepubertal corticosterone treatment on rat prostate

PURPOSE: To investigate the structural and functional changes induced by corticosterone (CORT) in the ventral prostrate (VP) of rats in order to study chronic stress effects in the prepubertal phase. METHODS: Wistar rats received daily saline or CORT injections during the pubertal period from the 5th to 25th day of postnatal life. The animals were distributed into four groups: 1 - Control (n=5); 2 - Control 99mTc-P (n=5); 3 - Treated with CORT (n=14); 4 - Treated with CORT and 99mTc-P (n=10). All rats were sacrificed at two months of age. Technical tissue uptakes of 99mTc-P were used to evaluate the functional and stereological methods for morphological analysis. RESULTS: Acini distribution in the group treated with CORT differed significantly (p<0.0001) from the control. The control group's epithelial average height (10.01±0.24 microns) was statistically significant (p<0.0001) from rats treated with CORT (19.27±0.73microns). The collagen distribution was lower in the treated group (2.79%) when compared to control (3.97%). The radioactivity percentage in the groups marked with 99mTc-P (%Ati/g) did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference (p=0.285897). CONCLUSION: Chronic administration of corticosterone in prepubertal rats causes changes in their acinar structure and their ventral prostate stroma, indicating possible deleterious effects of this hormone. .

Prevalence and clinical significance of incidental 18F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose uptake in prostate

PURPOSE: To investigate the prevalence and clinical significance of incidental prostate fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) uptake and to evaluate its impact on patient management. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of 47,109 men who underwent FDG positron emission tomography between 2004 and 2014, 1,335 (2.83%) demonstrated incidental FDG uptake in the prostate, with 99 of the latter undergoing prostate biopsy. The primary end point was the histological presence of prostate adenocarcinoma in the biopsy specimen. Outcomes, including treatment methods, survival, and causes of death, were also assessed. Factors associated with the diagnosis of prostate cancer were evaluated by using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Patients with prostate cancer were more likely to have higher serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (p=0.001) and focal FDG uptake (p=0.036) than were those without. Prostate cancer occurred in 1 of 26 patients (3.8%) with serum PSA or =2.5 ng/mL. Multivariable analysis showed that focal lesions (odds ratio [OR], 5.50; p=0.038), age (OR, 1.06; p=0.031), and serum PSA (OR, 1.28; p=0.001) were independent predictors of prostate cancer diagnosis. Most patients with prostate cancer had organ-confined tumors. Of these, 12 (29.3%) underwent radical prostatectomy and 25 (60.9%) received hormone therapy. Of the 11 patients who died, 9 died of primary cancer progression, with only 1 patient dying from prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of incidental FDG uptake in the prostate was not high, although patients with elevated serum PSA had a higher incidence of prostate cancer. Patients with FDG uptake in the prostate should be secondarily evaluated by measuring serum PSA, with those having high serum PSA undergoing prostate biopsy.

Significance of intraprostatic architecture and regrowth velocity for considering discontinuation of dutasteride after combination therapy with an alpha blocker: A prospective, pilot study

PURPOSE: We conducted a prospective single-center study to evaluate the possibility of discontinuation of dutasteride after combination therapy with an alpha blocker for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively treated BPH patients with an alpha blocker and dutasteride (0.5 mg/d). Patients who had been treated with alpha blockers against BPH for more than 2 months were eligible, and 20 patients were included in the study. After 6 months of combination therapy, dutasteride was discontinued. Patients were followed for 12 months after cessation. Prostate volume, intraprostatic architecture determined by transrectal ultrasound, peak urinary flow rate, postvoid residual urine volume, and the serum prostate-specific antigen level were evaluated every 6 months, and the International Prostate Symptom Score and overactive bladder symptom score (OABSS) every 3 months. Patients were allowed to restart dutasteride during the follow-up period according to their desire. RESULTS: Twelve patients (12/20, 60%) restarted the combination therapy from 6 to 12 months into the follow-up period. For patients who restarted dutasteride, the prostate volume and OABSS had increased and worsened after discontinuation, respectively. A visible transition zone with a clear border on transrectal ultrasound at baseline and regrowth of the prostate after discontinuation of dutasteride were risk factors for restarting the therapy (Mann-Whitney U test: p=0.008, p=0.017). CONCLUSIONS: Prostatic enlargement after discontinuation of dutasteride differs among patients. Rapid regrowth of the prostate leads to deterioration of storage symptoms and a tendency to restart dutasteride. Baseline intraprostatic architecture may be a predictive factor for whether the patient is a good candidate for discontinuation.

Elderly men over 65 years of age with late-onset hypogonadism benefit as much from testosterone treatment as do younger men

PURPOSE: To investigate the potential benefits of testosterone administration to elderly men (>65 years) with late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) in comparison with younger men and to assess the safety of testosterone administration to elderly men. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 561 hypogonadal men from two registry studies were divided into age groups of 65 years (group O, n=111; range, 66-84 years). Following an initial 6-week interval, all men were treated with 3-month injections of parenteral testosterone undecanoate for up to 6 years. RESULTS: Over the 6 years, there was a progressive decrease of body weight and waist circumference. Beneficial effects on lipids and other metabolic factors and on psychological and sexual functioning progressed over the first 24 to 42 months and were sustained. Rather than a deterioration, there was an improvement of urinary parameters. Prostate volume and prostate-specific antigen increased moderately. Hematocrit levels increased but remained within safe margins. CONCLUSIONS: The benefits of restoring serum testosterone in men with LOH were not significantly different between men older than 65 years of age and younger men. There were no indications that side effects were more severe in elderly men. The effects on prostate and urinary function and hematocrit were within safe margins. Age itself need not be a contraindication to testosterone treatment of elderly men with LOH.

Difference between actual vs. pathology prostate weight in TURP and radical robotic-assisted prostatectomy specimen

Introduction To investigate and highlight the effect of formaldehyde induced weight reduction in transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) and radical robotically-assisted prostatectomy (RALP) specimen as a result of standard chemical fixation. Materials and Methods 51 patients were recruited from January 2013 to June 2013 who either underwent a TURP (n=26) or RALP (n=25). Data was collected prospectively by the operating surgeon who measured the native, unfixed histology specimen directly after operation. The specimens were fixed in 10% Formaldehyde Solution BP and sent to the pathology laboratory where after sufficient fixation period was re-weighed. Results Overall mean age 64.78 years, TURP mean age 68.31 years RALP mean age 61.12years. We found that the overall prostatic specimen (n=51) weight loss after fixation was a mean of 11.20% (3.78 grams) (p≤0.0001). Subgroup analysis of the native TURP chips mean weight was 16.15 grams and formalin treated mean weight was 14.00 grams (p≤0.0001). Therefore, TURP chips had a mean of 13.32 % (2.15 grams) weight loss during chemical fixation. RALP subgroup unfixed specimen mean weight was 52.08 grams and formalin treated mean weight was 42.60 grams (p≤0.0001), a 19.32 % (9.48grams) mean weight reduction. Conclusion It has not been known that prostatic chips and whole human radical prostatectomy specimen undergo a significant weight reduction. The practical significance of the accurate prostate weight in patient management may be limited, however, it is agreed that this should be recorded correctly, as data is potential interest for research purposes and vital for precise documentation. .

Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of sevoflurane in two human cell lines in vitro with ionizing radiation / Genotoxicidad y citotoxicidad del sevoflurane en dos lineas celulares humanas in vitro con radiacion ionizante

Objective: To determine the in vitro toxicity of different concentrations of sevoflurane in cells exposed to X-ray. Methods: The genotoxic effects of sevofluorane were studied by means of the micronucleus test in cytokinesis-blocked cells of irradiated human lymphocytes. Subsequently, its cytotoxic effects on PNT2 (normal prostate) cells was determined using the cell viability test (MTT) and compared with those induced by different doses of X-rays. Results: A dose- and time-dependent cytotoxic effect of sevofluorane on PNT2 cells was determined (p >0.001) and a dose-dependent genotoxic effect of sevofluorane was established (p >0.001). Hovewer, at volumes lower than 30 μL of sevofluorane at 100%, a non-toxic effect on PNT2 cells was shown. Conclusion: sevofluorane demonstrates a genotoxic capacity as determined in vitro by micronucleus test in cytokinesis-blocked cells of irradiated human lymphocytes.

Objetivo: Determinar la capacidad genotóxica del anestésico sevofluorano en en células expuestas a radiación ionizante. Métodos: La genotoxicidad del sevofluorane se determinó mediante el test del bloqueo citocinético de linfocitos humanos irradiados bloqueados con citochalasina. La capacidad citotóxica se determinó mediante el test de viabilidad celular e inhibición del crecimiento celular (MTT) en células PNT2 (epiteliales de próstata), comparando sus resultados con los inducidos por diferentes dosis de rayos X. Resultados: Se ha determinado un efecto citotóxico del sevofluorane sobre las células PNT2 que presenta correlación con la dosis administrada y el tiempo de estudio utilizado (p >0.001), así como un efecto genotóxico con características dosis-dependientes (p >0.001). Sin embargo, con volúmenes de sevofluorane puro inferiores a 30 μL no encontramos efecto citotóxico sobre las células PNT2. Conclusión: Sevofluorane muestra una significativa capacidad genotóxica in vitro determinada mediante el test de micronúcleos en linfocitos humanos irradiados con bloqueados citocinético mediante citochalsina.

Five-alpha Reductase Inhibitor Influences Expression of Androgen Receptor and HOXB13 in Human Hyperplastic Prostate Tissue

Objectives Five-alpha reductase inhibitors (5ARIs) are known as chemopreventive agents in prostate cancer with a risk of high-grade disease. This study evaluated the effects of 5ARI on androgen receptor (AR) and proteins involved in prostate cell growth such as HOXB13 expression in human prostate tissue and LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Materials and Methods We retrospectively selected 21 patients who underwent TURP between March 2007 and February 2010 for previously confirmed BPH by prostate biopsy. They were grouped into control (group 1, n = 9) and 5ARI treatment (group 2, n = 12) before TURP. AR and HOXB13 expression in prostate tissue was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. We tested the effect of 5ARI on the expression of AR, prostate specific antigen (PSA) and HOXB13 in LNCaP cells. Cells were assessed by Western blot analysis, MTT in vitro proliferation assay, and ELISA. Results: Group 2 showed stronger reactivity for AR and HOXB13 than those of the group 1. MTT assay showed death of LNCaP cells at 25uM of 5ARI. At the same time, ELISA assay for PSA showed that 5ARI inhibited secretion of PSA in LNCaP cells. Western blot analysis showed that 5ARI did not greatly alter AR expression but it stimulated the expression of HOXB13. Conclusions These results demonstrated that 5ARI influences AR and HOXB13 expression in both LNCaP cells and human prostate tissue. In order to use 5ARI in chemoprevention of prostate cancer, we still need to clarify the influence of 5ARI in ARs and oncogenic proteins and its regulation pathway. .

The prostate after administration of anabolic androgenic steroids: a morphometrical study in rats

Purpose Many adverse effects have been associated with abuse of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), including disorders of the urogenital tract. The objective of this study is to analyze the morphological modifications in the prostate ventral lobe of pubertal and adult rats chronically treated with AAS, using morphometric methods. Materials and Methods: We studied 39 male Wistar rats weighing between 400 g and 550 g. The rats were divided into four groups: (a) control rats, with 105 days of age (C105) (n = 7); (b) control rats with 65 days of age (C65) (n = 9), injected only with the vehicle (peanut oil); (c) treated rats, with 105 days of age (T105) (n = 10) and (d) treated rats with 65 days of age (T65) (n = 13). The treated rats were injected with nandrolone decanoate at a dose of 10 mg.Kg-1 body weight. The steroid hormone and the vehicle were administered by intramuscular injection once a week for eight weeks. The rats were killed at 161 days of age (C105 and T105) and 121 days of age (C65 and T65) and the ventral prostate lobe was dissected and processed for histology. The height of the acinar epithelium, the surface densities of the lumen, epithelium and stroma were observed with X400 magnification using an Olympus light microscope coupled to a Sony CCD video camera, and the images transferred to a Sony monitor KX14-CP1. The selected histological areas were then quantified using the M42 test-grid system on the digitized fields. The data were analyzed with the Graphpad software. To compare the quantitative data in both groups (controls and treated) and the outcomes, Student's t-test was used (p < 0.05 was considered significant). Results: The weight (p < 0.001) and volume (p = 0.004) of the prostate ventral lobe showed differences between C65 and T65 groups and between C105 and T105 groups. The epithelium height showed no difference between groups C65 and T65 (p = 0.8509), but the T105 group showed an increase of 32% compared ...

O impacto na expressão agnors e apoptose na próstata do hamster-mesocricetus auratus (HMA) submetido à aplicação de finasterida / The impact in the agnors expression and apoptosis in the prostate of hamster-mesocricetus auratus (HMA) submitted to finasteride application

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o impacto na expressão AgNORs e apoptose na próstata do hamster-Mesocricetus auratus (hMa) submetido à aplicação de finasterida. MÉTODOS: Vinte roedores da espécie hMa (n=20), machos foram separados aleatoriamente em grupos de dez animais: grupo-Finasterida (n=10) e grupo-Controle (n=10). No grupo-finasterida foi administrado 7,14 ng/mL de finasterida, subcutâneo (SC), no dorso, três vezes por semana, por 90 dias. Foi avaliada a expressão AgNORs como marcador de proliferação celular e a apoptose como marcador de morte celular. RESULTADOS: A expressão de AgNORs foi menor no grupo-finasterida, 2,846±0,877 versus 3,68 ±1,07 grumos argilófilos por micrômetro ao quadrado (µm²) no grupo-controle, p= < 0,0001. A apoptose foi mais frequente no grupo-finasterida, 53,62±1,389 versus 14,76 ± 2,137 µm² no grupo-controle, p= 0,0408. CONCLUSÃO: Observou-se diminuição da expressão de AgNORs e promoção da apoptose na próstata dos roedores em estudo, que foram submetidos à aplicação de finasterida.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact on the AgNORs expression and apoptosis in the prostate of the hamster-Mesocricetus auratus (HMA) submitted to the application of finasteride. METHODS: Twenty male rodents of the species HMA (n = 20) were randomly assigned to groups of ten animals: Finasteride group (n = 10) and the Control group (n = 10). In the finasteride group 7.14 ng / mL finasteride was subcutaneously (SC) administered on the back of the animals three times a week for 90 days. AgNOR expression was evaluated as a marker of cell proliferation and apoptosis as a marker of cell death. RESULTS: The expression of AgNORs was lower in the finasteride group, 2.846 ± 0.877 vs. 3.68 ± 1.07 argyrophilic regions per square micrometer (µm2) in the control group, p = <0.0001. Apoptosis was more frequent in the finasteride group, 53.62 ± 1.389 versus 14.76 ± 2.13 per µm2 in the control group, p = 0.0408. CONCLUSION: We observed decreased expression of AgNORs and promotion of apoptosis in the prostate of rodents treated with finasteride.

Rat dorsal prostate is necessary for vaginal adhesion of the seminal plug and sperm motility in the uterine horns

The rat prostate comprises dorsal, ventral and lateral lobes that are morphologically and biochemically distinct. Lesions to these structures are expected to affect the quality of the ejaculate and male fertility. In experiment 1, we analyzed ejaculate parameters of males that had chemical lesions of the dorsal or ventral lobes. At pre-lesion and at 5 and 20 days post-lesion males were mated, and after ejaculation, seminal fluid and seminal plug were obtained from the mated females. In experiment 2, the ventral lobes were ablated, and the ejaculate was analyzed. In experiment 3, the fertility of males with chemically-lesioned dorsal lobes or ablation of the ventral lobes was evaluated. Chemical lesion of the dorsal lobe prevented the adhesion of the seminal plug to vaginal walls. When these males were tested at 5-days postlesion, no sperm were found in uterus, and at 20-days post-lesion, the few sperm encountered showed slow progressive motility. None of the females that mated with dorsal lobe-lesioned males became pregnant. However, chemical lesion or ablation of the ventral lobes did not affect ejaculate or fertility. Our results indicate that the dorsal prostatic lobes are indispensable for reproductive success in males, and define parameters of ejaculate with which fertility can be estimated.

Effect of finasteride on serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and on prostate of hamster Mesocricetus auratus (hMa) / Efeito da finasterida no antígeno prostático específico (PSA) sérico e na próstata do hamster Mesocricetus auratus (hMa)

PURPOSE: Evaluate the effects of finasteride on the serum PSA and on the prostate of hamster-Mesocricetus auratus(hMa). METHODS: Twenty hMa male adults were split in groups control and experimental (n=10). Animals of the experimental group received 7.14ng/mL of finasteride, subcutaneously (SC) on the back three times per week, during 90 days. The finasteride dose was equivalent to 5.0mg administered to a 70kg man. At the end of the experiment the mean age for the animals in the control group was 15.2±1.13months and for the experimental group was 17.7±0.67 months. There was a statistically significant difference between mean ages of both groups (t value=5.98; p=0.001). The animals of the control group weighted 129.0±18.8g and the experimental group weighted 145.0±15.5g, t=1.88 e p=0.0514. The serum PSA was assessed through ELISA method. Prostates of those animals were collected and processed to histology and morphometry: the diameter of the acinous glands and the acinous epithelium, apoptosis, AgNORs and cellularity were assessed in both groups. RESULTS: Serum PSA decreased in the experimental group, 0.003ng/mL versus 0.763ng/mL, H= 7.982 e p= 0.0047. Decrease in the acinous area occurred in animals that received finasteride, 238.000±24.600 μm² versus 398.600±55.320 μm²; t= 2.653; p= 0.0122. A remarkable decrease in the area of the acinous epithelium occurred in the animals that received finasteride, 111.900±12.820 μm² versus 160.400±18.430 μm² t= 2.162; p= 0.0361. AgNORs were less expressed in finasteride treated animals, 2.846±0.877 versus 3.68 ±1.07 argyrophilic clusters for μm², p= < 0.0001. Apoptosis was more intense in the experimental group, 53.62±1.389 than in controls, 14.76 ± 2.137, p= 0.0408. However, there was no statistical difference in the cellularity between both groups, 74.75±5.5 cells, in controls versus 65.07±13.24, in treated animals, p=0.5105. CONCLUSIONS: Use of finasteride decreased serum ...

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito da finasterida no PSA sérico e na próstata do hamster-Mesocricetus auratus (hMa). MÉTODOS: 20 hMa adultos machos foram divididos em grupos de 10 animais. No experimento foram administrados 7,14 ng/mL de finasterida, subcutâneo (SC), no dorso, três vezes por semana, por 90 dias, dose equivalente a 5,0 mg usada em homem de 70Kg. Ao final da pesquisa, grupo experimento apresentou idade média de 17,7 ± 0,67 meses. O grupo controle apresentou idade média de 15,2 ± 1,13 meses. O valor de t na comparação das médias das idades entre os dois grupos foi de 5,98 e p=0.0001. Os animais-controle pesaram em média 129,0 ± 18,8g e o experimento 145,0 ± 15,5g; t=1,88 e p=0,0514. Na microscopia óptica de luz e estudo morfométrico: avaliaram-se o diâmetro dos ácinos e epitélio acinar prostáticos, a apoptose, a expressão AgNORs e a celularidade. RESULTADOS: O grupo-experimento apresentou média de PSA de 0,003 ng/mL e o grupo-controle de 0,763 ng/mL, H=7,982 e p=0,0047. A área dos ácinos do grupo-experimento foi de 238,000±24,600 μm² versus 398,600±55,320 μm²; t= 2,653; p= 0,0122. A área do epitélio acinar no grupo-experimento foi de 111,900±12,820 μm² versus 160,400±18,430 μm² t= 2,162; p= 0,0361. A expressão de AgNORs foi menor no grupo-experimento 2,846±0,877 versus 3,68 ±1,07 grumos argilófilos por μm², p= < 0,0001. A apoptose foi mais freqüente no grupo-experimento, 53,62±1,389 versus controle, 14,76 ± 2,137, p= 0,0408. Não houve diferença na celularidade entre os grupos de animais, 74,75±5,5 células no grupo-controle versus 65,07±13,24, no grupo-experimento, p= 0,5105. CONCLUSÕES: A finasterida diminuiu o PSA sérico, a área do lúmen, o epitélio acinar, a expressão de AgNORs e promoveu a apoptose nos ácinos da próstata dos hamsteres experimento e não houve diferença na celularidade acinar entre os animais estudados.