Integrated primary healthcare delivery of hypertension and diabetes services: A task analysis of nurses and doctors in Rural Philippines

Objectives@#This study aimed to describe the roles and responsibilities of doctors and nurses in managing conditions like hypertension and diabetes in rural areas.@*Methods@#This study employed a cross-sectional study design using the task analysis methodology. A self-administered questionnaire derived from a national health practice guideline was used. A combination of frequency, criticality, and performance was assessed to identify tasks that needed attention by educators and policymakers.@*Results@#Of the 142 health workers who participated in the study, 81% were nurses and 19% were doctors. The tasks most frequently performed by these professionals were taking vital signs (88.7%), recording patient history (87.3%), and advising patients on regular follow-ups (86.6%). In terms of criticality, the top three tasks were performing diagnostic tests for acute chest pain (50.8%), diagnosing neurological disorders (49.2%), and referring patients for specialized tests at other facilities (43.6%). However, the tasks perceived as most challenging or outside their capability were the Fagerstorm test for assessing nicotine dependence (57.5%), the AUDIT tool for identifying binge drinkers (55.5%), and fundoscopy for diagnosing diabetic retinopathy (54%).@*Conclusion@#The primary care practice of the participants typically involved tasks that are centered on health promotion or disease prevention. Many of the tasks are shared by doctors and nurses, with some highly critical tasks performed less frequently due to a lack of training. Pre-service courses may need to be revised to ensure that health professionals have the required skills to carry out shared tasks.

Norma Técnica de Salud para la Gestión de la Historia Clínica (R.M. Nº 214-2018/MINSA y su modificatoria aprobada con R.M. Nº 265-2018/MINSA) / Technical Health Standard for the Management of Clinical History (R.M. Nº 214-2018/MINSA and its amendment approved with R.M. Nº 265-2018/MINSA)

La publicación normativa establece los procedimientos técnicos y administrativos para el manejo, conservación y eliminación de las Historias Clínicas, en las Instituciones Prestadoras de Servicios de Salud, así como, para el manejo estandarizado del contenido básico a ser registrado; en correspondencia con el conjunto de prestaciones que se ofertan y reciben los usuarios de salud, en el marco del modelo de atención integral de salud basado en familia y comunidad. Es así, que corresponde administrar correctamente el proceso y procedimientos que siguen las historias clínicas desde su apertura, usos, custodia, y eliminación, entre otros aspectos; de conformidad con la normativa vigente y actual contexto

From talk to action: Developing a model to foster effective integration of traditional medicine into the Ghanaian healthcare system / 中西医结合学报

This research assessed the experience of stakeholders and the efficacy of integrating traditional medicine into the Ghanaian health system using the Ashanti Region as the focal point. Elements of an integrative healthcare delivery model including philosophies/values, structure, process and outcome were used to conduct a quality assessment of the integrated health system in Ghana. Each element clearly showed that Ghana is currently not running a coordinated health practice model, thus making it a tolerant, rather than an inclusive, health system. Therefore, the primary purpose of this research is to discuss the development of a new and appropriately customised model that could enhance the practice of integrated healthcare in Ghana. The model we present has flexibility and far-reaching applicability in other African countries because such countries share similar socio-cultural and economic characteristics. As such, governments and health practitioners could adapt this model to improve the practice of integrated healthcare in their specific settings. Hospital administrators and health system researchers could also adapt the model to investigate or to monitor the progress and efficacy of integrated healthcare practices within their settings. This might help to understand the relationships between the integration of traditional medicine and health outcomes for a given population. Please cite this article as: Ampomah IG, Malau-Aduli BS, Malau-Aduli AEO, Emeto TI. From talk to action: Developing a model to foster effective integration of traditional medicine into the Ghanaian healthcare system. J Integr Med. 2023; 21(5): 423-429.

Integrated care teams in primary care improve clinical outcomes and care processes in patients with non-communicable diseases

INTRODUCTION@#Primary care physicians face the increasing burden of managing multimorbidities in an ageing population. Implementing an integrated care team (ICT) with defined roles and accountability to share consultation tasks is an emerging care model to address this issue. This study compared outcomes with ICT versus usual care for patients with multimorbidities in primary care.@*METHODS@#Data was retrospectively extracted from the electronic medical records (EMRs) of consecutive adult Asian patients empanelled to ICT and those in UC at a typical primary care clinic (polyclinic) in eastern Singapore in 2018. The study population had hypertension, and/or hyperlipidaemia and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Clinical outcomes included the proportion of patients (ICT vs. UC) who attained their treatment goals after 12 months. Process outcomes included the proportion of patients who completed annual diabetic eye and foot screenings, where applicable.@*RESULTS@#Data from 3,302 EMRs (ICT = 1,723, UC = 1,579) from January 2016 to September 2017 was analysed. The ICT cohort was more likely to achieve treatment goals for systolic blood pressure (SBP) (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.52, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.38-1.68), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (AOR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.49-1.99), and glycated haemoglobin (AOR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.09-1.51). The ICT group had higher uptake of diabetic retinal screening (89.1% vs. 83.0%, P < 0.001) and foot screening (85.2% vs. 77.9%, P < 0.001).@*CONCLUSION@#The ICT model yielded better clinical and process outcomes than UC, with more patients attaining treatment goals.

El club terapéutico como dispositivo para la integración socio comunitaria / The therapeutic club as a facility for socio-community integration

Esta presentación se basó en la experiencia profesional y personal como coordinadora del dispositivo hace quince años y en las pocas presentaciones que coordinadores anteriores hicieron acerca del dispositivo, especialmente un artículo titulado "El Club, un espacio que no sirve para nada", sin dudas el rescate de su historia permite identificar tres elementos casi pedagógicos que advierten sobre el riesgo de reproducir lógicas manicomiales, sustitutivas y tutelares en los discursos y en las prácticas, primero que ese par de profesionales no hayan invisibilizado a las personas con padecimiento psíquico crónico que conlleva una discapacidad psicosocial, ni a la manifestación de sus necesidades, segundo haber construido con la absoluta participación de las personas el dispositivo que mejor se ajustará a sus necesidades y no a la inversa; y por último la valoración de la persona con padecimiento psíquico como principal sujeto de saber acerca de la experiencia de su propia salud y la escucha activa acerca de cómo elige, en un acto absolutamente democrático y restitutivo de la condición humana y ciudadana, nombrarse "socio" y a su espacio de pertenencia "Club", desde hace ya más de medio siglo.

Regionalização e Rede de Atenção à Saúde em Mato Grosso / Regionalization and Health Care Network in Mato Grosso, Brazil

Resumo Este estudo analisa a estruturação da Rede de Atenção à Saúde nas regiões de saúde do estado de Mato Grosso, considerando as ações planejadas nos instrumentos de gestão do governo do estado e da Secretaria de Estado de Saúde (SES), nos anos de 2012 a 2017, em conformidade com as diretrizes da Portaria MS/GM nº 4.279, de 30 de dezembro de 2010, que orienta o processo de conformação das redes de atenção à saúde no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Trata-se de estudo qualitativo, de natureza exploratório-descritiva, do tipo documental, que analisou os documentos públicos referentes ao planejamento do governo na especificidade do setor de saúde, o que inclui o Plano Plurianual, o Plano Estadual de Saúde e o Plano Estratégico da SES. Os achados do estudo mostram que, embora algumas ações/atividades relacionadas às diretrizes da portaria estivessem contempladas nos documentos pesquisados, ainda não foram suficientes para o estabelecimento de uma rede de atenção regionalizada de qualidade e para o fortalecimento da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) com capacidade de ser coordenadora do cuidado e ordenadora da rede no estado de Mato Grosso.

Abstract This study analyzes the structuring of the Health Care Network in the health regions of the state of Mato Grosso, considering the actions planned in the management instruments of the State government and the State Department of Health (SES), in the years of 2012 to 2017, in accordance with the guidelines of Ordinance MS/GM No 4.279, of December 30, 2010, which guides the process of conformation of Health Care Networks within the scope of the Brazilian National Health System (SUS). This is a qualitative, exploratory-descriptive study, of documentary type, which analyzed the public documents related to government planning on the specificity of the health sector, which includes the Pluriannual Plan, the State Health Plan and the Strategic Plan of the SES. The findings of the study show that, although some actions/activities related to the guidelines of the Ordinance were included in the researched documents, they were not yet sufficient for establishing a quality regionalized care network and for strengthening the Primary Health Care (PHC) with the capacity to coordinate care and order the network in the state of Mato Grosso.

Physical activity level of post-stroke individuals that use the Brazilian public health system / Nível de atividade física de indivíduos pós-AVC usuários do sistema público de saúde brasileiro

Abstract Introduction: According to studies from developed countries, post-stroke individuals commonly have a low level of physical activity. Considering the benefits of maintaining a good level of physical activity in these subjects, it is important to provide specific and complete information, based on the assessment of all dimensions of physical activity, which supports interventions. Objective: To compare the physical activity levels between individuals with stroke and matched healthy individuals that use the public health system in Brazil considering the different dimensions of physical activity. Methods: Individuals with stroke (n = 11) and matched healthy individuals (n = 11) were assessed. Physical activity levels, considering all dimensions -duration (> 3 MET), frequency (number of steps) and intensity (mean total energy expenditure per day) - were assessed using SenseWear® monitor for seven days. Descriptive statistics and between-groups comparisons were performed (α = 0.05). Results: The physical activity levels were significantly lower in individuals with stroke when compared to matched healthy individuals, considering all dimensions. The between-group differences in activity duration, frequency, and intensity were 74 minutes/day, 5,274 steps/day, and 2,134kJ/day, respectively. Conclusion: Individuals with stroke users of the Brazilian public health system have lower physical activity levels in different dimensions of physical activity than matched healthy individuals. The assessment of the physical activity level of post-stroke individuals is important for decision making in public health programs.

Resumo Introdução: De acordo com os estudos realizados em países desenvolvidos, indivíduos pós-acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) comumente apresentam baixo nível de atividade física. Considerando os benefícios desses indivíduos manterem um bom nível de atividade física, é importante fornecer informações específicas e completas a partir da avaliação de todas as dimensões da atividade física que guiem as intervenções. Objetivo: Comparar o nível de atividade física de indivíduos pós-AVC e saudáveis pareados, usuários do sistema público de saúde brasileiro, considerando as diferentes dimensões da atividade física. Métodos: Foram avaliados indivíduos pós-AVC (n = 11) e seus pares saudáveis (n = 11). O nível de atividade física, considerando as diferentes dimensões - duração (> 3 equivalentes metabólicos), frequência (número de passos) e intensidade (média do gasto energético total por dia) -, foi avaliado com o monitor SenseWear® por sete dias. Foram utilizadas estatísticas descritivas e comparações entre os grupos (α = 0,05). Resultados: O nível de atividade física foi significativamente menor nos indivíduos pós-AVC comparados aos seus pares saudáveis, considerando todas as dimensões. A diferença entre os grupos na duração, frequência e intensidade da atividade foi de 74 minutos/dia, 5274 passos/dia e 2134 kJ/dia, respectivamente. Conclusão: Indivíduos pós-AVC usuários do sistema público de saúde brasileiro têm menor nível de atividade física nas diferentes dimensões da atividade quando comparados aos seus pares saudáveis. A avaliação do nível de atividade física em indivíduos pós-AVC é importante para a tomada de decisões em programas de saúde pública.

Maternity waiting Home-use and associated factors among mothers in northwest Ethiopia, The application of the integrated behavioral model

Background: Data-informed decision making is influenced by organizational, technical, and behavioral factors.Behavioral factors are the major contributing factors for data-informed decision-making practices. This study aimed to explore health workers' perceptions of data-informed decision making at primary health care units in Awi zone. Method: A cross-sectional qualitative study was undertaken to explore health workers' perceptions on the barriers of health data-informed decision-making practices. Eleven healthcare workers were purposively selected from primary hospitals, health centers and health posts. Medical doctors, nurses, midwifes and health extension workers were selected as key informants for the in-depth interview. The selected healthcare workers were asked about their perceptions that affect health data use practices. The data obtained was analyzed through thematic analysis using Open Code software. Analysis was performed using three themes namely, organizational, behavioral, and technical barriers of data-informed decision making. Results: All the health care workers including health extension workers utilized a data-informed decision-making practice at least once during their point of care. Five of the eleven key informants reported their data-informed decision-making practice as reviewing quality of facility data, while none of them reported data-informed decision-making practices for their monthly performance monitoring. Behavioral factors included negligence, workarounds, and skill gaps. Organizational factors included staff turnover and shortage of recording tools. Technical factors included high workloads which lead to data error and paper-based systems were considered major barriers to data-informed decision-making practices. Conclusion: Data-informed decision-making practices were low at primary health care units. Behavioral, organizational, and technical factors contributed to the decreased use of data. [Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 2022;36(2):000-000]

Maternity waiting Home-use and associated factors among mothers in northwest Ethiopia, The application of the integrated behavioral model

Maternal mortality in Ethiopia is the highest in the world (412/100,000). Health facility delivery is the cornerstone in reducing maternal mortality. However, health facility delivery is low in Ethiopia, due to poor access and ill-equipped health facilities. Maternity waiting home(MWH)is one of the comprehensive packages of essential obstetric services, enabling women to access well-equipped health facilities. However, there are limited studies on maternal waiting home use in Ethiopia. This study aimedto use the integrated behavioral model, toassess maternal waiting home use and associated factors among mothers in the East Bellessa district, northwest Ethiopia.Method:A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted fromthe1-27 of March 2020. The multistage sampling technique was used to select a total of 624 mothers. Data was collected usingthe face-to-face interview technique. The reliability and validity of the itemswere checked using exploratory factor analysis. Multivariable logistic regressions wereconducted toidentify the factors associated with maternal waiting home use. Findings with a p-value <0.05 with a 95% confidence interval were considered statistically significant in the final model.Result.Overall, 20.5% (95% CI=17.3-23.7) of mothers used maternity waiting homes for the index of childbirth. Husband educational status (AOR=3.78, CI =1.44-9.93), the knowledge on maternitywaiting homes(AOR=3.97, CI=2.27-6.95), between 2 and 3antenatal care follow ups(AOR=0.14 CI=0.06-0.31), experiential attitude (AOR=2.37, CI=1.64-3.44), descriptive norms(AOR=0.66, CI=0.47-0.94), perceived behavioral control (AOR=1.07, CI=1.02-1.13) and behavioral intention (AOR=1.37, CI=1.1-1.71) were associated with maternity waiting home use.Conclusion:Maternity waiting home utilization was low. Husband's education status, antenatal care follow-up, knowledge on maternal waiting homes, experiential attitude, descriptive norms, perceived behavioral control and behavioralintention were positively significantly associated with MWH utilization. Therefore, strengthening the use antenatal care services, husbands'education, and developing a positive attitude towards MWH may improve the use of maternity waitinghomesamong women. [Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 2022; 36(2):000-000]Keyword:Maternity waiting home, mothers,integrated behavioral model, Ethiopia

Clinical Competence and Perception of Medical Students after Early Clinical Exposure through Pre-clerckship Education at an Ethiopian Medical School: A Cross-sectional Study

BACKGROUND: Conventional medical curriculum is the mainstay in the long history of modern medical education. Innovative integrated medical curriculum attracted significant attention in improving conventional curriculum. In the integrated curriculum, basic sciences are incorporated horizontally with each other, and students are exposed early to clinical settings. This is expected to improve students' knowledge and skills in clinical medicine by the time they start their clerkship rotation. METHOD: the study aims to make a baseline assessment on the overall knowledge and skills of medical students towards clinical medicine. An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March to April of 2020 using 91 third year medical students (convenience sampling). A threesection selfadministered survey instrument, short written MCQ exam, and practical (OSCE) students' examination were used for this survey. RESULT: participants tend to exhibit better knowledge on basics of history taking and physical examination with an average score of 79%. Comparatively, the score for average physical examination skill was low (56.3%). Students' perception on ECE showed, over 50% of participants believe ECE increases burden on their overall workload. Even then, the majority (92.3%) still think that ECE has positive impact on their clerkship education. Taken together, it appears more hands-on interventions is needed to further improve skills of medical students in physical examination with particular emphasis on the clinical examination of breast, thyroid, musculoskeletal, and neurologic systems

Historia de la seguridad social en el Perú: 1936 - 2021 / History of social security in Peru: 1936 - 2021

En estos 200 años de Independencia del Perú, el Seguro Social de Salud ­ EsSalud celebra sus 85 años de gestión institucional, realizando una cobertura de prestaciones de salud, económicas y sociales a más de 11 millones de asegurados, asumiendo un reto difícil y delicado por la actual pandemia que nos ha llevado a replantear nuevas estrategias de gestión y coordinación con otras entidades públicas y privadas, así como fortalecer nuestras buenas prácticas institucionales que nos permitan cumplir el objetivo de servir a nuestros asegurados y a la sociedad peruana. A lo largo de nuestra historia las diferentes gestiones han identificados sus fortalezas, oportunidades, debilidades y amenazas, las cuales han exigido renovar y establecer nuevos mecanismos y políticas institucionales para mejorar y modernizar la seguridad social, como lo fue en su momento la contratación de personal administrativo y asistencial; construcción de hospitales; funcionamiento de escuelas de enfermeras, nutricionistas, laboratoristas; construcción de viviendas; otorgamiento de préstamos hipotecarios; cobertura de prestaciones pensionarias; protección con subsidios; funcionamiento de centros de adulto mayor, rehabilitación profesional y social, medicina complementaria, centros de salud especializados y otros hasta nuestras actuales funciones misionales. Es en este contexto, que nos satisface presentar este resumen de nuestra historia institucional para que la sociedad y las futuras generaciones conozcan de la importancia social que hemos desarrollado a lo largo de éstas décadas, así como para fortalecer nuestra identidad institucional en nuestros asegurados, funcionarios, servidores y personal de apoyo que día a día escriben la historia de la seguridad social en el Perú

Policy analysis on province-level integration of healthcare system in light of the Universal Health Care Act

Background@#The enactment of the Universal Healthcare (UHC) Act affirms the commitment of the State to safeguard the health of all Filipinos. One of the objectives of the Act is to integrate the different local health systems at the provincial level in order to minimize fragmentation in the delivery of health services. This significant undertaking needs effective inter-sectoral collaborations of various stakeholders both at the local and national levels. @*Methods@#A systematic review of literature was conducted to generate evidence-based policy tools. A roundtable discussion (RTD) was organized in collaboration with the Department of Health (DOH) to frame the current issues of the devolved health system and the anticipated challenges surrounding the integration to the provincial level. Policy discussion was guided by specific operational concerns put forth by the DOH such as the roles and functions of key local actors, organizational models, and metrics of integration. @*Results@#Inputs in the proposed organogram for the province-level integrated health system and assessment tool for identifying readiness of provinces were discussed and agreed upon. Critical issues in the composition of the members of the Provincial Health Board (PHB) and the line of command among constituents were raised. @*Conclusion and Recommendations@#Eight consensus key policy recommendations have been identified. These could be translated into operational guidelines for the DOH, local government units (LGUs), and other related national government agencies (NGAs) in implementing the local health systems integration as prescribed in the UHC Act.

Consenso chileno para la atención integral de niños y adultos con fibrosis quística / Chilean consensus for the integral care of children and adults with cystic fibrosis

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is the most frequent hereditary disease in whites, with a reserved prognosis. Since 2003, Chile began a comprehensive National Cystic Fibrosis Program, directed by the Respiratory Health Unit of the Ministry of Health. To date, the main results of the Program record a significantly longer survival (average 27 years) and a significant reduction in the age of diagnosis of patients admitted from 2006 onwards. Access to Chilean Explicit Health Guarantees, the implementation of neonatal screening in some regions of the country, the organization and setting up of CF-trained teams of various specialties, has contributed to improving results. Although the main manifestations are of the respiratory and digestive system, the multisystemic nature of CF makes it necessary to know the different aspects involved in its management, in order to optimize the results of the treatment and the resources invested, both in the public and private sectors. This document is a review and an update on the main aspects of the diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of the respiratory and non-respiratory manifestations of CF.

La Fibrosis Quística (FQ) es la enfermedad hereditaria de pronóstico reservado más frecuente en raza blanca. Desde el año 2003, Chile inicia un Programa Nacional de Fibrosis Quística, de carácter integral, dirigido por la Unidad de Salud Respiratoria del Ministerio de Salud. Hasta la fecha, los principales resultados del Programa registran una significativa mayor sobrevida (promedio 27 años) y una significativa reducción en la edad de diagnóstico de los pacientes ingresados desde 2006 en adelante. El acceso a la canasta GES (Garantías Explícitas en Salud), la implementación del tamizaje neonatal en algunas regiones del país, la organización y la constitución de equipos entrenados en FQ de diversas especialidades, ha contribuido a mejorar los resultados. Si bien las principales manifestaciones son del aparato respiratorio y digestivo, el carácter multisistémico de la FQ obliga a conocer los distintos aspectos involucrados en su manejo, a fin de optimizar los resultados del tratamiento y los recursos invertidos, tanto en el sector público como privado. Este documento es una revisión y actualización sobre los principales aspectos del diagnóstico, seguimiento y tratamiento de las manifestaciones respiratorias y no respiratorias de la FQ.

Evolución del estado nutricional y de la función pulmonar en una cohorte de pacientes con fibrosis quística seguidos en un centro de atención integral / Change over time of nutritional status and lung function in a cohort of patients with cystic fibrosis followed in a multidisciplinary care center

Cystic Fibrosis is a multisystemic inherited disease that requires ongoing care by multidisciplinary teams. The objective of this study is to describe changes on nutrition and lung function in a cohort of patients in a Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Care Center at the Hospital Infantil Universitario San José in Bogotá (HIUSJ), between 2010 and 2013.Is a descriptive study in a cohort of CF patients during four years of follow-up. The quantitative variables were described using medians and interquartile ranges, and the qualitative variables with absolute frequencies and percentages. Descriptive statistics was used to summarize the findings. Of the 63 patients in the initial group, 47 (74.6%) completed the follow-up time. The age range was between 3 to 30 years. The median BMI increased as follows: 17.9 (RIQ: 12.5-25.6) in 2010, 18.6 (RIQ: 12.9-24.8) in 2011, 18.9 RIQ (13.6-26.5) in 2012 and 19.0 (RIQ: 13.5-25.8) in 2013, with lower values in men. The forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) at admission was classified as severe (FEV1 <40%) in 7.1%, moderate (FEV1 40-69%) in 35.7%, mild (FEV1 70-79%) in 7.1% and as normal (FEV1> 80%) in 50%. It is concluded that during the 4 years of follow-up at the HIUSJ CF Center there is an improvement in BMI and a deterioration in lung function in the whole group. The importance of establishing more reference centers to improve clinical outcomes and of implement a National registry to follow up over time are highlighted.

La fibrosis quística es una enfermedad hereditaria, multisistémica, cuyo manejo continuo requiere de equipos multidisciplinarios de salud. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir la evolución nutricional y de la función pulmonar en una cohorte de pacientes en el centro de atención integral de la fibrosis quística (FQ), del Hospital Infantil Universitario San José de Bogotá (HIUSJB), entre 2010 y 2013. Estudio descriptivo, en una cohorte de pacientes, en seguimiento durante cuatro años. Las variables cuantitativas fueron descritas mediante medianas y rangos intercuartílicos y las cualitativas con frecuencias absolutas y porcentajes. De los 63 pacientes del grupo inicial, 47 (74.6%), completaron el tiempo de seguimiento. El rango de edad fue de 3 a 30 años. La mediana del IMC (índice de masa corporal) se incrementó así: 17.9 (RIQ:12.5-25.6) en el 2010, 18.6 (RIQ:12.9-24.8) en el 2011, 18.9 ( RIQ(13.6-26.5) en el 2012 y 19.0 (RIQ:13.5-25.8) en el 2013, con menores valores en los hombres. El volumen espiratorio forzado en el primer segundo (VEF1) al ingreso fue clasificado como severo (VEF1<40%) en el 7.1%, moderado (VEF1 40-69%) en el 35.7%, leve (VEF1 70-79%) en el 7.1% y como normal (VEF1>80%) en el 50%. Se concluye que durante los 4 años de seguimiento en el programa de FQ del HIUSJ, ocurre una mejoría del IMC en todo el grupo y un deterioro de la función pulmonar. Se resalta la importancia de constituir más centros de referencia para mejorar los desenlaces clínicos e implementar un registro Nacional para hacer seguimiento a través del tiempo.

Referral to the national network of integrated care: the nurses perception / Referenciação para a rede nacional de cuidados integrados: a percepção dos enfermeiros / Remisión a la red nacional de cuidados integrados: percepciones de los enfermeros

Objective: to understand the referral to the National Network of Integrated Continuous Care, from the perspective of nurses who work in this care context. Method: an exploratory and descriptive study with a qualitative approach, with data collection between July and September 2019 through interviews with 12 nurses who work in Integrated Continuous Care Teams, in Northern Portugal. The content analysis technique was used to analyze the statements. Results: the professionals revealed that there are difficulties and constraints in the process of referring users to the National Network of Integrated Continuous Care. The process is bureaucratic, complex, and time-consuming, conditioning user accessibility to timely care. Conclusion: the referral process is a very bureaucratic and time-consuming procedure, which not only conditions and delays users' access to the National Network of Integrated Continuous Care network, contributing to the worsening of the clinical status of some patients. The number of professionals is insufficient, inducing the demand for services through urgency. The focus on primary care should seek to improve inequalities in access, compete for more equitable and accessible care, generating more quality in health care.

Objetivo: compreender a referenciação para a Rede Nacional de Cuidados Continuados Integrados, a partir da perspetiva de enfermeiros que atuam nesse contexto assistencial. Método: estudo exploratório, descritivo com abordagem qualitativa, cujos dados foram coletados entre julho e setembro de 2019, por meio de entrevistas a 12 enfermeiros que trabalham em Equipes de Cuidados Continuados Integrados, do norte de Portugal. Para analisar as falas, utilizou-se a técnica de análise de conteúdo. Resultados: os profissionais revelaram que existem dificuldades e constrangimentos no processo de referenciação dos usuários para a Rede Nacional de Cuidados Continuados Integrados. O processo é burocrático, complexo e demorado, condicionando a acessibilidade dos usuários aos cuidados em tempo útil. Conclusão: o processo de referenciação é um procedimento muito burocratizado e demorado, que condiciona e atrasa o acesso dos usuários à Rede Nacional de Cuidados Continuados Integrados, contribuindo para o agravamento do estado clínico de alguns pacientes. O número de profissionais é insuficiente, induzindo à procura de serviços pela via da urgência. A aposta na atenção primária deverá procurar melhorar as desigualdades no acesso, concorrer para cuidados mais equitativos e acessíveis gerando mais qualidade nos cuidados de saúde.

Objetivo: comprender la derivación a la Red Nacional de Cuidados Continuados Integrados, desde la perspectiva de los enfermeros que actúan en este contexto asistencial. Método: estudio exploratorio, descriptivo, con enfoque cualitativo, cuyos datos fueron recolectados entre julio y septiembre de 2019, a través de entrevistas con 12 enfermeros que trabajan en Equipos de Cuidados Continuados Integrados, del norte de Portugal. Para analizar las declaraciones, se utilizó la técnica de análisis de contenido. Resultados: los profesionales revelaron que existen dificultades y limitaciones en el proceso de derivación de usuarios a la Red Nacional de Cuidados Continuados Integrados. El proceso es burocrático, complejo y demorado, condicionando la accesibilidad del usuario a la atención en tiempo oportuno. Conclusión: el proceso de derivación es un procedimiento muy burocrático y demorado, que no solo condiciona y atrasa el acceso de los usuarios a la Red Nacional de Cuidados Continuados Integrados sino que además contribuye al agravamiento del estado clínico de algunos pacientes. El número de profesionales es insuficiente, lo que induce a la demanda de los servicios de la emergencia. La apuesta en la atención primaria debe orientarse a mejorar las desigualdades en el acceso, competir por una atención más equitativa y accesible y, así, brindar una mayor calidad en la atención de la salud.

Oferta de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares em Saúde na Estratégia Saúde da Família no Brasil / Supply of Integrative and Complementary Health Practices in the Family Health Strategy in Brazil / Oferta de Prácticas Integradoras y Complementarias en Salud dentro de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia en Brasil

Resumo: O artigo apresenta análise da oferta das Práticas Integrativas e Complementares em Saúde (PICS) na Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF), a partir da convergência da resposta de gestores e profissionais. Trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa descritivo-exploratória, utilizando dois bancos de dados: o Inquérito Nacional de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares em Saúde no SUS e o Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica (PMAQ). De acordo com os gestores, a oferta de PICS esteve presente na ESF de 26,7% dos municípios participantes do Inquérito e em 25,5% dos municípios do PMAQ, segundo os profissionais. Dos 1.478 municípios que participaram das duas pesquisas, em 8,6% deles houve convergência da oferta de PICS na ESF. Os municípios com maior convergência na oferta são de pequeno porte populacional e com maior cobertura de atenção básica. A pequena quantidade de municípios com oferta reconhecida por gestores e profissionais reforça o pressuposto de que são os profissionais os principais responsáveis pela expansão das PICS no SUS, em detrimento de iniciativas da gestão. Esse cenário caracteriza a necessidade de apropriação por parte dos gestores do que é desenvolvido na ESF, para o fortalecimento das PICS e a mobilização de recursos institucionais para sua manutenção e ampliação.

Abstract: The article analyzes the supply of Integrative and Complementary Health Practices in the Family Health Strategy (FHS), based on the agreement between answers by administrators and health professionals. This was a quantitative descriptive-exploratory study using two databases, the National Survey on Integrative and Complementary Practices in Health in the Unified National Health System (SUS) and the National Program for Improvement of Access and Quality of Basic Care (PMAQ). According to the administrators, the supply of Integrative and Complementary Health Practices was present in the FHS in 26.7% of the municipalities participating in the National Survey, compared to 25.5% of the municipalities according to the health professionals in the PMAQ. Of the 1,478 municipalities that participated in both surveys, in 8.6% there was an agreement of answers on the supply of Integrative and Complementary Health Practices in the FHS. The municipalities with the greatest agreement in the supply were those with small populations and greater coverage of basic care. The small proportion of municipalities with this supply according to both administrators and health professionals supports the hypothesis that the health professionals are the main force responsible for the expansion of Integrative and Complementary Health Practices in the SUS, as compared to initiatives by administrators. This scenario reflects the need for administrators to take greater stock of what is developed in the FHS to strengthen Integrative and Complementary Health Practices and to mobilize the institutional resources for their maintenance and expansion.

Resumen: El artículo presenta un análisis de la oferta de Prácticas Integradoras y Complementarias en Salud (PICS), dentro la Estrategia Salud de la Familia (ESF), a partir de la convergencia en la respuesta de gestores y profesionales. Se trata de una investigación cuantitativa descriptiva-exploratoria, utilizando dos bancos de datos: la Encuesta Nacional de Prácticas Integradoras y Complementarias de Salud en el SUS y el Programa Nacional de Mejora de Acceso y Calidad de la Atención Básica (PMAQ). De acuerdo con los gestores, la oferta de PICS estuvo presente en la ESF de un 26,7% de los municipios participantes en la Encuesta Nacional y en un 25,5% de los municipios del PMAQ, según los profesionales. De los 1.478 municipios que participaron en las dos investigaciones, en un 8,6% de ellos hubo convergencia de la oferta de PICS en la ESF. Los municipios con mayor convergencia en la oferta son de pequeño porte poblacional y con mayor cobertura de atención básica. La pequeña cantidad de municipios con oferta reconocida por gestores y profesionales refuerza la presuposición de que son los profesionales los principales responsables de la expansión de las PICS en el SUS, en detrimento de iniciativas de la gestión. Este escenario caracteriza la necesidad de apropiación por parte de los gestores de lo que se desarrolla en la ESF, para el fortalecimiento de las PICS y la movilización de recursos institucionales para su mantenimiento y ampliación.

Redes de atenção à saúde: uma estratégia para integração dos sistemas de saúde / Redes de Atención de salud: una estrategia para la integración de los sistemas de salud / Health care networks: a strategy for health systems integration

Objetivo: discutir e refletir sobre as Redes de Atenção à Saúde, seus conceitos teóricos e marcos legais nas políticas de saúde. Método: estudo teórico reflexivo, baseado na literatura científica sobre conceitos teóricos e marcos legais das Redes de Atenção à Saúde. Resultados: a integração dos serviços de saúde é uma resposta à fragmentação do cuidado e possui multiplicidade de conceitos, princípios e dimensões. As Redes de Atenção à Saúde revelam-se como uma estratégia para integração dos serviços e são uma alternativa na qualificação do cuidado. Experiências nacionais e internacionais indicam que o cuidado em rede, garante maior eficácia das ações de saúde com cuidados múltiplos pautados em uma integração sistêmica. Conclusões: a conformação de Redes de Atenção à Saúde colabora para superação do modelo verticalizado. A estruturação é pautada com base no perfil epidemiológico e colabora para melhoria da atenção prestada, com superação de lacunas assistenciais e redução de custos.

Objective: to discuss and reflect on Health Care Networks, their theoretical concepts and legal frameworks in health policies. Method: a reflective theoretical study, based on the scientific literature on theoretical concepts and legal frameworks of Health Care Networks. Results: the integration of health services is a response to the fragmentation of care, and has a multiplicity of concepts, principles and dimensions. Health Care Networks are revealed as a strategy for the integration of services and are an alternative in the qualification of care. National and international experiences indicate that networked care ensures greater effectiveness of health actions with multiple care based on a systemic integration. Conclusions: the conformation of Health Care Networks contributes to overcoming the vertical model. The structuring is based on the epidemiological profile and contributes to improving the care provided, overcoming care gaps and reducing costs.

Objetivo: discutir y reflexionar sobre las Redes de Atención de Salud, sus conceptos teóricos y los marcos legales en las políticas de salud. Método: estudio teórico reflexivo, basado en literatura científica sobre conceptos teóricos y marcos legales. Resultados: la integración de los servicios de salud es una respuesta a la fragmentación de la atención y tiene una multiplicidad de conceptos, principios y dimensiones. Las Redes de Atención de Salud son una estrategia para integrar servicios y son una alternativa en la calificación de la atención. Las experiencias nacionales e internacionales indican que la atención en red garantiza una mayor efectividad de las acciones de salud con atención múltiple basada en una integración sistémica. Conclusiones: la conformación de Redes de Atención de Salud contribuye a superar el modelo vertical. La estructura se basa en el perfil epidemiológico y contribuye a mejorar la atención brindada, superar las brechas de atención y reducir los costos.

Nuevos problemas de un nuevo sistema de salud: la creación de una política pública nacional de atención de enfermedades raras en Brasil (1990-2014) / New problems of a new health system: the creation of a national public policy of rare diseases care in Brazil (1990s-2010s)

RESUMEN En este trabajo se analizan los movimientos de actores e instituciones que llevaron a la promulgación, en 2014, de la Resolución 199 del Ministerio de Salud de Brasil, que establece la Política Nacional de Atención Integral a las Personas con Enfermedades Raras. Tomando como fuentes los principales periódicos, proyectos de ley y bibliografía secundaria sobre el tema, comenzamos nuestro análisis a principios de la década de 1990 con la creación de las primeras asociaciones de pacientes en Brasil, para reclamar fundamentalmente más fondos para la investigación de enfermedades genéticas, y llegamos a fines de la década de 2010 con las negociaciones para una política nacional. La Resolución 199 es parte de un proceso en curso, en el que el camino hacia la promulgación y las complicaciones posteriores nos dan elementos para discutir aspectos actuales de la salud pública brasileña. Sobre la base de la historia del tiempo presente y los estudios sociales de la ciencia, argumentamos que hay dos aspectos que han sido fundamentales para crear una política nacional: enmarcar diferentes enfermedades en la terminología "enfermedades raras" y la construcción de una percepción pública sobre el derecho a la salud, que se garantiza en la Constitución brasileña de 1988.

ABSTRACT This study discusses actors and institution movements leading to the disclosure in 2014 of Resolution 199 by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, which establishes the National Policy for the Comprehensive Care of Persons with Rare Diseases. Taking as sources the mainstream newspapers, drafts law, and secondary literature on the subject, we begin our analysis in the early 1990s when the first patient associations were created in Brazil - mainly for claiming more funds for research on genetic diseases - and arrive at the late 2010s when negotiations for a national policy are taking place in the National Congress. Resolution 199 is part of an ongoing process and the path towards its disclosure and the complications that followed have given us elements to discuss contemporary aspects of the Brazilian public health. Based on the references of the history of the present time and the social studies of science, we argue that two aspects have been fundamental to creating a national policy: framing different illnesses within the terminology "rare diseases" and the construction of a public perception about the right of health which is guaranteed by the 1988 Brazilian Constitution.

National guideline for implementation of integrated community-based health services

The National Guideline for Implementation of Integrated Community-Based Health Services has been developed by the Ministry of Health and Wellness­Department of Health Services Management as a technical tool. This guideline is a reflection of the Ministry's commitment to strengthening primary health care and implementation of the Harmonization of Botswana's Community Health Workers Groups: Primary Health Care­Community Health Workers (PHC-CHW) Coordination Strategy launched in 2017. Seeking to promote an integrated approach to community-based health service delivery and standardize a minimum package of community-based health interventions, the guideline also reflects the country's commitment to local and global health sector goals. The specific objectives are to provide technical and programmatic guidance including: • Improving the delivery of integrated community-based health interventions through provision of a standardized minimum package • Strengthening coordination and management of community-based health services through harmonized community health workers groups, leadership and governance • Strengthening CHWs competencies and skill mix for delivery of integrated communitybased health services • Strengthening information management for integrated community-based health services The guideline will benefit various actors and stakeholders including policymakers, managers, Ministries, and CHWs who are responsible for managing and implementing community-based health services. A multidisciplinary team developed the initial concept for the guideline and engaged in an interactive and extended collaborative process of reviewing and refining the scope and content. The guideline is the first publication on community health services and mirrors the primary health care guideline in the way the minimum package is developed. The guideline is intended to be easy to read and user friendly, and will be placed in all facilities for reference. It also includes a curriculum for CHWs in the era of COVID-19.

Mental health in primary health care: health-disease according to health professionals / La salud mental en la atención primaria: el proceso salud-Enfermedad, según los profesionales de la salud / Saúde mental na atenção primária: processo saúde-doença, segundo profissionais de saúde

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze perceptions of the Family Health Strategy (FHS) professional team about mental health-disorder and to identify health actions developed by the team for people with mental disorders. Method: a qualitative study of a Marxist theoretical framework and a dialectical method. 99 FHS middle and higher level professionals from São Paulo participated. Semi-structured interviews were conducted. Data were submitted to ALCESTE software and Thematic Content Analysis. Results: there were three empirical categories: Training in Mental Health; Perception of the FHS professional about mental health-disorder; and Health actions developed by the FHS team with people with mental disorders. Actions that converge and diverge from the psychosocial care model were identified. Final considerations: there is an effort from professionals to work according to the psychosocial care model, but it is necessary to invest in the Permanent Education in Health of these professionals to overcome barriers and foster successful territorial actions.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar las percepciones del equipo de profesionales de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia (ESF) acerca del proceso salud-enfermedad mental e identificar las acciones de salud desarrolladas por el equipo para las personas con trastorno mental. Método: estudio cualitativo, con referencial teórico marxista y método dialéctico. Participaron 99 profesionales de nivel medio y superior de la ESF, de la ciudad de São Paulo. Fueron realizadas entrevistas semiestructuradas, cuyos fueron sometidos al software ALCESTE y al Análisis de Contenido Temático. Resultados: se obtuvieron tres categorías empíricas: Entrenamiento en Salud Mental; Percepción del profesional de la ESF acerca del proceso de salud-enfermedad mental; y Acciones de salud desarrolladas por el equipo de ESF junto a las personas con trastorno mental. Se identificaron acciones que convergen y divergen del modelo de atención psicosocial. Consideraciones finales: hay un esfuerzo de los profesionales para trabajar de acuerdo con el modelo de atención psicosocial, pero hace necesario invertir en la educación permanente en salud de esos profesionales para superar barreras y fomentar acciones territoriales exitosas.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar percepções da equipe de profissionais da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) sobre o processo saúde-doença mental e identificar ações de saúde desenvolvidas pela equipe para pessoas com transtorno mental. Método: estudo qualitativo, de referencial teórico marxicista e método dialético. Participaram 99 profissionais de nível médio e superior da ESF, município de São Paulo. Realizaram-se entrevistas semiestruturadas, cujos dados foram submetidos ao software ALCESTE e Análise de Conteúdo Temática. Resultados: obtiveram-se três categorias empíricas: Treinamento em Saúde Mental; Percepção do profissional da ESF sobre o processo saúde-doença mental; e Ações de saúde desenvolvidas pela equipe de ESF junto às pessoas com transtorno mental. Identificaram-se ações que convergem e divergem do modelo de atenção psicossocial. Considerações finais: há esforço dos profissionais para trabalhar de acordo com o modelo de atenção psicossocial, mas é necessário investir na Educação Permanente em Saúde desses profissionais para superar barreiras e fomentar ações territoriais exitosas.