Segurança e eficácia da Profilaxia Pré-Exposição (PrEP) ao HIV na perspectiva de usuários: uma abordagem a partir de Fleck / Safety and efficacy of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV from the users' perspective: an approach based on Fleck

A ideia de uma tecnologia farmacológica capaz de conter a infecção de expostos ao HIV teve gênese e validação em pensamentos oriundos de círculos esotéricos das ciências biomédicas. A consolidação dessa Profilaxia Pré-Exposição, porém, depende dos círculos exotéricos de saberes profissionais, de afetados e população geral, dotados de regras de validade próprias que influenciam diretamente seu reconhecimento, comumente apartados da racionalidade científica. Objetivamos compreender como os usuários constroem as concepções de segurança e eficácia da PrEP como fato científico por meio de apreensões e tensões no círculo exotérico, analisando os possíveis deslocamentos de sentidos e significados no tráfego de ideias a partir da teoria de Fleck. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de etnografia no ciberespaço, tendo como participantes membros de um grupo público de Facebook destinado à exposição de ideias sobre a PrEP. Como método de produção de dados, utilizamos a análise das postagens e comentários do grupo em discussões sobre eficácia e segurança da tecnologia, entre janeiro e dezembro de 2022, respeitando-se os aspectos éticos de sigilo e confidencialidade dos participantes. Para a interpretação dos resultados, conduzimos o tratamento interpretativo baseado nos pressupostos da hermenêutica dialética. Identificamos os seguintes estilos de pensamento decorrentes do reconhecimento da PrEP como fato científico: baseado no risco, alinhado a ideias da epidemiologia clássica e grupos de risco; relatos de um pensamento moralizante, operante no controle de práticas sexuais, eventualmente associados a condições de preconceito e estigma; dever, uma vertente de pensamento tecnocrata; direito, pautado no contexto de movimentos sociais e direitos humanos em saúde; e individualizante, visualizando a ferramenta como espaço de escolhas e responsabilidades preponderantemente individuais, em detrimento do coletivo.

The concept of a pharmacological technology capable of preventing HIV infection originated in esoteric circles within biomedical sciences. The consolidation of this Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis depends on exoteric circles of professional knowledge - those affected and the general population - accoutred with their own rules of validity influencing their recognition, commonly separated from scientific rationality. We aim to examine how users perceive the safety and efficacy of PrEP as scientific fact, by analyzing apprehensions and tensions within the exoteric circle, drawing upon Fleck's theory to explore shifts in meaning in the circulation of ideas. This study employs cyber-ethnography with members of a public Facebook group dedicated to discussing PrEP. Our data production method involved analyzing posts and comments within the group's discussions on the effectiveness and safety of PrEP between January and December 2022, while ensuring participants' confidentiality and privacy. To interpret the data produced, we carried out an interpretive treatment based on the assumptions of dialectical hermeneutics. We identified the following thought styles according to the recognition of PrEP as a scientific fact: risk-based, aligned with ideas from classical epidemiology and risk groups; reports of a moralizing thought, operating in the control of sexual practices, eventually associated with conditions of prejudice and stigma; duty, a strand of a technocratic thought; right, based on the context of social movements and human rights in health; and individualizing, understanding PrEP as a space for predominantly individual choices and responsibilities, to the detriment of collective ones.

Uso profiláctico de antimicrobianos fuera de la práctica quirúrgica y de procedimientos invasivos: bases conceptuales y operativas / Prophylactic use of antimicrobials outside surgical and invasive-procedure settings: conceptual and operational basis

El uso preventivo de antimicrobianos es de larga data y no se restringe a antibacterianos. Lo más consensuado y estructurado es la profilaxis antimicrobiana perioperatoria y ante procedimientos invasivos. Fuera de este contexto hay gran cantidad de situaciones, menos caracterizadas, con riesgo de infecciones en que se usan ampliamente, muchas veces con menor sistematización. Esta presentación presenta las bases conceptuales y operativas de este segundo tipo de profilaxis. Conceptualmente la profilaxis primaria pretende evitar la infección por agente único conocido o variados, por exposición ambiental o susceptibilidad específica de ese hospedero y es implementable antes o después de la exposición. Producida esta infección la meta de la profilaxis secundaria intenta evitar la enfermedad y puede tomar dos modalidades, en infecciones sin evidencias de enfermedad clínica o daños, la profilaxis corresponde a "tratamiento de infección latente" y, si aún en ausencia de manifestaciones clínicas, hay elementos de laboratorio precoces premonitorios de progresión, la profilaxis se denomina "tratamiento anticipatorio". Se presentan operacionalmente y resumidas las situaciones en contexto médico no invasivo con uso potencial preventivo de antimicrobianos en base a agentes posibles, situaciones ambientales de riesgo, vulnerabilidad del hospedero, medicamentos a usar, su duración y efectividad con enfoque mayoritario en medicina de adultos.

Antimicrobial use with preventive purpose probably began shortly after its therapeutic use, especially antibiotics. More consensus and sistematization exist with perioperative and invasive procedures prophylaxis. However, beyond that context, there is great number of non invasive medical situations with high risk of secondary infections either by acquisition of pathogens or activation of latent ones, in which antimicrobials are routinely used with preventive purpose, albeit with less sistematization and consensus. This presentation aims to lay down the conceptual and operational basis for antimicrobial prophylaxis in these settings, whose objective is preventing an infection (primary prophylaxis) by a known or a variety of pathogens, either by person to person transmission, enviromental exposure or particular susceptibility of the host, and can be implemented before or after exposure. If already infected, the antimicrobial prophylaxis goal is to avoid progression to disease (secondary prevention) and may take two conceptual approaches; first, without clinical disease but significant risk of progression, the modality can be called "treatment of latent infection". In the second, also clinically asymptomatic, but with premonitory laboratoy signs of impending progression present, early use of antimicrobial is called "preemptive treatment". This presentation will describe the most frequent medical situations where preventive use of antimicrobials is employed, together with the medications most consensually used, according to the host, the agent(s) and medical situation, with emphasis in adults.

Analysis of on-demand adherence and related factors in men who have sex with men who access HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis services via the internet / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To understand the compliancy to on-demand HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and related factors in men who have sex with men (MSM) accessing to PrEP service through an Internet platform. Methods: A cross-sectional study method was used to recruit survey respondents through the Heer Health platform from July 6 to August 30, 2022, and a questionnaire survey on the current status of medication use was conducted in MSM who use PrEP through the platform and take medication on demand. The MSM's information collected in the survey mainly included socio-demographic characteristics, behavioral characteristics, risk perception characteristics, PrEP awareness and the status of dose taking. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate factors related with compliancy to PrEP. Results: A total of 330 MSM who met the recruitment criteria were included during the survey period, with a valid response rate of 96.7% (319/330) to the questionnaire survey. The age of the 319 MSM was (32.5±7.3) years. Most of them had education level of junior college or college and above (94.7%, 302/319), most of them were unmarried (90.3%, 288/319), most of them had full-time works (95.9%, 306/319), and 40.8% of them had average monthly income ≥10 000 yuan (130/319). The proportion of the MSM with good compliancy to PrEP was 86.5% (276/319). The results of univariate and multivariate logistic analyses showed that the MSM with good awareness of PrEP had relatively better compliancy to PrEP compared with those with poor awareness of PrEP (aOR=2.43, 95%CI:1.11-5.32). Conclusions: The compliancy to on-demand PrEP was good in MSM who accessed to the services through Internet platform, but there is still a need to strengthen PrEP promotion in MSM for the further improvement of PrEP compliancy and reduction of the risk for HIV infection in this population.

Status and associated factors of pre-exposure prophylaxis use among men who have sex with men in 24 cities in China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To understand the cognition and medication use of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China and its associated factors. Method: From August 25 to September 5, 2021, 2 447 MSM were recruited in 24 cities to complete the online questionnaire through a male social interaction platform, Blued 7.5 software. The survey contents included demographic information of the respondents, PrEP awareness and usage, and risk behaviors. Descriptive analysis and multi-level logistic regression were performed for data analysis. SPSS 24.0 and SAS 9.4 software were used for statistical analysis. Results: Among the 2 447 respondents of MSM, 1 712 (69.96%) had heard of PrEP, 437 (17.86%) ever used PrEP, 274 (11.20%) were on PrEP, and 163 (6.66%) had discontinued PrEP; among the 437 cases (whoever used PrEP), more than 61.88% (388/627) adopted emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate regimen, and most of them adopted on-demand regimen. The average PrEP dosage reported in the past year is 1.12 tabletsper person per week. PrEP purchase was primarily via an online channel, and the most concerned factor was the PrEP effectiveness on HIV prevention. The most common reasons for discontinuing PrEP, reported by 163 cases, were the lack of HIV risk perception, the use of a condom to prevent HIV, and the economic burden of PrEP use. The logistic regression analysis showed that PrEP use among MSM in 24 cities was statistically associated with age, monthly income, ever having unprotected anal sex in the past year, used sexual drugs and sexually transmitted disease (STD) diagnosis in the past year. Compared with MSM aged 18-24, the proportion of MSM was relatively lower among those aged 25-44, who discontinued the PrEP (aOR=0.54,95%CI:0.34-0.87) or never used PrEP (aOR=0.62,95%CI:0.44-0.87). The proportion of unprotected anal sex among MSM currently on PrEP use was higher than those who have stopped PrEP and never used PrEP (all P<0.05). Those MSM group, with monthly income higher than 5 000 Yuan, used sexual drugs and STD diagnosis in the past year were more likely to have a higher rate for PrEP usage (all P<0.05). Conclusions: Currently, pre-exposure prophylaxis in the MSM group is primarily obtained via the online channel and adopted in an on-demand mode. Although the PrEP users have reached a certain proportion, it is still necessary to strengthen health education on the PrEP effects and side effects of MSM and to improve the awareness and use rate, especially for young MSM group, which can be combined with the advantages of the internet targeting its needs and use barriers.

Discrepancy between behavioral-indicated and perceived candidacy for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with men in Chengdu, China / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the discrepancy between behavioral-indicated candidacy and perceived candidacy (behavioral-perceived gap) and its associated factors of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among men who have sex with men (MSM), so as to identify the focus population of PrEP interventions and to design and implement targeted interventions.@*METHODS@#We recruited a sample of 622 HIV-negative MSM who were regular clients of a community-based organization located in Chengdu, China, from November to December 2021. A cross-sectional questionnaire was used to collect the participants' information on social demographics, PrEP-related knowledge and cognitions, and risk behaviors. In this study, behaviorally eligible for PrEP was defined as performing at least one type of high-risk behavior in the past six months, including inconsistent condom use, sex with an HIV-positive partner, confirmed sexual transmitted infections (STI) diagnosis, substance use, and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) experience. Logistic regression models were fitted, and multivariate analyses were adjusted for social demographics.@*RESULTS@#Among the 622 eligible participants, 52.6% (327/622) were classified as behaviorally eligible for PrEP. Only 37.9% (124/327) of the participants perceived themselves as appropriate candidates for PrEP and 62.1% (203/207) had discrepancy between behavioral-indicated and perceived candidacy. 85.9% (281/327) had heard of PrEP, and 14.2% (40/281) accessed PrEP information through health care providers. Of the 327 participants eligible for behavior-indicated PrEP use, about half (47.1%) knew how to obtain PrEP medication and 33.0% had a professional PrEP counseling experience. The majority (93.3%) had no or few friends using PrEP. 54.1% scored eight or above in PrEP knowledge level. 66.7% reported having two or more sexual partners in the past six months. After adjusting for age and recruitment channel, we found six factors that were associated with perceived candidacy for PrEP, including PEP use [adjusted odds ratio (ORA)=2.20; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.33-3.63], PrEP availability (ORA=1.69; 95%CI: 1.06-2.68), a greater number of PrEP-using friends (ORA=4.92; 95%CI: 1.77-13.65), PrEP know-ledge (ORA=2.21; 95%CI: 1.38-3.56), multiple sexual partnership (ORA=1.77; 95%CI: 1.07-2.94), and perceiving a higher risk of HIV infection (ORA=4.02; 95%CI: 1.73-9.32). Substance use during sex and PrEP information channel were not statistically associated with this beha-vioral-perceived gap.@*CONCLUSION@#We observed a high discrepancy between behavioral-indicated and perceived candidacy for PrEP among Chengdu MSM in China. Future PrEP implementation efforts should be made in skills training in assessing HIV infection risk, increasing PrEP knowledge, providing professional PrEP counselling, and fostering PrEP support environment.

Awareness of and willingness to use pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent HIV infection among female sex workers in Anambra State, south-eastern Nigeria

Background: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a highly effective preventive measures against HIV infection but its success is strongly based on adherence, which in turn depends on willingness to use. This study is aimed at assessing the level of awareness and willingness to use PrEP to prevent HIV infection among female sex workers (FSWs) in Anambra State, Nigeria, and to identify factors that influence willingness to use PrEP. Methodology: The study was a cross-sectional survey involving 265 brothel-based FSWs recruited through snowballing technique. A structured questionnaire was used to collect relevant information on demographic characteristics, awareness of HIV/AIDS and transmission route, attitudes/behavior related to HIV/AIDS, and awareness of and willingness to use PrEP. Univariate and bivariate analyses with Chi square test (with Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval) was used to determine association of socio-demographic and predictive factors with willingness to use PrEP. Statistical significance was considered when p value was less than 0.05. Results: Of 265 FSW respondents, only 81 (31.2%) have heard of PrEP, 10 (3.9%) indicated they have previously used PrEP while 91.0% indicated willingness to use PrEP. Univariate analysis showed that FSWs in Onitsha had a significantly higher odds (OR=28.6, 95% CI=1.718-476.82, p=0.0006) while those from Awka had a significantly lower odds (OR=0.184, 95% CI=0.0704-0.1812, p=0.0004) of willingness to use PrEP. Also, FSWs with monthly income less than 18,000 Naira had a lower odd of willingness to use PrEP (OR=0.3980, 95% CI=0.1593-0.9945, p=0.08). Bivariate analysis shows that FSWs who wish to have more knowledge of HIV/AIDS had higher odd of willingness to use PrEP than those who did not wish to have more knowledge (OR=4.235, 95% CI=1.577­11.374, p=0.0066). Similarly, FSWs who are worried of being discriminated against have a lower odd of willingness to use PrEP than those who are not worried of being discriminated against (OR=0.3921, 95% CI=0.1582-0.9718, p=0.0439). Conclusion: Our study showed low awareness but high willingness to use PrEP among FSWs in Anambra State,Nigeria. Cost, HIV/AIDS knowledge and fear of discrimination are significant predicting factors of willingness to use HIV PrEP and should be considered when formulating PrEP policy. Adequate enlightenment on PrEP should be emphasized among FSWs.

Descolonização pré operatória pode reduzir a taxa de infecção de sítio cirúrgico em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de grande porte em cabeça e pescoço? / Can preoperative decolonization reduce the rate of surgical site infection in patients undergoing major head and neck surgery?

INTRODUÇÃO: Infecção de sítio cirúrgico (ISC) é a principal complicação que acomete os pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de grande porte em cabeça e pescoço. A descolonização cutânea é implementada em diversas modalidades cirúrgicas com o propósito de reduzir esta complicação, entretanto nos pacientes que realizam cirurgias de grande porte em cabeça e pescoço não existe um consenso estabelecido. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar se a descolonização préoperatória realizada por pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de grande porte em cabeça e pescoço reduz a incidência de infecções de sítio cirúrgico e o tempo de internação hospitalar. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Incluímos pacientes que realizaram cirurgias de grande porte em cabeça e pescoço. O tratamento consistiu em consulta de enfermagem pré-operatória, higiene bucal e banho com clorexidina e mupirocina nasal por cinco dias no pré-operatório imediato. Os desfechos foram infecção de sítio cirúrgico e tempo de internação hospitalar. A análise foi por intenção de tratamento, utilizado o software R package, o teste t de Student e o teste do qui-quadrado. A regressão logística para identificar variáveis preditoras, o modelo de regressão linear para a predição do cálculo de tempo de internação hospitalar, e pareamento dos pacientes usando escores de propensão (PS). RESULTADOS: 401 pacientes foram inclusos neste estudo. O protocolo de descolonização pré-operatória foi aplicado em 103 pacientes (23,7%). O tempo operatório médio foi de 618,3 minutos (DP, 213,6 minutos). A ISC foi diagnosticada em 168 pacientes (41,9%), 37,9% nos pacientes descolonizados versus 43,3%. O tempo médio de internação hospitalar foi de 15,0 dias para toda a coorte, os pacientes não descolonizados tiveram uma média de 16,2 dias internados versus 11,7 dias para os pacientes descolonizados. Para pacientes pareados, o tempo de internação foi de 16,3 dias para pacientes não tratados e 12,6 dias para pacientes tratados (p=0,042). CONCLUSÃO: A descolonização pré-operatória não promoveu redução com significância estatística nas taxas de ISC, entretanto o tempo de internação hospitalar foi significativamente menor no grupo de pacientes descolonizados.

INTRODUCTION: Surgical site infection (SSI) is the main complication that affects patients undergoing major head and neck surgery. Cutaneous descolonization is implemented in several surgical madalities with the purpose of reducing this complication however is patients who undergo major surgeries in the head and neck there is no established consensus. OBJECTIVES: To assess whether preoperative decolonization performed by patients undergoing major head and neck surgery reduces the incidence of surgical site infections and length of hospital stay. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We included patients who underwent major head and neck surgeries. The tratamento consisted of preoperative nursing consultation, oral hygiene and bath with chlorhexidine and nasal mupirocin for five days in the immediate preoperative period. Outcomes were surgical site infection and length of hospital stay. The analysis was by intention to treat, using the R package software, student's t test and the chi-square test. Logistic regression to identify predictor variables, linear regression model to predict length of hospital stay, and patient matching using propensity scores (PS). RESULTS: 401 patients were included in this study. The preoperative decolonization protocol was Applied in 103 patients (23,7%). Mean operative time was 618.3 minutes (SD, 213.6 minutes). SSI was diagnosed in 168 patients (41,9%), 37,9% in decolonized patients versus 43,3%. The average length of hospital stay was 15.0 days for the entire cohort, non-decolonizes patients had na average of 16.2 days in hospital versus 11.7 days for decolonized patients. For matched patients, length of saty was 16.3 days for untreated patients and 12.6 days for treated patients (p=0.042). CONCLUSION: Preoperative decolonization did not promote a statistically signicant reduction in SSI rates, however the length of hospital stay was significantly lower in the group of decolonizes patients.

Avaliação de fatores preditores de sífilis e adesão a PrEP oral diária entre gays, bissexuais e outros homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH), mulheres transgênero e travestis (MTTr) com risco substancial de infecção pelo HIV em estudo multicêntrico demonstrativo da efetividade da profilaxia pré-exposição (PrEP). Estudo PrEP1519 Brasil / Assessment of predictors of syphilis and adherence to daily oral PrEP among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (MSM), transgender women and transvestites (MTTr) at substantial risk of HIV infection in a multicenter study demonstrating the effectiveness of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). PrEP1519 Brazil Study

Os jovens e adolescentes são um grupo desproporcionalmente acometido pelo HIV. Ser adolescente gay, bissexual, travesti ou transgênero, é enfrentar desafios ainda maiores em termos de risco e vulnerabilidade ao HIV e outras infecções sexualmente transmissíveis, fato pelo qual estes grupos representam uma população-chave para a implementação de intervenções estruturais, comportamentais e biomédicas. A PrEP é uma estratégia que tem se mostrado segura e eficaz na prevenção da infecção pelo HIV, entre esta e outras populações-chave. Entretanto, ainda se sabe muito pouco sobre o real impacto de seu uso no cotidiano dos jovens e adolescentes. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar os fatores sociodemográficos e de práticas sexuais basais relacionados com à prevalência de sífilis na entrada e os marcadores ou preditores de adesão à PrEP por autorrelato entre adolescentes Gays, Bissexuais e outros Homens que fazem Sexo com Homens (HSH), Mulheres Transgênero e Travestis (MTTr) de 15-19 anos com riso de infecção pelo HIV. O projeto PrEP1519 é um estudo de coorte demonstrativo multicêntrico brasileiro, aprovado pelo comitê de ética em pesquisa da OMS, pela CONEP e COEP das Universidades participantes (UFMG, UFBA e USP). A inclusão foi voluntária após processo de consentimento livre e esclarecido e assinatura dos Termos de Consentimento ou Assentimento (TCLE, TALE). Os participantes foram alocados em dois grupos: com ou sem uso de PrEP, conforme avaliação de vulnerabilidade e preferência. As análises foram realizadas com as diversas dimensões de vulnerabilidade de infecção ao HIV, e modelos de regressão logística foram construídos para estimar as razões de chance da associação entre as variáveis preditoras e os níveis de adesão nas visitas M1, M6 e M12, assim como sua associação com um teste treponêmico positivo para sífilis na entrada do estudo. Foram analisados 935 participantes. A idade mediana foi 19 anos (IIQ: 18-19), 69% (645) se auto identificaram como negros (pardos/pretos), 91,1% (852) como homens cisgênero e 8,8% (82) como mulheres trans ou travestis. Aproximadamente 26% (251) dos participantes apresentaram ao longo dos 12 meses de seguimento uma adesão insuficiente, inferior a 90% por autorrelato. Na análise multivariada final, uma maior chance de adesão insuficiente foi associada com estar desempregado (OR = 1,34; IC95%: 1,00-1,81), ter relações sexuais em troca de dinheiro ou favores (OR =1,75; IC95%: 1,10-2,79) e ter uma autopercepção de risco de infecção pelo HIV <5 (OR = 1,51; IC95%: 1,06-2,16). Por outro lado, a prevalência de sífilis na linha de base foi de 21,3%. No modelo final de regressão logística, as seguintes variáveis estiveram associadas com chances maiores de sífilis: autorrelato de episódio de IST nos últimos 12 meses (OR = 5,92; IC95%: 3,74-9,37), ser profissional do sexo (OR = 3,39; IC95%: 1,32-8,78) e ter menos de 11 anos de escolaridade (OR = 1,76; IC95%: 1,13-2,74). Nossos dados reiteram conhecidos fatores de vulnerabilidade e apontam a necessidade de fortalecer os programas de PrEP na saúde pública com adequada discussão sobre classe social, raça, gênero, sexualidade e prevenção combinada, assim como, ampliar e facilitar o acesso a todas as ferramentas de prevenção combinada, incluída a PrEP, para esta faixa etária.

Young people and adolescents are a group disproportionately affected by HIV. Being a gay, bisexual, travesti, or transgender teenager means facing even greater challenges in terms of risk and vulnerability to HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, a fact for which these groups represent a key population for the implementation of structural, behavioral, and biomedical interventions. PrEP is a strategy that has proven to be safe and effective in preventing HIV infection among this population and other key populations. However, very little is known about the real impact of its use on the daily life of young people and adolescents. The aim of present study was to evaluate sociodemographic factors and baseline sexual practices related to the prevalence of syphilis at entry and to predictors of adherence to PrEP by self-report among adolescents which self-identified as Gay, Bisexual, and other Men who have Sex with Men (MSM), Travesti and Transgender Women (TGW) aged 15-19 years at risk of HIV Infection. The PrEP 15­19 project is a Brazilian multicenter demonstrative study approved by the WHO Ethics Review Committee, and by the Brazilian Research Ethics Commission and by the local Research Ethics Committees of the participating universities (UFMG, UFBA and USP). Inclusion was voluntary after the informed consent form was singed. Participants were allocated into two groups: with or without PrEP use, according to vulnerability assessment and preference. The analyses were carried out with different dimensions of vulnerability to HIV infection, and logistic regression models were constructed to estimate the odds ratios of the association between the predictive variables and the levels of adherence at visits M1, M6, and M12, as well as its association with a positive treponemal test for syphilis at study entry. In total, 935 participants were analyzed. The median age was 19 years (IQR: 18­19); 69% (645) self-identified as black; 91.1% (852) as cisgender men; and 8.8% (82) as travesti or trans women. Approximately 26% (251) of the participants showed, over the 12 months of follow-up, insufficient adherence, or less than 90% by self-report. In the final multivariate analysis, a greater chance of poor adherence was associated with being unemployed (OR = 1.34; 95%CI: 1.00­1.8), having transactional sex (OR = 1.75; 95%CI: 1.10­2.79), and having a self-perceived risk of HIV infection <5 (OR = 1.51; 95%CI: 1.06-2.16). On the other hand, the baseline prevalence of syphilis was 21.3%. In the final logistic regression model, the following variables were associated with higher odds of syphilis: self-report of an STI episode in the last 12 months (OR = 5.92; 95%CI: 3.74­9.37), being a sex worker (OR = 3.39; 95%CI: 1.32­8.78), and less than 11 years of schooling (OR = 1.76; 95%CI: 1.13-2.74). This data reiterates known vulnerability factors and point to the need to strengthen PrEP programs in public health with adequate discussion on social class, race, gender, sexuality, and combination prevention, as well as expanding and facilitating access to all combination prevention tools, including PrEP, for this age group.

Lineamientos para proveer la profilaxis previa a la exposición al virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana / Guidelines for providing pre-exposure prophylaxis to human immunodeficiency virus

En Honduras al igual que el resto de los países a nivel mundial, la epidemia del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) representa un problema de salud pública, razón por la cual es necesaria la implementación de nuevas estrategias de prevención como la profilaxis previa a la exposición (PrEP) de la infección del VIH. La PrEP es una intervención recomendada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y el Programa Conjunto de las Naciones Unidas sobre el VIH y Sida (ONUSIDA) para contribuir al fin de la epidemia del VIH y forma parte del conjunto de intervenciones de prevención combinada enmarcadas en los objetivos 95-95-95 para 2030...(AU)

Concordancia entre dos escalas para evaluar la clasificación del riesgo de eventos tromboembólicos y el requerimiento de profilaxis farmacológica en el posparto / Agreement between two scales used for assessing risk classification for thromboembolic events and the requirement of postpartum pharmacological prophylaxis

RESUMEN Objetivos: Establecer la concordancia para evaluar el requerimiento de profilaxis farmacológica en el puerperio entre la escala del Rojal College Obstetricians and Gynaecologists y la escala de la guía colombiana en una institución de cuarto nivel en Bogotá, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de concordancia diagnóstica ensamblado sobre un estudio transversal. Se incluyeron mujeres embarazadas con 24 o más semanas de gestación que ingresaron para inducción de trabajo de parto, en trabajo de parto activo, para cesárea electiva, o que requirieron cesárea de urgencia, hospitalizadas entre el 1 de marzo y 30 de abril de 2021 en una institución privada de alta complejidad en Bogotá, Colombia. Se realizó un muestreo por conveniencia. Se midieron variables demográficas, factores de riesgo, clasificación del riesgo y profilaxis farmacológica según las dos escalas. Se calculó la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo por cada escala y la concordancia en la indicación de la profilaxis entre las dos escalas por medio del valor de kappa ponderado. Resultados: Se incluyeron 320 pacientes. La escala del Royal College Obstetricians and Gynaecologists clasificó al 54,7 % de las pacientes en riesgo bajo, riesgo intermedio al 42,5 % y riesgo alto al 2,8 %. La escala colombiana clasificó al 80 % de las pacientes en riesgo bajo, 17,2 % riesgo intermedio, 2,2 % riesgo alto y 0,6 % con riesgo muy alto. El valor kappa ponderado para la concordancia para indicación fue de 0,47 (IC 95 %: 0,38-0,56). Conclusiones: La concordancia de las dos escalas para definir requerimiento de profilaxis farmacológica en el posparto tiene un acuerdo moderado. Se considera es necesario validar los criterios de clasificación del riesgo de la escala colombiana en una segunda cohorte, además evaluar la capacidad predictiva de la herramienta de la guía colombiana en diferentes puntos de corte en términos de las consecuencias de falsos positivos y negativos.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To determine agreement in assessing the need for postpartum pharmacological prophylaxis between the scale of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and the Colombian guideline scale in a Level IV institution in Bogota, Colombia. Material and methods: Diagnostic agreement study assembled on a cross-sectional study. The included population consisted of pregnant women with 24 or more weeks of pregnancy admitted between March 1 and April 30 of 2021 to a high complexity private institution in Bogotá, Colombia, for labor induction, in active labor, for elective cesarean section, or who required urgent cesarean section. Convenience sampling was used. Measured variables included demographics, risk factors, risk classification and pharmacological prophylaxis according to the two scales. The prevalence of risk factors for each scale was estimated and agreement regarding prophylaxis indication between the two scales was measured using the weighted kappa value. Results: Overall, 320 patients were included. According to the scale of the Royal College Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 54.7 % patients were classified as low risk, 42.5 % as intermediate risk and 2.8 % as high risk. The Colombian scale classified 80 % of patients as low risk, 17.2 % as intermediate risk, 2.2 % as high risk, and 0.6 % as very high risk. The weighted kappa value for agreement regarding the indication was 0.47 (95 % CI: 0.38-0.56). Conclusions: Agreement between the two scales to determine the need for postpartum pharmacological prophylaxis is moderate. Risk classification criteria for the Colombian scale should be validated in a second cohort. Moreover, the predictive ability of the Colombian guideline tool should be assessed at different cut-off points in terms of the consequences of false positive and false negative results.

Profilaxia pré-exposição de tromboembolia venosa e enfermagem: A realidade de um hospital público universitário / Profilaxis preexposición de la tromboembolia venosa y enfermería: La realidad de un hospital público universitario / Pre-exposure prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism and nursing: The reality of a university public hospital

Objetivo: caracterizar o risco de tromboembolismo venoso e uso de profilaxia em pacientes clínicos e cirúrgicos, avaliando a conformidade ou não-conformidade da prescrição de profilaxia medicamentosa. Método: estudo transversal, com 3341 pacientes clínicos e cirúrgicos com protocolo de profilaxia de tromboembolismo venoso preenchido aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa CAAE 62055616.7.00005411, com dados extraídos de relatório personalizado gerado automaticamente do prontuário eletrônico do paciente em planilha Excel®, do período de março/2017 a dezembro 2017. As análises iniciais foram obtidas a partir de medidas descritivas para as variáveis quantitativas e frequências e percentuais para variáveis categorizadas. Resultados: A taxa global de conformidade foi de 70% e os pacientes clínicos apresentaram maior conformidade de prescrição de profilaxia em relação aos pacientes cirúrgicos. Conclusão: A profilaxia medicamentosa para tromboembolismo venoso é subutilizada, principalmente em pacientes cirúrgicos. Os pacientes clínicos receberam mais profilaxia que os cirúrgicos, predominando a indicação da enoxaparina sódica.(AU)

Objective: to characterize the risk of venous thromboembolism and the use of prophylaxis in clinical and surgical patients, evaluating the compliance or non-compliance with the prescription of drug prophylaxis. Method: a cross-sectional study with 3341 clinical and surgical patients with a completed venous thromboembolism prophylaxis protocol approved by the Research Ethics Committee CAAE 62055616.7.00005411, with data extracted from a personalized report automatically generated from the patient's electronic medical record in an Excel® spreadsheet, from the period from March/2017 to December 2017. The initial analyzes were obtained from descriptive measures for quantitative variables and frequencies and percentages for categorized variables. Results: The overall compliance rate was 70% and clinical patients showed greater compliance with prophylaxis prescriptions compared to surgical patients. Conclusion: Drug prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism is underused, especially in surgical patients. Clinical patients received more prophylaxis than surgical patients, with the indication of enoxaparin sodium predominating.(AU)

Objetivo: caracterizar el riesgo de tromboembolismo venoso y el uso de profilaxis en pacientes clínicos y quirúrgicos, evaluando el cumplimiento o incumplimiento de la prescripción de profilaxis farmacológica. Método: estudio transversal con 3341 pacientes clínicos y quirúrgicos con protocolo completo de profilaxis de tromboembolismo venoso aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación CAAE 62055616.7.00005411, con datos extraídos de un informe personalizado generado automáticamente a partir de la historia clínica electrónica del paciente en un Excel® hoja de cálculo, del período de marzo/2017 a diciembre de 2017. Los análisis iniciales se obtuvieron a partir de medidas descriptivas para variables cuantitativas y frecuencias y porcentajes para variables categorizadas. Resultados: La tasa de cumplimiento global fue del 70% y los pacientes clínicos mostraron un mayor cumplimiento de las prescripciones de profilaxis en comparación con los pacientes quirúrgicos. Conclusión: La profilaxis farmacológica del tromboembolismo venoso está infrautilizada, especialmente en pacientes quirúrgicos. Los pacientes clínicos recibieron más profilaxis que los pacientes quirúrgicos, predominando la indicación de enoxaparina sódica.(AU)

Consideraciones en población transgénero respecto a la infección por VIH, terapia antiretroviral, profilaxis preexposición (PreP) e interacción con tratamiento de reafirmación de género / Considerations in the transgender population regarding HIV infection, antiretroviral therapy, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PreP) and interaction with gender reaffirmation treatment

Resumen La infección por VIH es una epidemia global (prevalencia de 0,8%). En Latinoamérica, Chile, Brasil y Uruguay son los países con mayores índices. Entre las más afectadas están la población transgénero (OR 48,8 respecto a la población general). Múltiples factores bio-psico-sociales explican estas cifras. Bajo uso del preservativo, la idea de reafirmación de género, el temor a ser reemplazadas(os) por personas cisgéneros, presencia de comercio sexual, entre otros, influyen en las mayores tasas de infección. Se han implementado medidas de prevención del VIH, pero pocas dirigidas en específico a personas transgénero. La profilaxis preexposición (PreP) parece ser una nueva alternativa de prevención en este grupo, y la integración de las unidades de apoyo en la reafirmación de género con las unidades que entregan PreP, podrían aumentar su adherencia y cobertura. En las personas transgénero con infección por VIH existe baja adherencia a terapia antirretroviral (TARV), en parte por priorización del tratamiento hormonal y miedo a que la TARV altere su proceso de hormonización. Los pocos datos existentes muestran que la hormonización no se afecta con la mayoría de la TARV, pero algunos tratamientos hormonales podrían disminuir las concentraciones plasmáticas y tisulares de ciertos antirretrovirales. Faltan estudios que evalúen la interacción entre antirretrovirales y tratamiento hormonal de reafirmación de género.

Abstract HIV infection is a global epidemic, with a prevalence of 0.8%. In Latin America, Chile, Brazil and Uruguay are the countries with the highest rates. The transgender population is the most affected (OR of 48.8 compared to the general population). Multiple bio-psycho-social factors explain these issues. The low use of condoms for pressure from the partner, the idea of reaffirmation of gender, the fear to be replaced by a cisgender person, the presence of commercial sex, among others, influence the highest rates of infection. HIV prevention measures have been implemented, but few specifically targeted at transgender people. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PreP) seems to be a new prevention alternative in this group, and the integration of support units in gender reaffirmation with units that deliver PreP could increase their adherence and coverage. In HIV (+) transgender people there is low adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART), in part due to the prioritization of hormonal treatment and the fear that ART will alter their hormonalization process. The few data that exist show that hormonalization is not affected by ART, but that some hormonal treatments could lower the levels of certain antiretrovirals. More studies must be done to evaluate the interaction between antiretrovirals and gender affirming hormone therapy.

Meta analysis on acceptance rate of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with men in China / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective: To systematically evaluate the acceptance of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China, so as to provide reference for the promotion of preventive drug use before human immunodeficiency virus exposure in China. Methods: By searching the databases of China national knowledge infrastructure, VIP database, Wanfan knowledge service platform, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and The Cochrane Library with key words of "men who have sex with men" "pre-exposure prophylaxis" "PrEP" and "MSM". The literature on the willingness of Chinese MSM population to accept PrEP was systematically collected, and the data of the literature meeting the inclusion criteria were extracted for Meta analysis. Results: A total of 12 articles were selected in this study, including 6 articles in English and 6 in Chinese. The score of bias risk assessment of eligible articles was 14-18, which was more than 70% of the total score. The total number of samples was 11 269. The overall acceptance rate of PrEP was 0.77(95%CI:0.71-0.82). In subgroup analysis, the acceptance rates of different nationalities, marriage, household registration, age, education background, income, sexual orientation, sexual behavior and awareness of PrEP were statistically significant. Conclusion: In general, the acceptance rate of PrEP in MSM population is higher, but the awareness rate is low. There are differences in the acceptance rate among different groups.

Estudio de factibilidad y piloto para el auto test del VIH y la profilaxis prexposición (PrED) / Feasibility study and pilot for HIV self-testing and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)

Panorama mundial, regional y nacional del VIH Según la Hoja Informativa de ONUSIDA (Estadísticas mundiales sobre el VIH), para el 2021: 1. 37,7 millones de personas vivían con el VIH en todo el mundo en 2020. 2. 1,5 millones de personas contrajeron la infección por el VIH en 2020. 3. 680.000 de personas fallecieron a causa de enfermedades relacionadas con el sida en 2020. 4. En 2020, los grupos de población clave (los/las trabajadores/as sexuales y sus clientes, los hombres que tienen relaciones sexuales con hombres, las personas que se inyectan drogas, las personas transgénero) y sus parejas sexuales representan el 65 % de las nuevas infecciones por VIH a nivel mundial. La discriminación, el abuso, el acoso y la violencia son experiencias alarmantemente comunes para las poblaciones clave. El estigma y la discriminación se encuentran entre las muchas barreras que separan a estas poblaciones de los servicios de atención sanitaria de calidad que necesitan. Esto socava tanto su salud como su habilidad para gestionar sus enfermedades y sus emergencias sanitarias correctamente. A pesar de que varios países latinoamericanos muestran una gran disminución en la incidencia del VIH, la cantidad de nuevas infecciones por VIH en la región aumentó un 7% entre 2010 y 2018. El 64% de infecciones nuevas en América Latina y el 45% en el Caribe ocurrieron en las poblaciones claves ­ trabajadores sexuales, hombres gais y otros hombres que tienen relaciones sexuales con hombres y mujeres transgénero ­ y sus parejas. Entre los 13 países que proporcionaron información, la prevalencia del VIH fue más alta entre las personas transgénero, con un 30% o más en tres países y más del 20% en otros cinco. En América Latina hay cerca de 2.100.000 personas con VIH. Según las estimaciones y proyecciones de la epidemia del VIH para el 2020, en Honduras, se estiman 24,957 PVIH, la prevalencia en la población de 15-49 años es de 0.28 %, mientras que la tasa de incidencia de nuevos casos fue de 0.1 por cada mil habitantes. La tasa estimada de mortalidad fue de 7.91 por cada 100,000 habitantes. La epidemia del VIH es concentrada en poblaciones clave: en Hombres que tienen sexo con otros hombres (HSH) es de 11%, en mujeres trabajadoras sexuales (MTS) es 2%, en mujeres Trans es 11%, en población Garífuna es 3% y en personas privadas de libertad (PPL) es 1%...(AU)

Barreiras e facilitadores do acesso de populações vulneráveis à PrEP no Brasil: Estudo ImPrEP Stakeholders / Barriers and facilitators for access to PrEP by vulnerable populations in Brazil: the ImPrEP Stakeholders Study / Barreras y facilitadores de acceso de poblaciones vulnerables a la PrEP en Brasil: Estudio ImPrEP Stakeholders

Resumo: A profilaxia pré-exposição ao HIV (PrEP) tem sido considerada uma estratégia fundamental para o controle da epidemia de HIV/aids, e desde 2018 tem sido objeto de estudo de implementação (Estudo ImPrEP Stakeholders), realizado no Brasil, no México e no Peru. Um componente qualitativo desse estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de identificar os contextos sociais e estruturais que envolvem e organizam a oferta de serviços de PrEP no Brasil, as subjetividades dos atores envolvidos e as diferentes percepções que podem impactar a efetivação dessa estratégia. O presente artigo teve como foco de análise o acesso das populações vulneráveis aos serviços de PrEP, na perspectiva de gestores, profissionais de saúde, lideranças ou ativistas e usuários de PrEP. É um estudo qualitativo com o uso de metodologia compreensiva, realizado em seis capitais brasileiras, em que foram entrevistados 71 atores-chave no período de novembro de 2018 a maio de 2019. A análise foi pautada pelos modelos analíticos sobre acesso propostos por Giovanella & Fleury, McIntyre et al. e Penchansky & Thomas. Os resultados são apresentados com base em três eixos: "percepções sobre prevenção combinada e PrEP"; "disponibilidade e adequação: perfil e estrutura dos serviços no contexto do ImPrEP"; e "aceitabilidade: atitudes e práticas dos profissionais de saúde e usuários".

Abstract: HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been considered a fundamental strategy for controlling the HIV/AIDS epidemic, and since 2018 it has been the object of an implementation study (ImPrEP Stakeholders Study), conducted in Brazil, México, and Peru. A qualitative component of this study was developed with the objective of identifying the social and structural contexts that involve and organize the supply of PrEP services in Brazil, the stakeholders' subjectivities, and the different perceptions that can impact the strategy's implementation. The current article's focus was to analyze access by vulnerable populations to PrEP services from the perspective of managers, health professionals, leaders or activists, and users of PrEP. This was a qualitative study using a comprehensive methodology, conducted in six Brazilian state capitals, interviewing 71 key actors from November 2018 to May 2019. The analysis was based on access analysis models as proposed by Giovanella & Fleury, McIntyre et al. and Penchansky & Thomas. The results are presented along three lines: "perceptions of combined prevention and PrEP", "availability and adequacy: profile and structure of services in the context of ImPrEP", and "acceptability: attitudes and practices of health professionals and users".

Resumen: La profilaxis preexposición al VIH (PrEP) ha sido considerada una estrategia fundamental para el control de la epidemia de VIH/sida y desde 2018 ha sido objeto de estudio de implementación (Estudio ImPrEP Stakeholders), realizado en Brasil, México y Perú. Un componente cualitativo de este estudio se desarrolló con el objetivo de identificar los contextos sociales y estructurales que engloban y organizan la oferta de servicios de PrEP en Brasil, las subjetividades de los actores implicados y las diferentes percepciones que pueden impactar en hacer efectiva esa estrategia. El objetivo de este artículo es el análisis del acceso de las poblaciones vulnerables a los servicios de PrEP, desde la perspectiva de los gestores, profesionales de salud, líderes o activistas y usuarios de la PrEP. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo con uso de metodología comprensiva, realizado en seis capitales brasileñas, en las que fueron entrevistados 71 actores-clave, durante el período de noviembre de 2018 a mayo de 2019. El análisis se pautó mediante modelos analíticos sobre acceso, propuestos por Giovanella & Fleury, McIntyre et al. y Penchansky & Thomas. Los resultados se presentan a partir de tres ejes: "percepciones sobre prevención combinada y PrEP", "disponibilidad y adecuación: perfil y estructura de los servicios en el contexto de la ImPrEP" y "aceptabilidad: actitudes y prácticas de los profesionales de salud y usuarios".

Ethics and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in adolescents: an integrative review / Ética e profilaxia pré-exposição (PrEP) em adolescentes: revisão integrativa

Introduction: Worldwide estimates suggest an increase in the number of deaths by AIDS among adolescents. The Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) has been considered a potential intervention of major impact on new HIV infections. However, the discussion on PrEP in the adolescent population needs to expand mainly regarding ethical issues that emerge with its implementation. Objective: The objective of this research was to identify ethical issues related to PrEP in adolescents in the current scientific literature and discuss their impact in the implementation of this preventive strategy. Methods: An integrative review of the literature was performed on Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science databases using descriptors Ethic and PrEP. Results: The search retrieved 284 articles, of which 16 was related to adolescents and were kept in the sample after analysis. The issues detected were classified into two categories: 1) Ethics in research and 2) Ethical problems regarding access to PrEP. Conclusion: It seems that the issues discussed could diminish the potential impact of PrEP on new HIV infections among adolescents. Discussions on the theme must be deepened, as gaps regarding Ethics and HIV prevention in adolescents are evident, especially when it comes to sexual minorities, both in research and assistance.

Introdução: Estimativas mundiais sugerem um aumento no número de mortes por AIDS entre adolescentes. A profilaxia pré-exposição (PrEP) tem sido considerada uma intervenção com potencialidade de causar um grande impacto nas novas infecções pelo HIV. Apesar disso, a PrEP na população adolescente necessita de mais discussões quanto às questões éticas que emergem com sua implementação. Objetivo: Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram identificar as questões éticas relacionadas à PrEP em adolescentes na literatura científica atual e discutir seu impacto na implementação dessa estratégia de prevenção. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão integrativa da literatura nas bases de dados MEDLINE, Scopus e Web of Science, com os descritores Ethic e PrEP. Resultados: Foi possível encontrar 284 artigos, dos quais 16 eram relacionados a adolescentes e permaneceram após a análise. Os problemas detectados foram classificados em duas categorias: 1) Ética em pesquisa e 2) Problemas éticos referentes ao acesso à PrEP. Conclusão: As questões identificadas podem diminuir o potencial impacto da PrEP nas novas infecções pelo HIV na população adolescente. É necessário aprofundar as discussões sobre o tema, pois existem evidentes lacunas em relação à ética e à prevenção do HIV em adolescentes, principalmente nas minorias sexuais, tanto na pesquisa quanto na assistência, e que podem se traduzir em barreiras à sua efetiva implementação.

Analysis of sexually transmitted infections in PrEP users: population assessment in Curitiba, Brazil / Análise das infecções sexualmente transmissíveis em usuários de PrEP: avaliação de população em Curitiba

Introduction: The pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a globally recognized pharmacological approach, consisting of a daily dose of antiretroviral drugs used to reduce the contamination rate by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This combined prevention program was first offered by the Brazilian public health system in 2017 and was provided by Testing and Counseling Centers. Objective: To analyze the profile of pre-exposure prophylaxis users seen at Testing and Counseling Centers in Curitiba (state of Paraná, Brazil) and the presence of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, such as syphilis, hepatitis B and C, in these users. Methods: This is an analytical, cross-sectional study, using database provided by the information system of the Testing and Counseling Center. Results: Users of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis are mostly young, white, single men, and who are part of the group of men who have sex with other men. It was verified that, even though the HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis plays a major role in HIV prevention, it is paramount to encourage combined prevention, considering there is a significant relationship between the lack of barrier methods and positive results for syphilis. Conclusion: No connection between the use of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis and increased incidence of sexually transmitted infections was established in the present study.

Introdução: A profilaxia pré-exposição é uma abordagem farmacológica global, que consiste no uso diário de antirretrovirais, utilizada para reduzir a contaminação pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana. É uma estratégia de prevenção combinada que começou a ser ofertada no Brasil pelo Sistema Único de Saúde em 2017, por meio dos Centros de Testagem e Aconselhamento. Objetivo: Analisar o perfil dos usuários da profilaxia pré-exposição atendidos pelo Centro de Orientação e Aconselhamento de Curitiba, bem como analisar a presença do vírus da imunodeficiência humana e outras infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (sífilis, hepatite B e hepatite C) nesses usuários. Métodos: É um estudo analítico transversal, utilizando dados do Sistema de Informação do Centro de Testagem e Aconselhamento fornecidos pelo Centro de Orientação e Aconselhamento. Resultados: Foi observado que os usuários da profilaxia no estudo são majoritariamente jovens do sexo masculino, brancos e solteiros, que se enquadram no grupo homens que fazem sexo com homens. Verificou-se também que ainda que a profilaxia pré-exposição desempenhe um papel importante na prevenção do HIV, é fundamental o incentivo à prevenção combinada, pois há uma relação do não uso de métodos de barreira com os resultados positivos para sífilis nesses pacientes. Conclusão: Não foi possível, neste estudo, estabelecer uma relação do uso de profilaxia pré-exposição com o aumento da incidência de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis.