Sports supplement induces dental structure corrosion: an in vitro pilot study / El suplemento deportivo induce corrosión en la estructura dental: un estudio piloto in vitro

Dietary supplements are being consumed with an increasingly high frequency among sports practitioners, whether at professional and/or amateur level. The supplements contain some nutritional properties in their composition, so they can dissolute the hydroxyapatite crystals of the enamel and favor the process of dental corrosion. The objective was to measure the corrosive power of protein-based supplementation (Whey Protein), under conditions that resemble the use of the supplement by the athletes, increasing the ecological validity of the study. The teeth of the test group (TG) were placed in contact with the Whey protein solution and then exposed to artificial saliva. And the teeth of the control group (CG) were exposed only to artificial saliva. The analysis occurred in natural healthy molar teeth, so that each tooth of the TG was immersed in 50 mL of supplement for 1.5 minutes and then placed in contact with the artificial saliva for 30 seconds. The same procedure was performed 5 times a day for 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days. Each group, in its time (TG0 to TG180), underwent analysis of superficial roughness with the aid of optical profilometer (Talysurf CCI®, 3D model). The control group (CG) did not change its superficial roughness. Half of the teeth of the test group (TG) suffered loss of enamel surface. The values, in micrometers, of surface loss of the TG samples were 1.21; 2.1; 2.0; 1.04; 0.97; 0.8; 0.53; 1.14; 1.9; 2.0; 1.66; 1.80. The dietary supplement (Whey protein®) may be a potential cause of the dental corrosion process, considering the demineralization of hydroxyapatite that occurs along with the surface enamel loss.

Los suplementos dietéticos se consumen con una frecuencia cada vez más alta entre los practicantes de deportes, sea a nivel profesional y / o aficionado. Los suplementos contienen algunas propiedades nutricionales en su composición, por lo que pueden disolver los cristales de hidroxiapatita del esmalte y favorecer el proceso de corrosión dental. El objetivo fue medir el poder corrosivo de la suplementación a base de proteínas (proteína de suero), en condiciones que se asemejan al uso del suplemento por parte de los atletas, aumentando la validez ecológica del estudio. Los dientes del grupo de prueba (TG) se pusieron en contacto con la solución de proteína de suero y luego se expusieron a saliva artificial. Y los dientes del grupo de control (CG) estuvieron expuestos solo a saliva artificial. El análisis se realizó en dientes molares sanos naturales, cada diente del TG se sumergió en 50 ml de suplemento durante 1,5 minutos y luego se puso en contacto con la saliva artificial durante 30 segundos. El mismo procedimiento se realizó 5 veces al día durante 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 y 180 días. Cada grupo, en su momento (TG0 a TG180), se sometió a un análisis de rugosidad superficial con la ayuda de un perfilómetro óptico (Talysurf CCI®, modelo 3D). El grupo de control (CG) no cambió su rugosidad superficial. La mitad de los dientes del grupo de prueba (TG) sufrieron pérdida de la superficie del esmalte. Los valores, en micrómetros, de pérdida de superficie de las muestras de TG fueron 1.21; 2.1; 2,0; 1.04; 0,97; 0.8; 0,53; 1.14; 1.9; 2,0; 1,66; 1.80. El suplemento dietético (Whey protein®) puede ser una causa potencial del proceso de corrosión dental, considerando la desmineralización de la hidroxiapatita que ocurre junto con la pérdida de esmalte superficial.

Un caso inusual de síndrome de enterocolitis inducida por proteínas alimentarias / Unusual case of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome

El síndrome de enterocolitis inducido por proteínas alimentarias es un síndrome de hipersensibilidad gastrointestinal a alimentos no mediado por inmunoglobulina E, que, en su forma aguda, se manifiesta con vómitos repetitivos, palidez e hipotonía, que puede acompañarse o no de diarrea y producir un cuadro grave de deshidratación y letargia. Una prueba de provocación oral controlada es, en ocasiones, realizada para confirmar el diagnóstico y el tratamiento consiste en la eliminación del alimento causante. Se presenta el caso de un lactante de 3 meses con varios episodios de síndrome de enterocolitis tras la toma de biberón de leche de fórmula de inicio con tolerancia de otra marca comercial. Se encontraron diferencias en los ingredientes de su composición que podrían ser el origen de la sensibilización.

Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome is a nonimmunoglobulin E mediated gastrointestinal food hypersensitivity that manifests as profuse, repetitive vomiting, pallor and hypotonia, often with diarrhea leading to severe dehydration and lethargy (sepsis-like symptoms) in the acute setting. An oral food challenge is sometimes performed to confirm the diagnosis and treatment consists of elimination of the food trigger(s) from the diet. We report a case of a 3-months-old infant with several episodes of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome after taking infant formula milk with tolerance of another trademark. Differences in the composition of its ingredients could be the cause of the sensitization.

Incidence of acne vulgaris in young adult users of protein-calorie supplements in the city of João Pessoa - PB / Incidencia de acne vulgar em adultos jovens usuarios de suplementos proteico-caloricos na cidade de Joao Pessoa - PB

BACKGROUND: Based on personal observations of dermatologists, nutritionists and patients, a new problem emerges in the gyms: development and exacerbation of acne in users of whey protein, which is a protein derived from cow's milk. Whey Protein extract contains growth factors that may be related to acne. Its purity and composition are not fully known and there is no scientific research on its potential to cause acne. OBJECTIVES: Assess the relationship between the use of proteincalorie supplements and onset or exacerbation of acne vulgaris in young adults in the city of João Pessoa. METHODS: Descriptive observational study conducted in gyms and in a dermatology clinic. Each participant was examined for acne on three occasions and followed for 60 days. RESULTS: 30 patients were examined. Onset or exacerbation of acneiform lesions were observed (p <0.0005). The effect was more prominent in females and in individuals without current acne and no family history of acne. CONCLUSION: This study showed the onset of acne with the progressive use of protein-calorie supplementation, in a two-month period. It is suggested that this type of supplementation be discouraged. .

FUNDAMENTOS: Na observação pessoal de dermatologistas, nutricionistas e dos próprios pacientes, um novo problema emerge nas academias de ginástica: desenvolvimento e exacerbação da acne em usuários de Whey Protein, proteínas derivadas do leite de vaca. Extratos de Whey Protein contêm fatores de crescimento que podem estar relacionados com a acne. Sua pureza e composição não são completamente conhecidas e não há investigações científicas sobre seu potencial causador de acne. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a relação entre o uso de suplementos protéico-calóricos e o aparecimento ou agravamento da acne vulgar em adultos jovens em João Pessoa - PB. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional descritivo conduzido em academias de ginástica e em consultório de dermatologia. Cada participante foi examinado para acne em três ocasiões e acompanhado por 60 dias. RESULTADOS: Foram examinados 30 pacientes. Aparecimento ou exacerbação de lesões acneiformes foram observados (p<0,0005), sendo o efeito mais proeminente no sexo feminino e em indivíduos sem acne atual e sem história familiar de acne. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo demonstrou o aparecimento de lesões acneiformes com o uso progressivo de suplementos proteico calóricos, ao longo de dois meses. Sugere-se que o uso deste tipo de suplemento seja desestimulado. .

Protein contact dermatitis - case report / Dermatite de contacto proteinica - relato de caso

Protein contact dermatitis is a skin condition not well known and underdiagnosed by dermatologists, resulting from an IgE-mediated allergic reaction. Clinically it presents as a chronic hand and/or forearms eczema of occupational origin, especially in professionals who work as food handlers. Epicutaneous tests are negative, and to diagnose this condition it is necessary to perform immediate-type allergy tests. The most sensitive and practical is the prick-by-prick test with food that the patient refers to cause intense itching after immediate skin contact. Treatment is symptomatic, and it is mandatory to avoid the responsible allergen, wearing plastic gloves and even sometimes leaving the workplace for symptom resolution.

A dermatite de contacto proteínica é uma condição pouco conhecida e infra-diagnosticada pelos dermatologistas, resultante de uma resposta alérgica de tipo imediato, mediada por IgE. Clinicamente apresenta-se como um eczema crónico em mãos e/ou antebraços de origem ocupacional, sobretudo em profissionais que trabalham manipulando alimentos. As provas epicutâneas são negativas e para realizar o diagnóstico desta condição há que realizar testes alérgicos de tipo imediato, sendo o mais sensível e rápido, o prick-by-prick test com os alimentos que o paciente refere causar-lhe prurido intenso e imediato ao seu contacto. O tratamento é sintomático, sendo necessário evitar o alérgeno responsável, utilizar luvas de plástico e em ocasiões abandonar o posto de trabalho para a sua resolução.

Asociación entre el consumo de macronutrientes de la dieta y caries en adultos y adultos mayores diabéticos tipo 2 / Association between dietary macronutrients and caries in type 2 diabetic adults and elderly

Objetivos: Se ha reportado una mayor tasa de caries en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM), probablemente debido a cambios en los patrones de dieta. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si existe una asociación entre la composición de macronutrientes de la dieta y la caries en sujetos con DM. Métodos: Una muestra compuesta por 33 sujetos con DM y 37 controles sin la patología fue examinada para determinar la experiencia de caries mediante el índice COPD y la prevalencia de caries radiculares con ICDAS II. Se aplicó una encuesta de dieta de reporte de 24 horas. Para determinar la composición de la dieta, los alimentos fueron clasificados acorde al contenido de macronutrientes; carbohidratos, proteínas y lípidos (gramos/día, kilocalorías y porcentaje del nutriente/día). Resultados: Los resultados fueron analizados mediante Kruskal-Wallis y Mann-Whitney. Un análisis de correlación y un modelo de regresión lineal se utilizaron para analizar la asociación entre composición de macronutrientes y la tasa de caries coronales y radiculares, con un nivel de significancia del 95 por ciento. Resultados: Los pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 mostraron mayor número de dientes perdidos por caries, más dientes obturados y más caries radiculares (p<0.05) que los controles sin DM. Los diabéticos presentaron menor consumo de carbohidratos (p=0.021), pero mayor consumo de proteínas (p=0.0405) que los controles. Se verificó una asociación directa entre un mayor consumo de proteínas con una tasa mayor de caries radiculares en pacientes con DM (p<0.001). Conclusión: Las diferencias en el consumo de macronutrientes en pacientes con DM no se relacionan con tasas diferenciales de caries coronales, pero un mayor consumo de proteínas se asocia con una mayor prevalencia de caries radiculares.

Objectives: Higher caries rates have been reported for type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (DM). Changes in dietary patterns may be partly responsible. The aim of this study was to examine a potential association between dietary macronutrient composition and caries experience in DM patients. Methods: Thirty three adults with DM and thirty seven controls, not affected by DM, were examined to assess coronal caries through DMFT index and root caries by ICDAS II. A 24-hr diet recall survey was used to determine dietary macronutrient composition supplemented with standardized tables and expressed as grams /day, kilocalories/nutrient and percentage of nutrient/day. Results were compared using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney. A correlation analysis was performed and a linear regression model was built for a potential association between macronutrient composition and coronal or root caries. A 95 percent significance level was set. Results: DM patients showed lower remaining teeth, more fillings and more root caries (p<0.05) than controls. Lower carbohydrate consumption (p=0.021), but higher protein intake (p=0.0405) was observed in DM patients as compared with controls. A statistically significant association between an increased protein consumption and higher percentage of root caries was found in DM patients (p<0.001). Conclusion: Although differences in macronutrient consumption in DM patients are not correlated with differential rates of coronal caries, higher protein consumption appears to be associated with higher prevalence of root caries.

Organic and inorganic dietary phosphorus and its management in chronic kidney disease

Dietary phosphorus control is often a main strategy in the management of patients with chronic kidney disease. Dietary protein is a major source of phosphorus intake. Recent data indicate that imposed dietary phosphorus restriction may compromise the need for adequate protein intake, leading to protein-energy wasting and possibly to increased mortality. The two main sources of dietary phosphorus are organic, including animal and vegetarian proteins, and inorganic, mostly food preservatives. Animal-based foods and plant are abundant in organic phosphorus. Usually 40% to 60% of animal-based phosphorus is absorbed; this varies by degree of gastrointestinal vitamin-D-receptor activation, whereas plant phosphorus, mostly associated with phytates, is less absorbable by human gastrointestinal tract. Up to 100% of inorganic phosphorus in processed foods may be absorbed; ie, phosphorus in processed cheese and some soda [cola] drinks. A recent study suggests that a higher dietary phosphorus-protein intake ratio is associated with incremental death risk in patients on long-term hemodialysis. Hence, for phosphorus management in chronic kidney disease, in addition to absolute dietary phosphorus content, the chemical structure [inorganic versus organic], type [animal versus plant], and phosphorus-protein ratio should be considered. We recommend foods and supplements with no or lowest quantity of inorganic phosphorus additives, more plant-based proteins, and a dietary phosphorus-protein ratio of less than 10 mg/g. Fresh [nonprocessed] egg white [phosphorus-protein ratio less than 2 mg/g] is a good example of desirable food, which contains a high proportion of essential amino acids with low amounts of fat, cholesterol, and phosphorus

Precipitating factors and the outcome of hepatic encephalopathy in liver cirrhosis

To determine precipitants of hepatic encephalopathy [HE] and their impact on hospital stay and mortality. Cross-sectional, analytical study. The Aga Khan University Hospital, from January 2005 to December 2007. Consecutive patients admitted with different grades of HE were evaluated between January 2005 and December 2007. The precipitants of HE were correlated with the different grades of HE, and length of hospital stay and mortality. Chi-square test was used to compare the proportion of precipitating factors versus hospital stay and grade with significance at p < 0.05. Of the 404 patients 252 [62%] were males. Hepatitis C virus was the cause of cirrhosis in 283 [70%]; Child Turcotte Pugh [CTP] class C was present in 317 [78%] patients. On presentation, 17% patients had grade 1 HE while 44%, 29% and 10% had grades 2, 3 and 4 respectively. The most common precipitant of HE was spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in 83 [20.5%], constipation in 74 [18.3%] and urinary tract infection in 62 [15.3%]. One hundred and forty [35%] patients had >/= 2 precipitating factors while no precipitant was noted in 50 [12%] patients. Mean hospital stay was 4 +/- 3 days. The lesser the number of precipitants, shorter was the length of stay [p < 0.01] and lesser was the grade of HE [p=0.025]. Complete reversal of HE was noted in 366 patients [91%] while the remaining had grade 1 HE on discharge. Nine [2.2%] patients died during the hospital stay. No mortality was noted in patients without precipitants. Patients presenting with >/= 2 precipitating factors and advanced grade of HE had a prolonged hospital stay. Moreover, patients without precipitants had better outcomes

Dieta rica em proteína na redução do peso corporal / High-protein diet for body weight loss

A proporção ideal dos macronutrientes em dietas de emagrecimento é atualmente bastante discutida. Existem evidências de que dietas com maior proporção de proteína aumentam a perda de peso e de gordura corporal e diminuem a perda de massa corporal magra durante o emagrecimento. Todavia, os mecanismos responsáveis por estes efeitos não estão totalmente esclarecidos. Além disso, existem poucas conclusões a respeito dos possíveis efeitos colaterais dessas dietas na função renal e no estado nutricional relativo ao cálcio. Assim, este artigo objetiva trazer informações atuais sobre os efeitos de dietas ricas em proteína na perda de peso e na composição corporal e dos mecanismos envolvidos, bem como seus efeitos na função renal e no estado nutricional relativo ao cálcio.

The ideal proportion of macronutrients in weight loss diets is currently under debate. There are evidences indicating that a higher proportion of protein during weight loss diets enhances the loss of body weight and fat mass, and reduces the loss of lean body mass. Nevertheless, the responsible mechanisms for these effects have not yet been fully elucidated. Furthermore, studies that evaluated the possible side effects of these diets on the renal function and on the nutritional state of calcium have shown inconclusive results. Therefore, this article has the objective to convey recent information about the effects of high-protein diets in the regulation of the body weight and body composition, besides its involved mechanisms, and its effects on the renal function and on the calcium nutritional status.

Las dietas hiperproteicas y sus consecuencias metabólicas / Hiperproteicas diets and metabolic consequences

El consumo excesivo de proteínas produce un incremento en la excreción neta de ácidos, lo cual a su vez aumenta la excreción urinaria de calcio. Los efectos de la dieta sobre la excreción urinaria de ácidos y de calcio no sólo dependen de la cantidad de proteínas, sino que también pueden ser modificados por otros constituyentes de la alimentación, tales como el potasio y los equivalentes alcalinos de bicarbonato contenidos en las frutas y hortalizas. La deficiencia de estas bases de potasio en la dieta aumenta la carga ácida sistémica producida por las proteínas. En consecuencia, el resultado de una ingesta elevada en proteínas o bien deficiente en frutas y hortalizas es la generación de acidosis metabólica crónica, la cual, aún siendo de bajo grado, tiene efectos deletéreos sobre el organismo, incluyendo retardo del crecimiento en niños, disminución de la masa ósea y muscular en adultos, y formación de cálculos renales. En la presente revisión se resumen las evidencias actuales en relación a los efectos de las dietas hiperproteicas sobre distintos órganos y sistemas incluyendo el metabolismo hidroelectrolítico y ácido base, el metabolismo óseo, la función renal y la función endocrina. Asimismo se mencionan los aspectos particulares que influyen de un modo especial en los gupos de las edades extremas de la vida, los niños y los ancianos.

High protein intake produces an increase in net acid excretion, which in turn leads to an increase in urinary calcium. Effects of diet in urinary acid and calcium excretion depend not only on the protein content, but also may be modified by other constituents such as potassium and alkali equivalents of bicarbonate present in fruits and vegetables. Diets deficient in these potassium bases increase the acid load imposed by proteins. In consequence, diets with a high protein intake or poor in fruits and vegetables produce a low-grade systemic metabolic acidosis which exerts deleterious effects on the body, including growth retardation in children, decreased muscle and bone mass in adults, and kidney stone formation. This review intends to summarize the present evidence in relation to the effects of high protein diets in different organs and systems including hydroelectrolytic and acid base metabolism, bone metabolism, renal and endocrine function. Particular aspects that may exert a special influence in life extremes as childhood and old age are also addressed.

Diferentes fontes proteicas em rações de leitões sobre atividade da tripsina e parâmetros sangüíneos / Different protein sources in rations of piglets on activity of trypsin and blood parameters

Foram utilizados 64 leitões, submetidos a oito tratamentos: ração com leite em pó (LP), três rações com níveis crescentes de plasma suíno (PS), três rações com níveis crescentes de ovo inteiro (OI) eração com alto nível de farelo de soja (FS). Foi coletado sangue dos animais aos 27 e 34 dias de idade para avaliação dos parâmetros sangüíneos, e aos 28 e 35 dias de idade quatro animais por tratamento foram abatidos para coleta do pâncreas e posterior determinação do peso absoluto (PA) e peso relativo (PR) do pâncreas e da atividade datripsina (AT). Os tratamentos não influenciaram significativamente o PA e a AT. Verificou-se efeito significativo dos níveis crescentes de PS,com redução linear dos leucócitos e aumento do volume globular,aos 27 dias; enquanto aos 34 dias, observou-se aumento linear das hemácias. Aos 27 dias, os animais arraçoados com níveis de PS apresentaram menor percentagem de eosinófilos do que aqueles arraçoados com níveis de OI. A utilização de plasma suíno promoveu menor estímulo à resposta imune, enquanto que a utilização de ovo inteiro promoveu maior resposta humoral dos leitões

Were used 64 piglets submitted eight treatments: ration with skim milk (SM), three rations with crescent levels of swine plasma (SP),three rations with whole egg (WE) and a ration with high inclusion of soybean meal (SB). Were monitored the blood parameters (BP) in pigs at 27 and at 34 days of age. The piglets were slaugther at 28 and at 35 days of age, for collections pancreas and posterior mensurements of absolut (AW) and relative weigth (RW) of pancreas and trypsinactivity (TA). Treatments not influencied AW and TA. Significant effect of the crescent levels was verified of SP, with lineal reduction ofthe leukocytes and increase of the globular volume, to the 27 days;while to the 34 days, lineal increase of the hematias was observed. At27 days, animals feds rations with crescent levels of SP have inferior percentage of e osinophils than others that consumed crescent levelsof WE. The utilization of SP promoted smaller stimulus to the immune reply, while the use of WE promoted larger humoral replyof the piglets

Efecto del estracto de yucca schidigera en el perfil bioquímico y hemático de cerdos en crecimiento y engorde / Effects of yucca schidigera extract on biochemical and hematological profiles of growing and fattening pigs

Se estudió el efecto del extracto de Yucca schidigera en los valores hemáticos de cerdos en crecimiento y engorde. Se utilizaron 30 cerdos línea York x Landrace x Pietrain (YLP), a los cuales se asignaron tres tratamientos en forma completamente al azar: T1, dieta testigo (sorgo-soya); T2, dieta testigo + 120 g de De-Odorase® y T3, dieta testigo + 120 g de Amoprem®. Las variables hemáticas se evaluaron tomando una muestra de sangre agregando EDTA. Además, se determinó el perfil bioquímico (creatinina, urea, proteínas totales, albúmina, colesterol, triglicéridos y glucosa) de los animales. Se realizó el análisis de varianza para las variables obtenidas y se compararon las medias con la prueba de Tukey. Para la interpretación de las variables hemáticas, se establecieron valores de referencia para el tratamiento testigo, basados en límites de confianza al 95 por ciento y con ellos se interpretaron las variables hemáticas. La concentración de triglicéridos (0,47; 0,32 y 0,33 mmol/l en T1, T2 y T3), colesterol (1,39; 1,29 y 1,31 mmol/l) y urea (3,95; 3,84 y 3,67 mmol/l) mostraron diferencias significativas (P<0,05) entre tratamientos en los cerdos en la etapa de crecimiento. En la etapa de engorda, se observó que las concentraciones de triglicéridos (0,36; 0,31 y 0,35 mmol/l), urea (4,61; 4,65 y 4,28 mmol/l) y proteína total (5,50; 5,36 y 5,47 g/dl) disminuyeron en los tratamientos adicionados con Yucca schidigera (P<0,05). El perfil hemático en la etapa de crecimiento no mostró diferencias (P>0,05); sin embargo, en la etapa de engorde existieron diferencias (P<0,05) en hemoglobina (18,31; 20,04 y 20,62 g/dl), neutrófilos (18,15; 27,15 y 25,40 por ciento) y monocitos (13,45; 7,00 y 8,50 por ciento). En conclusión, los niveles de colesterol, triglicéridos y urea disminuyeron al adicionar extracto de Yucca en la dieta, aún cuando estos valores se encuentran dentro del rango de referencia obtenido en el presente estudio.

The effect of Yucca schidigera an the hematological values of growing and fattening pigs was studied. Thirty York x Landrace x Pietrain pigs (YLP) were assigned to three different treatments at random used for this research: T1, standard diet (sorghum-soybean); T2, standard diet + 120 g of De-Odorase® and T3, standard diet + 120 g of Amoprem®. The hematological values were evaluated in a blood sample with EDTA. Moreover, the biochemical profile of the animals was determined (creatinine, urea, total protein, albumin, cholesterol, triglyceride, and glucose) with the blood serum. To analyze the hematic values an analysis of variance was used, and the differences between means were inspected using Tukey´s test. In order to interpret the results of the hematological values, there were established reference values for the control treatment calculated by 95% confidence limits. The level of triglyceride (0.47, 0.32, and 0.33 mmol/l an T1, T2, and T3), cholesterol (1.39, 1.29, and 1.31 mmol/l) and urea (3.95, 3.84 and 3.67 mmol/l) in the growing pigs showed differences between treatments (P<0.05). In the fattening pigs, it was observed that the concentrations of triglyceride (0.36, 0.31 and 0.35 mmol/l), urea (4.61, 4.65 and 4.28 mmol/l) and total protein (5.50, 5.36 and 5.47 g/dl) decreased in the treatments when Yucca schidigera was added in the diet (P<0.05). The hematological profiles in the growing pigs didn’t show differences (P>0.05); however, in the fattening pigs there were differences (P<0.05) in hemoglobin (18.31, 20.04, and 20.62 g/dl) neutrophils (18.15, 27.15, and 25.40%) and monocytes (13.45, 7.00, and 8.50%). So the conclusion is that the levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, and urea decreased when adding the Yucca schidigera extract in the diet, even when these values are found in the rank of reference obtained in the present study.

Evolução da obesidade e do consumo alimentar de 1995 a 2005 em mulheres de 35 anos ou mais do município do Rio de Janeiro / Trends in obesity and food intake among women 35 years or more of the city of Rio de Janeiro from 1995 to 2005

A presente tese engloba dois manuscritos que abordam o tema Consumo alimentar em mulheres, desenvolvidos através da análise de duas pesquisas realizadas no Município do Rio de Janeiro, em 1995 e 2005. Trata-se do primeiro estudo brasileiro de base populacional que avalia a tendência de consumo utilizando dados individuais de consumo alimentar. O grupo específico analisado: mulheres com 35 anos ou mais de idade, apresenta as maiores prevalências de obesidade. O primeiro manuscrito intitulado Ten-year increase in the prevalence of obesity among Brazilian women was associated to reduction of fat intake mainly among the less educated. Aborda a prevalência da obesidade e consumo de energia e macronutrientes. Os resultados indicam importante aumento da prevalência de obesidade (16 por cento para 24 por cento) acompanhada de aumento significativo do consumo calórico e redução da ingestão de lipídios e colesterol. Na pesquisa mais recente a associação negativa entre educação e obesidade foi de maior magnitude e a renda deixou de associar-se a prevalência de obesidade. O segundo manuscrito intitulado Mudanças no consumo de alimentos entre mulheres do Município do Rio de Janeiro, de 1995 a 2005, avaliou o consumo de alimentos, incluindo os de alta densidade energética, e grupos de alimentos nos dois momentos, incluindo a avaliação das diferenças de consumo segundo escolaridade. A análise do consumo mostrou aumento do consumo de alimentos calóricos como doces, biscoitos e lingüiça e redução de importantes grupos de alimentos como frutas, leite, feijão, raízes e tubérculos e carnes no período de dez anos. As mulheres com maior escolaridade apresentaram maior redução de consumo de carnes e frutas e não apresentaram redução de peixes e derivados do leite...

This thesis includes two manuscripts that address the theme "Food intake inwomen", based on two surveys conducted in Rio de Janeiro in 1995 and in 2005. This is the first Brazilian population-based study assessing changes in individual intake. Thegroup of women 35 or older has the greatest risk of obesity. The first manuscript entitled "Ten-year increase in the prevalence of obesity among Brazilian women was associated to reduction of fat intake mainly among the less educated" refers to the prevalence of obesity and consumption of energy and macronutrients and it found a statistically significant increase in the prevalence of obesity (16% to 24%) and a significant increase in energy intake, and reduced intake of fat and cholesterol. In 2005, the most recent survey, a stronger negative associationbetween education and obesity was found compared to the 1995 survey, and income was no longer associated with obesity. The second manuscript: "Trends in food intake among women of the city of Rio de Janeiro from 1995 to 2005" evaluated the overall change in the intake of high energy density foods and food groups and also includes analysis of intake stratified by schooling. An increased intake of high in energy density such as sweets, cookies andsausage and reduction of fruits, milk, beans, roots and potatoes, and meat in the period of ten years. More educated women had not reduction in fish and dairy and higher reduction in fruit and meat intake. Furthermore, it was also evaluated in the 2005 survey the association between the slimming pill and serum concentration of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), "TSH levels associated with slimming pill use in a population based study of Brazilian women." This analysis showed high prevalence of use of these substances and showed that the levels of serum TSH were significantly lower among users of slimming pills.

Exigências de proteína bruta e energia metabolizável em codornas de corte durante a fase de crescimento / Protein and metabolizable energy requirements for meat type quail during the growing phase

Estudou-se a exigência de proteína bruta e energia metabolizável para codornas européias em crescimento, em cinco períodos experimentais, de sete dias cada. Foram utilizadas 384 codornas de ambos os sexos, com sete dias de idade em delineamento experimental utilizado inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial de 2×4, dois níveis de energia (2900 e 3100kcal de EM/kg de ração) e quatro níveis de proteína (22, 24, 26 e 28 por cento de PB), com seis repetições de oito animais cada. Foram estudadas as variáveis ganho de peso (g), peso acumulado (g), consumo de ração (g) e conversão alimentar (g de ração/g de peso). Observou-se efeito linear dos níveis de proteína no primeiro período e quadrático nos demais períodos sobre o ganho de peso das aves. Os níveis de proteína foram estimados em 28,0 por cento (2900kcal de EM/kg), 25,7 por cento (3100kcal de EM/kg), 27,9 por cento, 24,8 por cento (3100kcal de EM/kg) e 23,1 por cento (2900kcal de EM/kg) para o segundo, terceiro, quarto e quinto período, respectivamente.

Crude protein (CP) and metabolizable energy (ME) levels during five experimental periods of seven days each of the growing phase for European quail were determined. A total of 384 quails of both sexes were used in a completely randomized design in a 2×4 (energy and crude protein) factorial treatment with six replications of eight quails each. The metabolizable energy levels were 2900 and 3000kcal of ME/kg of diet and the crude protein levels were 22, 24, 26 and 28 percent. The analyzed variables were weight gain (g), accumulated weight (g), feed consumption (g), feed:gain ratio (g/g). Performance responses were evaluated by linear and quadratic regression of the traits on crude protein levels. Higher weight gains from the following protein and metabolizable energy levels combinations: 28.0 percent PB and 2900 kcal EM/kg (first period); 25.7 percent CP and 3100kcal ME/kg (second period); 27.9 percent and 2900kcal ME/kg (third period); 24.8 percent PB and 3100kcal/kg (fourth period) and 23.1 percent CP and 2900kcal/kg (fifth period).

Avaliação do vício de "tempo longo" de indicadores internos em ensaio de digestão com ruminantes / Evaluation of internal markers long term bias in a digestion assay with ruminants

Realizou-se um ensaio de digestão com 20 ovinos machos, castrados, para avaliar o viés de "tempo longo" (VTL) dos indicadores internos: matéria seca indigestível (MSi) e fibra em detergente neutro (FDNi) e ácido (FDAi) indigestíveis. O experimento, com duração de 19 dias, foi implementado em delineamento em blocos completos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos (rações concentradas) e quatro blocos. As dietas utilizadas, formuladas para serem isoprotéicas (10 por cento de proteína bruta), apresentaram 60 por cento de feno de capim-coastcross e 40 por cento de concentrado, constituído por milho grão, farelo de soja e casca de café, em diferentes proporções: 0; 6,25; 12,5; 18,75; e 25 por cento. A concentração dos indicadores foi estimada em amostras de alimentos, sobras e fezes, por procedimento de incubação ruminal in situ, durante 144 horas. A relação entre consumo e excreção dos indicadores foi realizada pelo ajustamento de modelo de regressão linear simples, de forma independente dos efeitos fixos de tratamentos e blocos. Verificou-se recuperação completa dos indicadores MSi e FDNi (P>0,30), o que indica ausência de VTL. Observou-se VTL de +25,45 g/dia para a FDAi (P<0,06).

Long term bias (LTB) of internal markers indigestible dry matter (iDM), and indigestible neutral (iNDF) and acid (iADF) detergent fiber in a digestion assay with ruminants was evaluated. Twenty castrated male ovines were managed in metabolic crates. A completely randomized block design with five treatments (concentrate rations) and four blocks was used. Diets were isonitrogenous diets (10 percent of crude protein) were formulated to containing 60 percent of coastcross hay and 40 percent of concentrate, in dry matter basis. The concentrates were based on corn grain, soybean meal and coffee hulls, in different levels (0, 6.25, 12.5, 18.75, and 25 percent), as fed-basis. The markers contents in feeds, orts, and feces were estimated by a 144 hours in situ rumen incubation procedure. The relationship between markers intake and fecal excretion was accomplished by a simple linear regression model adjustment, independently of the effects of block and treatment. The total iDM and iNDF recovery (P>.30), with LTB free, was observed. The iADF had +25.45 g/day LTB (P<.06).

Effect of hyperproteinized dienized diets on the blood serum and structure of the cerebellum, liver and kindney of growing chickens

Concentrates are widely used in sheep, pig and poultry nutrition as a protein rich nutrition supplement. These concentrates are considered as animal by-products which are useful to provide essential amino acids. The current study was designed to investigate whether the use of high amount of concentrates for fretting of chickens could lead to the ftrination of certain amounts of prion protein [PrP] in their organs. Thirty Arbor acre chickens, one- day old were used and divided into three groups. The 1st group was fed on basal diets and served as a control. The 2nd and 3rd groups were fed on hyperproteinized diets which contained 50% and 80% concentrates respectively. The animals were fed for four months. At the end of the study, blood samples were collected and the sub-cellular fractions homogenates for sera were separated using SDS-PA GE pattern. cerebellum, liver and kidney were obtained and processed fir light microscopic study. Periodic Acid Schiff positive immaterial was demonstrated in the liver and kidney. The result of SDS-PA GE pattern of serum protein of 50% hyperproteinized -fed chickens showed an increased in the percentage of albumin, missing of some bands and appearance of two new bands at 31 and 24 kdt. Microscopic examination of cerebellar sections of hyperproteinized-fed chickens revealed structural changes in Purkinje cells. Some of these cells were displaced with vacuolated nuclei; others showed eccentric deeply stained nuclei. There was a separation between Purkinje cell layer and time underlying granular one. The white matter showed marked vacuolation. In hyperproteinized feeding chickens, the liver sections showed loss of the hepatic architecture, hydropic degeneration and inflammatory cellular infiltration. The hyperproteinized diets caused renal glomnerular atrophy with widening of the capsular space and disintegration of some renal tubular epithelial cells. In the liver and kidney, there was a significant decrease [P < 0.01] in the PAS + material in both treated groups in comparison with the control. It was concluded that, feeding of concentrates to chickens induced histopathological changes in the adult chicken organs. So it is recommended to avoid adding animal parts to chicken frulder. As the dependence on the frulder containing animal protein in long term feeding of chickens might result in production of PrP in their tissues and thus might reach to human

Advanced Criteria for Clinicopathological Diagnosis of Food Protein-induced Proctocolitis

The clinicopathological findings in previous studies concerning food protein-induced proctocolitis (FPIPC) are quite diverse in terms of results and conclusions. The aim of this study was to suggest advanced clinicopathological diagnostic criteria that facilitate the early confirmation of FPIPC. Data of 38 FPIPC patients, who had received sigmoidoscopy and biopsy, was analyzed. Microscopic findings were compared with observations of previous studies. Feeding at onset of bleeding was exclusively breast-fed (94.7%) and formula-fed or mixed-fed (5.3%). Endoscopic abnormalities were observed in all patients; nodular hyperplasias with circumscribed and/or central pit-like erosions in 94.7% and erythema in 5.3%. Histopathological findings were; lymphoid aggregates in 94.7%, eosinophils in lamina propria of > or =60 cells/10 HPF in 97.4% and of >20 cells/HPF in 63.2%, epithelial or muscularis mucosa eosinophil infiltration in 97.4%, and crypt abscess in 2.6%. The majority of FPIPC patients are exclusively breast-fed and nodular hyperplasias with erosions may be a disease specific endoscopic finding. Histologic diagnosis of FPIPC is compatible with eosinophils in the lamina propria of > or =60 cells/10 high power fields; however, >20 cells/HPF is not an appropriate diagnostic criterion.

Nefropatia diabética: a importância das isoflavonas, das proteínas e das fibras da soja / Nephropathy diabetic: isoflavones, proteins and soy fibers importancy

A nefropatia diabética se inicia com lesões envolvendo tanto o glomérulo quanto as células endoteliais, hiperfiltração e subseqüente aumento de material matricial mesangial e da excreção de proteínas via urinária. Entre as causas se incluem a hiperglicemia, que leva à hiperosmolaridade, os fatores genéticos, as anormalidades no metabolismo dos carboidratos, lipídios e proteínas, e a dislipidemia, como também os fatores hemodinâmicos, aí incluindo a hipertensão, a qual age, em parte, aumentando a tensão da parede capilar e a isquemia. Pacientes com microalbuminúria clínica (30-300mg/d) podem se beneficiar bastante do uso de produtos à base de soja, sendo que a proteína da soja, as isoflavonas e as fibras exercem efeitos benéficos sobre o perfil lipídico destes pacientes, podendo também ser de grande importância na prevenção da nefropatia.