Microemulsions Improve Topical Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) Delivery for Photodynamic Therapy of Skin Cancer

Abstract We report here microemulsions (MEs) for topical delivery of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) for Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) of skin cancers. Selected MEs consisting of Oil/Water (O/W) bicontinuous (BC) and Water/Oil (W/O) preparations were characterized as to pH, nanometric size, zeta potential, drug content, and viscosity. Sustained in vitro PpIX release was achieved from MEs 2A (O/W), 10B (BC) and 16B (W/O) through an artificial membrane for up to 24 h, characterizing MEs as drug delivery systems. None of these MEs showed permeation through the skin, demonstrating the required topical effect. After 4 h, in vitro retention of PpIX in the stratum corneum (SC) was higher from both ME 10B and control (PpIX at 60 µg/mL in PEG 300). However, in the Epidermis + Dermis ([Ep + D]), retention from ME 10B and ME 16B was ~40 times higher compared to control. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) showed higher fluorescence intensity in the SC for both control and ME 10B, whereas ME 10B fluorescence was higher in [Ep+D]. The results indicate that ME 10B is suitable for PpIX encapsulation, showing good characteristics and a localized effect for a potential delivery system for PDT-associated treatments of skin cancers.

Evaluación biológica de la exposición laboral al plomo / Biological assessment of the work-related exposure to lead

Introducción: El plomo, por su amplio uso causa una gran contaminación ambiental y problemas de salud en muchas partes del mundo. La Organización Mundial de la Salud incluyó el plomo dentro de una lista de diez productos químicos causantes de graves efectos sobre la salud. Objetivo: Evaluar los niveles de plomo en sangre y de protoporfirina libre eritrocitaria en un grupo de trabajadores expuestos a plomo inorgánico. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal donde se evaluaron 776 casos que acudieron a los laboratorios del Instituto Nacional de Salud de los Trabajadores en el año 2018, provenientes de diferentes sectores industriales. Se les realizó la determinación de plomo en sangre a 288 y la de protoporfirina a 488, según métodos establecidos en el laboratorio. Los datos obtenidos fueron procesados utilizando Microsoft Excel® y el paquete estadístico Statgraphics Centurion XVI.II. Resultados: El 92 por ciento de los pacientes fue del sexo masculino. La concentración de plomo en sangre osciló entre 5 µg/dL y 89 µg/dL para un promedio en hombres de 24 µg/dL ± 21 µg/dL y en las mujeres de 11 µg/dL ± 9 µg/dL. Para la protoporfirina, esta fluctuó entre 21 µg/dL y 274 µg/dL, con un promedio de 47 µg/dL ± 22 µg/dL en hombres y 66 µg/dL ± 32 µg/dL en las mujeres. El 8 por ciento de los casos evaluados tuvo valores de plomo en sangre mayores de 60 µg/dL y para la protoporfirina el 5 por ciento de los casos presentaron valores por encima de 85 μg/dL. Conclusiones: Algunos casos evaluados presentaron niveles elevados de plomo que superan los límites permitidos, lo que pone en evidencia la necesidad de reforzar las medidas de protección aplicadas a los trabajadores y la importancia de detectar precozmente el problema en el ámbito laboral, antes de que aparezcan repercusiones derivadas de una intoxicación por plomo(AU)

Introduction: Lead, due to its large use, causes a major environmental pollution and health problems in many places around the world. The World Health Organization included lead in a list of ten chemical products causing severe effects in health. Objective: To assess lead levels in blood and free-erythtocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) levels in groups of workers exposed to inorganic lead. Methods: Descriptive. cross-sectional study where 776 cases coming from different industrial sectors were assessed in the laboratories of the National Institute of Workers Health in the year 2018. It was conducted to 288 of the cases a test to determine if there was lead in blood and a test for FEP to 488 cases, according to the methods established in the laboratory. The data collected were processed using Microsoft Excel® and the statistical program called Statgraphics Centurion XVI.II. Results: 92 percent of the patients were males. Lead concentration in blood ranged from 5 µg/dL and 89 µg/dL, for an average in men of 24 µg/dL ± 21 µg/dL, and in women of 11 µg/dL ± µg/dL. FEP concentration swung from 21 µg/dL to 274 µg/dL, with an average of 47 µg/dL ± 22 µg/dL in men, and 66 µg/dL ± 32 µg/dL in women. 8 percent of the assessed cases presented values of lead in blood higher than 60 µg/dL and for FEP, 5 percent of the cases presented values higher than 85 µg/dL. Conclusions: Some of the assessed cases presented high levels of lead which exceed the permitted levels; so, this demonstrates the need of reinforzing the protection measures applied to the workers and the importance of early detecting this problem in work-related environments prior to the onset of repercutions derived from lead poisoning(AU)

Evaluation of cell damage and modulation of cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 in macrophages exposed to PpIX-mediated photodynamic therapy / Avaliação do dano celular e da modulação das citocinas TNF-α, IL-6 e IL-10 em macrófagos expostos à terapia fotodinâmica mediada pela PpIX

Abstract Little is known regarding whether photodynamic therapy (PDT)-induced cell death can substantially compromise macrophages (MΦ), which are important cells in PDT-induced immune responses. Here, parameters of PDT-mediated MΦ cytotoxicity and cytokine production in response to protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) were evaluated. Peritoneal MΦ from BALB/c mice were stimulated in vitro with PDT, light, PpIX, or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). After that, cell viability, lipid peroxidation, Nitric Oxide (NO), DNA damage, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 were evaluated. Short PDT exposure reduced cell viability by 10-30%. There was a two-fold increase in NO and DNA degradation, despite the non-increase in lipoperoxidation. PDT increased TNF-α and IL-10, particularly in the presence of LPS, and decreased the production of IL-6 to 10-fold. PDT causes cellular stress, induces NO radicals and leads to DNA degradation, generating a cytotoxic microenvironment. Furthermore, PDT modulates pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in MΦ.

Resumo Pouco se sabe se a morte celular induzida pela terapia fotodinâmica (PDT) compromete os macrófagos (MΦ), envolvidos nas respostas imunes induzidas pela PDT. Neste estudo, foram avaliados parâmetros de citotoxicidade dos MΦ mediada pela PDT e a produção de citocinas, frente à protoporfirina IX (PpIX). MΦ peritoneais de camundongos BALB/c foram estimulados in vitro com PDT, luz, PpIX ou lipopolissacarídeo (LPS). Após isto, a viabilidade celular (VC), a lipoperoxidação, os níveis de óxido nítrico (NO), de DNA degradado, de TNF-α, IL-6 e IL-10 foram avaliados. A exposição curta à PDT reduziu a VC em 10-30%. Os níveis de NO e de DNA degradado duplicaram, sem aumento da lipoperoxidação. Houve aumento de TNF-α e IL-10, sendo maior na presença de LPS. Já a produção de IL-6 reduziu em dez vezes. A PDT induz estresse celular, gera radicais NO e causa dano ao DNA, tornando o microambiente citotóxico. Ainda, modula citocinas pró e anti-inflamatórias em MΦ.

5-Aminolevulinic acid photoactivated over planktonic and biofilm forms of Enterococcus faecalis as a pharmacological therapy alternative

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) generated by the exogenous administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid or δ-ALA and activated with an argon laser over a planktonic and biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) as a pharmacological therapy alternative. A planktonic strain of E. faecalis was cultured with a solution of ∂-ALA (40 µg/mL)-thioglycolate solution for 13 min, and a biofilm of E. faecalis was cultured in a δ-ALA (80 µg/mL)-thioglycolate solution for 13 min. Then, both were irradiated with an argon laser. Finally, the antibacterial effect was evaluated by counting the CFU in planktonic form, and a LIVE/DEAD viability cell test. The production and accumulation of PpIX from exogenously administered δ-ALA on E. faecalis in planktonic and biofilm forms was confirmed by spectrofluorometry. The irradiation of PpIX with an argon laser produced an antibacterial effect on E. faecalis in planktonic and biofilm form, even without biofilm disruption, at a concentration of 40 µg/mL and 80 µg/mL of δ-ALA, respectively. The exogenous administration of δ-ALA in combination with laser irradiation on planktonic and biofilm forms of E. faecalis produces an effective antibacterial effect as complement or alternative to pharmacological therapies

Iron deficiency, still a rarity in children with sickle cell anemia in Ile-Ife, Nigeria

ABSTRACT In this study, children with sickle cell anemia were evaluated for iron deficiency. Serum ferritin and free erythrocyte protoporphyrin free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) levels, mean corpuscular volume mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) were used in determining their iron status. The study was done at Pediatric Hematology Outpatient Clinic of the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals' Complex, Ile-Ife. Forty-eight HbSS subjects in steady state and 48 apparently well age and sex matched HbAA controls were evaluated. Serum ferritin less than 25 ng/dL FEP greater than cut off for age, mean corpuscular volume MCV and mean corpuscular hemoglobin MCH less than cut off for age were regarded as indicating iron deficiency. Serum ferritin values ranged from 34.2 to 3282.9 µg/L, with a mean of 381.2 (1.0), median 180 µg/L; which was significantly higher than the controls (p = 0.000). FEP was lower in the subjects but none was iron deficient compared with the controls. The mean corpuscular hemoglobin MCH of subjects was significantly lower than the controls. Subjects had lower mean corpuscular volume MCV compared with controls. Iron deficiency was not detected in any of the subjects with sickle cell anemia in comparison to a prevalence of 43.75% in the controls. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) was found in 16.7% of the controls, using the WHO cut off for anemia which is hemoglobin concentration of <11 g/dl. While a high prevalence of iron deficiency was noted in the control group, patients with sickle cell anemia were largely iron sufficient, despite their anemia. Iron supplementation remains unnecessary as part of routine management of children with sickle cell anemia in our practice.

Inativação fotodinâmica de bactérias patogênicas de interesse alimentar utilizando o fotossensibilizador protoporfirina IX / Photodynamic inactivation of pathogenic bacteria of food interest using the photosensibilizer protoporfirin IX

Salmonella enterica é um importante patógeno na indústria de alimentos, relacionado com gastroenterites alimentares. Staphylococcus aureus é causador de infecção intestinal. Neste cenário, a inativação fotodinâmica (IFD) surge como uma alternativa de desinfecção desses patógenos. A IFD consiste na interação de três elementos: um agente fotossensibilizador (FS) , luz e oxigênio molecular. Esta interação promove espécies reativas de oxigênio, causando danos irreparáveis à célula . Estes microrganismos possuem morfologia celular diversa, portanto uma concentração ideal de FS para cada cepa se faz necessária para o sucesso da técnica. O comprimento de onda absorvido pelo FS Protoporfirina IX corresponde ao vermelho do espectro eletromagnético (630 nm). Concentrações de 10 e 20 μM do pró-fármaco ácido aminolevulínico (ALA), observou-se a inativação de S. aureus em 20 μM, S. enterica manteve-se em crescimento. A IFD mostrou-se como uma promissora técnica para controle microbiano.

Avaliação da zinco protoporfirina (ZPP) em ruminantes domésticos / Zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) evaluation in domestic ruminants

Nos sistemas de criação de ruminantes, a anemia crônica pode levar a grandes prejuízos econômicos, sendo decorrente da deficiência de ferro no organismo. Quando este se torna indisponível para ser incorporado à hemoglobina, forma-se um composto denominado zinco protoporfirina (ZPP), que pode ser um marcador precoce para a anemia, útil, portanto, para seu diagnóstico. Porém, para a utilidade dessa mensuração, é necessário que se conheçam os valores normais de ZPP para cada espécie. Assim, foram utilizados 30 bezerros, 30 caprinos e 30 ovinos, todos saudáveis, nos quais foram mensurados esses valores. Essa mensuração foi determinada em amostras de sangue refrigeradas, coletadas com EDTA, obtendo-se valores em hemácias não lavadas e lavadas. A lavagem visou à eliminação de substâncias interferentes nessas medidas. A média da ZPP nas amostras não lavadas foi de 80,9µmol ZPP/mol de heme nos bezerros; 55,09µmol ZPP/mol de heme nos caprinos e 73,76µmol ZPP/mol de heme nos ovinos. Após a lavagem, os valores foram 61,4µmol ZPP/mol de heme; 43,92µmol ZPP/mol de heme e 59,36µmol ZPP/mol de heme, nos bezerros, caprinos e ovinos, respectivamente. Devido à praticidade da técnica, essa pode ser empregada para a detecção precoce da anemia ferropriva, sendo recomendada a prévia lavagem das hemácias.(AU)

In ruminant breeding systems, chronic anemia can lead to economic losses, resulting from iron deficiency in the organismo. When iron is unavailable for incorporation into hemoglobin, a compound called zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) is formed, may be an early marker for anemia and is useful for its diagnosis. However, for this measurement to be useful, it is necessary to know the normal values for the species. Therefore, 30 calves, 30 goats and 30 sheep, all of them healthy, to standardize the values were used. This measurement was determined on refrigerated blood samples collected with EDTA, obtaining values in red blood cells not washed and washed. The washing aimed at the elimination of interfering substances in these measures. The mean of the ZPP in the unwashed samples was 80,9µmol ZPP/mol of heme in calves; 55,09µmol ZPP/mol of heme in goats and 73,76µmol ZPP/mol of heme in sheep. After washing, the values were 61,4µmol ZPP/mol of heme; 43,92µmol ZPP/mol of heme e 59,36µmol ZPP/mol of heme, in calves, goats and sheep, respectively. Due to its practicality, the techniquecan be used for the early detection of iron deficiency anemia, recommending the previous lavage of the red blood cells.(AU)

Photodynamic action of protoporphyrin IX derivatives on Trichophyton rubrum

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Dermatophytes are filamentous keratinophilic fungi. Trichophyton rubrum is a prevalent infectious agent in tineas and other skin diseases. Drug therapy is considered to be limited in the treatment of such infections, mainly due to low accessibility of the drug to the tissue attacked and development of antifungal resistance in these microorganisms. In this context, Photodynamic Therapy is presented as an alternative. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate, in vitro, the photodynamic activity of four derivatives of Protoporphyrin IX by irradiation with LED 400 nm in T. rubrum. METHOD: Assays were subjected to irradiation by twelve cycles of ten minutes at five minute intervals. RESULT: Photodynamic action appeared as effective with total elimination of UFCs from the second irradiation cycle. CONCLUSION: Studies show that the photodynamic activity on Trichophyton rubrum relates to a suitable embodiment of the photosensitizer, which can be maximized by functionalization of peripheral groups of the porphyrinic ring.

Study on relationships between biomarkers in workers with low-level occupational lead exposure / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the lead exposure, its effects, and the relationships between biomarkers of susceptibility in the workers with low-level occupational lead exposure, and to explore its sensitivity and practical value to evaluate the health hazard.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The concentrations of lead fume and lead dust in workplaces of a lead acid storage battery enterprise in Jiangsu Province, China, were measured by occupational health monitoring method. The blood samples of 233 workers with occupational lead exposure and 76 non-occupational lead exposure were collected to measure the blood lead (Pb-B) level using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS), the zinc Protoporphyrin (ZPP) level with blood fluorescence assay, and the delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) concentration by a spectrophotometer, and to determine the gene polymorphism of ALAD with TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction. At the same time, their urine samples were collected to measure urine lead (Pb-U) concentration with GFAAS and delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA-U) concentration with a spectrophotometer. The correlations between the above indices were analyzed by multiple linear regression method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The concentration of lead fume in 18 testing sites and the concentration of lead dust in 30 testing sites were 0.002-0.019 mg/m3 and 0.004-0.013 mg/m3, respectively. Pb-B level was positively correlated with Pb-U concentration (r=0.62, P<0.01) and ZPP level (r=0.47, P<0.01) and was negatively correlated with ALAD concentration (r=-0.77, P<0.01) in 233 workers with occupational lead exposure. Among 233 workers, 218 (93.6%) had ≤70 µg/L Pb-U, and 15 (6.9%) had ≥400≥g/L Pb-B. Pb-B level was not correlated with ZPP level as Pb-B level was <190 µg/L (r=0.18, P=0.068 ), while Pb-B level was positively correlated with ZPP level as Pb-B level was ≥190 µg/L (r=0.36, P<0.01). Pb-U concentration was positively correlated with ALA-U concentration (r=0.49, P<0.01) and ZPP level (r=0.47, P<0.01). ZPP level was negatively correlated with ALAD concentration (r=-0. 19, P<0.01), and was positively correlated with ALA-U concentration (r=0.27, P<0.01). ALAD concentration was not correlated with ALA-U concentration (r =-0. 11, P>0.05). And in 233 workers with occupational lead exposure, there were no significant differences in Pb-B level, ZPP level, and ALAD activity between the workers with ALAD1-2 genotype and the workers with ALAD1-1 genotype (P>0.05). In 76 workers with non-occupational lead exposure, there was no significant difference in Pb-B level between the workers with ALAD1-2 genotype and the workers with ALAD1-1 genotype (P >0.05). The workers with ALAD1-2 genotype had a significantly lower ALAD activity, and a significantly higher ZPP level compared with those ALAD1-1 genotype (P<0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>In the workers with low-level occupational lead exposure, ZPP level is positively correlated with Pb-B level when Pb-B level was ≥190 µ/L. ALAD could be used as an effect biomarker of low Pb-B level. ALAD gene polymorphism shows different effects on the Pb-B level and the toxic effects between the workers with occupational lead exposure and the workers with non-occupational lead exposure.</p>

Cell accumulation and antileishmanial effect of exogenous and endogenous protoporphyrin IX after photodynamic treatment / Acumulación celular y efecto anti- Leishmania de la protoporfirina IX exógena y endógena después del tratamiento fotodinámico

Introduction: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX (ALA-PpIX) constitutes an interesting alternative for cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment. Objective: To evaluate the production of PpIXbased on the administration of ALA and MAL and the effect of ALA-PDTat cellular level on non-infected and infected THP-1 cells using Leishmania ( Viannia ) panamensis or Leishmania ( Leishmania ) infantum (syn Leishmania chagasi ) parasites. Materials and methods: Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) production and mitochondrial colocalization were evaluated by confocal microscopy. Cell toxicities were evaluated after treatment with the compounds, followed by light irradiation (597-752 nm) at 2.5 J/cm 2 fluency using a colorimetric MTT assay for THP-1 cells and a standard microscopic analysis of parasites. Results were expressed as compound concentration activity against 50% of cells or parasites (CC 50 or IC 50 ). Results: ALA or MAL induced an endogenous PpIX with a red fluorescence localized mainly in the mitochondria inside human cells. ALA and MAL-PDT induced a similar range of toxicities on THP-1 cells (CC 50 0.16±0.01mM and 0.33±0.019 mM, respectively) without any apparent inhibition of intracellular parasites in the infected cells as compared to untreated controls. Exogenous PpIX-PDT was toxic to THP-1 cells (CC 50 0.00032±0.00002 mM), L. (L.) infantum (IC 50 0.003±0.0001 mM) and L. (V.) panamensis (IC 50 0.024±0.0001 mM) promastigotes. Conclusions: Despite the effectiveness of exogenous PpIX on promastigotes and the production of PpIX by human infected cells, treatment with ALA or MAL before irradiation was unable to completely destroy L. (L.) infantum or L. (V.) panamensis intracellular amastigotes.

Introducción. El tratamiento fotodinámico con ácido 5-aminolevulínico como inductor de la protoporfirina IX (ALA-PpIX) constituye una alternativa interesante en el tratamiento de la leishmaniasis cutánea. Objetivo. Evaluar la producción de protoporfirina IX (PpIX) a partir de la administración de ALA o MAL y el efecto de la PDT con ALA a nivel celular en células THP-1 no infectadas e infectadas con Leishmania ( Viannia ) panamensis o Leishmania ( Leishmania ) infantum (syn. Leishmania chagasi ). Materiales y métodos. La producción de protoporfirina IX y su ‘colocalización´ mitocondrial se evaluaron mediante microscopía ‘confocal´. Se evaluó la toxicidad celular después del tratamiento con los compuestos y la aplicación de irradiación de luz (597-752 nm) en una fluencia de 2,5 J/cm 2 mediante el empleo de la prueba colorimétrica con metil-tiazol-tetrazolio (MTT) en las células, y de métodos microscópicos estándar en los parásitos. Los resultados se expresaron como la concentración del compuesto activo en el 50 % de las células o parásitos (CC 50 o CI 50 ). Resultados. El ácido aminolevulínico o el metil-5-aminolevulinato indujeron la protoporfirina IX endógena en células humanas, y se observó fluorescencia de color rojo en las mitocondrias. La actividad del ácido aminolevulínico y del metil-5-aminolevulinato utilizados con terapia fotodinámica fue similar en las células THP-1 (CC 50 0,16±0,01 mM y 0,33±0,019 mM, respectivamente) y, aparentemente, no inhibió los parásitos en las células infectadas, en comparación con los controles. El tratamiento exógeno con protoporfirina IX y terapia fotodinámica fue tóxico para las células THP-1 (CC 50 0,00032 ±0,00002 mM) y para los promastigotes de L. (L .) infantum (IC 50 0,003±0,0001 mM) y L. ( V .) panamensis (CI 50 0,024±0,0001 mM). Conclusiones. A pesar de la ‘fotoactividad´ del tratamiento con protoporfirina IX en promastigotes y de su producción después del tratamiento con ácido aminolevulínico y metil-5-aminolevulinato en las células infectadas con Leishmania , no se observó daño en los amastigotes presentes en las células de L. ( L .) infantum o L . ( V .) panamensis .

Effect of quercetin on the production of nitric oxide in murine macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide from Prevotella intermedia

PURPOSE: Nitric oxide (NO) is a short-lived bioactive molecule that is known to play an important role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. In the current study, we investigated the effect of the flavonoid quercetin on the production of NO in murine macrophages activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Prevotella intermedia, a pathogen related to inflammatory periodontal disease, and tried to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action. METHODS: LPS was isolated from P. intermedia ATCC 25611 cells by the standard hot phenol-water method. The concentration of NO in cell culture supernatants was determined by measuring the accumulation of nitrite. Inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein expression, phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38, inhibitory kappaB (IkappaB)-alpha degradation, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) phosphorylation were analyzed via immunoblotting. RESULTS: Quercetin significantly attenuated iNOS-derived NO production in RAW246.7 cells activated by P. intermedia LPS. In addition, quercetin induced HO-1 protein expression in cells activated with P. intermedia LPS. Tin protoporphyrin IX (SnPP), a competitive inhibitor of HO-1, abolished the inhibitory effect of quercetin on LPS-induced NO production. Quercetin did not affect the phosphorylation of JNK and p38 induced by P. intermedia LPS. The degradation of IkappaB-alpha induced by P. intermedia LPS was inhibited when the cells were treated with quercetin. Quercetin also inhibited LPS-induced STAT1 signaling. CONCLUSIONS: Quercetin significantly inhibits iNOS-derived NO production in murine macrophages activated by P. intermedia LPS via anti-inflammatory HO-1 induction and inhibition of the nuclear factor-kappaB and STAT1 signaling pathways. Our study suggests that quercetin may contribute to the modulation of host-destructive responses mediated by NO and appears to have potential as a novel therapeutic agent for treating inflammatory periodontal disease.

The role of HO/CO in the spinal nociception transmission and hyperalgesia of rats induced by formalin / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the role of heme oxygenase and carbon monoxide (HO/CO) in the development of spontaneous pain and hyperalgesia of rats induced by formalin injection.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Zinc protoporphyrin Znpp (the inhibitor of HO) was intrathecally injected to the rats with formalin inflammatory pain. Hemin (the agonist of HO) was intrathecally injected to the normal rats. The weighted pain scores were used to evaluate the degree of pain response. Thermal withdrawal latency and mechanical withdrawal threshold were observed to assess the degree of thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After the intrathecal injection of Znpp, the weighted pain score obviously reduced in a dose-dependent manner compared with the rats with formalin inflammatory pain. Intrathecal injection of Znpp had no obvious effect on thermal withdrawal latency and mechanical withdrawal threshold in injected feet compared with formalin group. But there was a prolongation in a dose-dependent manner in non injected feet. Intrathecal injection of Hemin to normal rats could shorten the thermal withdrawal latency and reduce the mechanical withdrawal threshold on both sides of hindpaws.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Intrathecal injection of the HO inhibitor produced prominent inhibition to pain related behavior and thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia induced by formalin injection. Intrathecal injection of HO inductor could induce thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia in normal rats. The results indicated that HO/CO took part in the processes of spinal cord nociceptive information transmission and the development of thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia.</p>

Over-expression of heme oxygenase-1 does not protect porcine endothelial cells from human xenoantibodies and complement-mediated lysis / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

Accommodated organs can survive in the presence of anti-organ antibodies and complement. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is essential to ensure accommodation in concordant xenotransplant models. However, whether induction of HO-1 over-expression could protect porcine endothelial cells (PECs) against human xenoantibodies and complement-mediated lysis and induce an in vitro accommodation is still unknown. The SV40-immortalized porcine aorta-derived endothelial cell line (iPEC) was pre-incubated with 20, 50, or 80 μmol/L of cobalt-protoporphyrins IX (CoPPIX) for 24 h, and the HO-1 expression in iPECs was analyzed by using Western blotting. CoPPIX-treated or untreated iPECs were incubated with normal human AB sera, and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) was measured by both flow cytometry and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. In vitro treatment with CoPPIX significantly increased the expression of HO-1 in iPECs in a dose-dependent manner. Over-expression of HO-1 was successfully achieved by incubation of iPECs with either 50 or 80 μmol/L of CoPPIX. However, HO-1 over-expression did not show any protective effects on iPECs against normal human sera-mediated cell lysis. In conclusion, induction of HO-1 over-expression alone is not enough to protect PECs from human xenoantibodies and complement-mediated humoral injury. Additionally, use of other protective strategies is needed to achieve accommodation in pig-to-primate xenotransplantation.

Involvement of heme oxygenase in PM2.5-toxicity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells / 中华心血管病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the involvement of heme oxygenase (HO-1) in PM2.5 induced toxic responses in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The experiment groups are as follows: (1) control group; (2) PM2.5 groups: the cells were cultured with various concentrations of PM2.5 (200, 400, 800 µg/ml) for 24 h and 400 µg/ml was chosen for the main study; (3) PM2.5+Trion group: the cells were pre-treated by 10 µmol/L Trion [a scavenger of reactive oxygen species(ROS)] for 1 h before PM2.5 (400 µg/ml) treatment for 24 h; (4) PM2.5+ZnPP group: the cells were pretreated by HO-1 inhibitor ZnPP (10 µmol/L) for 1 h before treatment with PM2.5 (400 µg/ml) for 24 h. MTT assay was used to detect cell viability. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and indirect immunofluorescence assay were used to determine the mRNA and protein expressions of HO-1. Fluorescence labeling probe method was used to measure intracellular ROS level and flow cytometry was used for cell apoptosis. Colorimetric assay was used to detect intracellular caspase-3 activity.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with control, PM2.5 significantly decreased cell viability, increased intracellular ROS, cell apoptosis and caspase-3 activity (all P < 0.05), these effects were significantly attenuated in PM2.5+Tiron group while enhanced in PM2.5+ZnPP group (all P < 0.05 vs. PM2.5 group). PM2.5 upregulated HO-1 mRNA and protein expressions in HUVECs which was downregulated in both PM2.5+Tiron group and PM2.5+ZnPP group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>PM2.5 could induce oxidative injury through increasing ROS production via modulating HO-1 mRNA and protein expressions, the injury could be aggravated with inhibition of the activity of HO-1 suggesting a potential protective role of HO-1 against PM2.5 induced oxidative stress in HUVECs.</p>

Assessment of Iron Parameters in Children with Acute Infectious Disease / 임상소아혈액종양

BACKGROUND: As some parameters reflecting iron status were known to change with infection or inflammation, we examined the changes of these parameters in children with minor illnesses.METHODS: Hematologic tests were done in 42 young children with acute infection. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) was defined as having Hb less than age-matched normal range, MCH <27 pg, and either Tfsat (transferrin saturation) <10% or TIBC >360 microg/dL. Iron deficiency (ID) was defined as having Hb equal or more than age matched normal low limit with MCH <27 pg, and either Tfsat <10% or TIBC >360 microg/dL. The others were classified as normal control (NC).RESULTS: The proportion of IDA, ID and NC were 16.6% (7/42), 33.3% (14/42) and 50.0% (21/42), respectively. Comparisons of means of Hb, MCV, MCH, and RDW between groups showed statistical difference in general, while levels of iron, ferritin and hs-CRP showed no statistical difference. Mean blood levels of zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP) of IDA, ID and NC were 72.21 microg/dL, 57.02 microg/dL, and 45.62 microg/dL, respectively, but the difference was significant only between IDA and NC. ZnPP was inversely correlated with MCV (r=-0.518, P<0.01) and RDW (r=-0.640, P<0.01), but not with hs-CRP or ferritin.CONCLUSION: Combination of RBC indices with newly controlled Tfsat or TIBC can be available for an iron status assessment in children with minor infections. ZnPP levels in blood reflect some aspect of iron status, while ferritin and iron do not reflect it.

Assessment of Iron Parameters in Children with Acute Infectious Disease / 임상소아혈액종양

BACKGROUND: As some parameters reflecting iron status were known to change with infection or inflammation, we examined the changes of these parameters in children with minor illnesses. METHODS: Hematologic tests were done in 42 young children with acute infection. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) was defined as having Hb less than age-matched normal range, MCH 360 microg/dL. Iron deficiency (ID) was defined as having Hb equal or more than age matched normal low limit with MCH 360 microg/dL. The others were classified as normal control (NC). RESULTS: The proportion of IDA, ID and NC were 16.6% (7/42), 33.3% (14/42) and 50.0% (21/42), respectively. Comparisons of means of Hb, MCV, MCH, and RDW between groups showed statistical difference in general, while levels of iron, ferritin and hs-CRP showed no statistical difference. Mean blood levels of zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP) of IDA, ID and NC were 72.21 microg/dL, 57.02 microg/dL, and 45.62 microg/dL, respectively, but the difference was significant only between IDA and NC. ZnPP was inversely correlated with MCV (r=-0.518, P<0.01) and RDW (r=-0.640, P<0.01), but not with hs-CRP or ferritin. CONCLUSION: Combination of RBC indices with newly controlled Tfsat or TIBC can be available for an iron status assessment in children with minor infections. ZnPP levels in blood reflect some aspect of iron status, while ferritin and iron do not reflect it.

Role of heme oxygenase-1 in dachengqitang ameliorating lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice / 中国中药杂志

To explore the role of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 experimental system in dachengqitang (DD) ameliorating ALI induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice. Seventy-five male Kunming mice were randomly divided into control group (normal saline was instilled intratracheally(50 microL/per mouse), LPS group (LPS was instilled intratracheally to replicate ALI model), DD + LPS group, DD + LPS + ZnPP (ZnPP, HO-1 specific inhibitor) group and the DD group. Mice were killed at 6 h after administration. Lung indexes were tested; lung histomorphological changes were observed under microscope, and neutrophils (PMN) number and protein content of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were measured; HO-1 mRNA and protein expression in lung tissue were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot. The results showed that intratracheal instillation of LPS in mice can cause significant morphological changes in lung tissue. Both PMN numbers and protein content in BALF were increased. meanwhile the expressions of HO-1 mRNA and protein in lung tissue were increased. Pretreated with DD and then intratracheally instillated LPS coulde ameliorat lung tissue injury, reduced PMN BALF number and protein content, but increase HO-1 mRNA and protein expression in the lung tissue when compared with LPS. HO-1 inhibitor ZnPP coulde inhibite the ameliorative effect of DD. The results suggest that the ameliorative effect of DD on ALI induced by LPS in mice were related with upregulation HO-1 mRNA and protein.

CML cell apoptosis induced by AMN107 combined with heme oxygenase-1 inhibitor / 中国实验血液学杂志

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of AMN107 (nilotinib) combined with heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPPIX) on chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells and its mechanism. Proliferative rate of cells treated with AMN107 (10 µmol/L) and ZnPPIX (10 µmol/L) alone or both for different time was observed by MTT and trypan blue methods; the expression of HO-1 in the control group, ZnPPIX (10 µmol/L) group, AMN107 (10 µmol/L) group, AMN107 (10 µmol/L) combined with ZnPPIX (10 µmol/L) group was evaluated by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot at 48 h. Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry with Annexin V/PI double staining at 48 h. The results showed that the strongest inhibition of cell proliferation was detected in combined group, and in a time-dependent manner; the expression level of HO-1 was lowest in combined group; the cell apoptosis rates were (11.38 ± 0.02)%, (17.44 ± 0.08)%, (39.81 ± 0.07)% and (56.46 ± 0.19)% in the control group, ZnPPIX group, AMN107 group, AMN107 combined with ZnPPIX group at 48 h respectively. It is concluded that the second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor AMN107 can induce the apoptosis in CML cells. Inhibition of HO-1 expression can enhance the killing effect of AMN107 on CML cells, which provides experimental evidence to further improve the clinical efficacy of CML treatment.

Occupational Health Management in the Lead Industry: The Korean Experience

In 1967, the problem of occupational lead exposure came to public attention in Korea. Since then, regular progress has been made in lowering workplace lead exposures, instituting new workplace controls, and implementing health examinations of exposed workers. Past serious lead poisoning episodes made it possible to introduce biological monitoring programs on a voluntary basis in high-lead-exposure facilities in Korea. Industry-specific occupational health services for lead workers in Korea during the last 22 years can be categorized into three phases. During the first phase (1988-1993), efforts were directed at increasing awareness among workers about the hazards of lead exposure, biological monitoring of blood zinc protoporphyrin began, and a respiratory protection program was introduced. During the second phase (1994-1997), a computerized health management system for lead workers was developed, blood-lead measurement was added to biologic monitoring, and engineering controls were introduced in the workplace to lower air-lead levels to comply with air-lead regulations. Finally, during the third phase (1998-present), a new biomarker, bone-lead measurement by X-ray fluorescence, was introduced. Bone-lead measurement proved to be useful for assessing body burden and to demonstrate past lead exposure in retired workers. Occupational health service practice for lead workers, including the industry-specific group occupational health system, has brought considerable success in the prevention of lead poisoning and in reducing the lead burden in Korean lead workers during the last several decades. The successful achievement of prevention of lead poisoning in Korea was a result of the combined efforts of lead workers, employers, relevant government agencies, and academic institutes.

Effectiveness of zinc protoporphyrin/heme ratio for screening iron deficiency in preschool-aged children

Hemoglobin and zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) tests are commonly used to screen for iron deficiency, but little research has been done to systematically evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of these two tests. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of zinc protoporphyrin/heme (ZPP/H) ratio as a point-of-service screening test for iron deficiency among preschool-aged children by comparing the sensitivity and specificity of hemoglobin, ZPP/H ratio, and serum ferritin (SF). Also completed were assessments for the prevalence of anemia, iron deficiency (ID), and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) with indicators of ferritin models. This study was carried out with 95 children ages 3 to 6 y. Anthropometric measurements were assessed, and blood samples were analyzed for hemoglobin, SF, transferrin saturation (TS), and ZPP. Anemia was common and the prevalences of anemia, ID, and IDA were 14.7%, 12.6%, and 5.2%, respectively. The ZPP/H ratio was strongly and significantly correlated with hemoglobin. And ZPP/H ratio was a more sensitive test for ID than hemoglobin or SF measurement, correctly identifying more than twice as many iron-deficient children (sensitivity of 91.7%, compared to 41.7% for hemoglobin and SF). However, ZPP/H ratio had lower specificity (60.2%, compared to 89.1% for hemoglobin or 96.4% for SF) and resulted in the false identification of more subjects who actually were not iron deficient than did hemoglobin or SF. Low hemoglobin concentration is a late-stage indicator of ID, but ZPP/H ratio can detect ID at early stages and can be performed easily at a relatively low cost. Therefore, ZPP/H ratio can serve as a potential screening test for pre-anemic iron deficiency in community pediatric practices.