Taxonomy of the Golovinomyces cynoglossi Complex (Erysiphales, Ascomycota) Disentangled by Phylogenetic Analyses and Reassessments of Morphological Traits

The name Golovinomyces cynoglossi s. lat. is traditionally applied to a complex of morphologically similar powdery mildews on hosts of the plant family Boraginaceae. The current species-level taxonomy within this complex is ambiguous due to the lack of phylogenetic examinations. The present study applied phylogenetic methods to clarify the taxonomy of G. cynoglossi s. lat. Phylogenetic analysis of rDNA ITS sequences retrieved from Asian, European and North American specimens revealed that G. cynoglossi s. lat. collections from different hosts involved several species in five clearly separated lineages. Clade I consists primarily of Golovinomyces cynoglossi s. str. on Cynoglossum. Clade III consists of Golovinomyces sequences retrieved from the host genera Symphytum and Pulmonaria. The taxa within clade III are now assigned to G. asperifoliorum comb. nov. Clade V encompasses G. cynoglossi s. lat. on the host genera Bothriospermum, Buglossoides, Echium, Myosotis, and Trigonotis. The taxa within clade V are now assigned to G. asperifolii comb. nov. The species concerned in this study were lecto- and epitypified to stabilize their nomenclature.

Estudio de la actividad analgésica de extractos metanólicos de Maytenus krukovii (chuchahuasi), Alchornea castaneifolia (hiporuro), Sambucus nigra (saúco) y Aristeguietia discolor (pulmonaria) en ratones frente el Ibuprofeno / Study of the analgesic activity of methanolic extracts of Maytenus krukovii (chuchahuasi) castaneifolia Alchornea (hiporuro), Sambucus nigra (elderberries) and Aristeguietia discolor (pulmonary) in mice versus Ibuprofen

Al evaluar el efecto analgésico se encontró actividad positiva del extracto metanólico de Maytenus krukovii (chuchahuasi), Alchornea castaneifolia (Hiporuro), Sambucus nigra (Saúco) y Aristeguietia discolor (Pulmonaria) a las dosis de 100 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, 250mg/kg y 750 mg/kg, respectivamente, por vía oral; luego de una hora de administración se encontró que el efecto analgésico de Chuchuhuasi y Pulmonaria eran comparables al Ibuprofeno. Asimismo, apreciamos, en todos los extractos, una prolongación del período de latencia con respecto al control.

We evaluated the analgesic effect of four different plants, and this effect was positive for thr metanolic extracts of Maytenus krukovii (Chuchuhuasi), Alchornea castaneifolia (Hiporuro), Sambucus nigra (Saúco) y Aristeguietia discolor (Pulmonaria) in the doses of 1000 mg/g, 250 mg/kg, and 750 mg/kg, respectively administered orally to mice. After one hour of administration the analgesic effect of Chuchuhuasi and Pulmonaria were comparable to that Ibuprofene. It was also noted that all extracts delayed the latency time regarding to the control sample.