Principais causas ginecológicas de dor pélvica aguda em mulheres / Main gynecological causes of acute pelvic pain in women

Este trabalho buscou reunir dados essenciais sobre as etiologias de dor pélvica aguda, uma queixa constante nos serviços de emergências e ambulatórios de ginecologia, responsável por grande desconforto e impacto na qualidade de vida de pacientes mulheres. É uma condição laboriosa por causa de seu amplo espectro de causas, devendo ser abordada com cuidado e atenção pelo profissional médico, o qual deve considerar os diversos diagnósticos diferenciais, sendo a ultrassonografia o exame de maior importância para auxiliar em seu diagnóstico. As principais etiologias não obstétricas podem ser não ginecológicas e ginecológicas; essas últimas são divididas em anexiais e uterinas. Entre as causas ginecológicas, devem- -se investigar cistos ovarianos, torções anexiais, leiomiomas, doença inflamatória pélvica, abscesso tubo-ovariano, dismenorreia e complicações de dispositivos intrauterinos. A maioria das causas tem tratamento eficaz, com retorno da função do órgão e melhora da qualidade de vida, sem complicações, especialmente se diagnosticada precocemente.(AU)

The aim of this study was to gather important data on acute pelvic pain etiologies, a usual complaint in the emergency services and gynecology outpatient clinics, responsible for great discomfort and impact on quality of life in female patients. It is a laborious condition due to its wide spectrum of causes, which needs to be approached with attention by the physician, who must consider all the possible diagnoses, being the ultrasonography the most important exam to detect it. The main non-obstetric etiologies can be non-gynecological and gynecological, which are separated in adnexal and uterine causes. Among the gynecological causes, ovarian cysts, adnexal torsions, leiomyomas, pelvic inflammatory disease, ovarian tube abscess, dysmenorrhea and complications of intrauterine devices should be investigated. Most causes can be effectively treated, with return of organ function and improved quality of life, without complications, especially if diagnosed early.(AU)

Iatrogenic ureteral obstruction during transvaginal ocyte retrieval

ABSTRACT Transvaginal oocyte retrieval is a crucial step in assisted reproductive technology. Various complications may arise during this procedure. Ureteral injury is a rare, but a serious complication in gynecological practice. During oocyte retrieval, ureteral injuries, detachment and obstruction can be seen, though rare. In this study, we will present ureteral obstruction that develops secondary to small hematoma, which mimics ovarian cyst torsion or ruptured ovarian cyst.

Dilemma in the Management of Ovarian Cyst in Pregnancy: A Series of Three Different Cases.

The incidence of ovarian cyst in pregnancy is increased due to ovulation induction and dating ultrasound. Mostly they are benign and managed by observation. Surgery is indicated if there are complications or any suspicion of malignancy. Here, we have presented three different cases of ovarian cyst in pregnancy, which was managed by surgery. The first case is a 27-year-old second gravida with para1 live1 with complaints of pain in right iliac fossa at 15 weeks of gestation that was diagnosed as a dermoid cyst of right ovary. She underwent laparoscopic cystectomy. Rest of the antenatal period was uneventful, and she delivered vaginally at term. The second case is 31 year old third gravida with para2 live2 came with complaints of lower abdominal pain around 14 weeks of gestation which was diagnosed as fibroma of ovary for which laparotomy and right salphingo-oophorectomy was done. Rest of the antenatal period was normal, she delivered by caesarean section at term. The third case was 30-year-old second gravid with para1 live1 with left ovarian mass presented at term for which cesarean section along with left salphingo-oophorectomy done.

Laparoscopic ovarian ligament plication in pregnancy / Plicatura laparoscópica del ligamento ovárico en el embarazo

This 32-year old patient presented at seven weeks gestation with severe left-sided lower abdominal pain. This was against the background of a previous history of left salpingectomy from a ruptured ectopic gestation seven years previously. Transvaginal sonographic evaluation revealed a viable seven week intrauterine embryo, a 2 cm left corpus luteum cyst and Doppler studies revealed reduced internal flow. This led the way for a conservative approach via laparoscopy of untwisting the pedicle to restore blood flow. In this case, the ovarian ligament was shorted using 1/0 vicryl and the pregnancy went to term.

Esta paciente de 32 años se presentó en la séptima semana de gestación con un severo dolor abdominal en el lado inferior izquierdo. Esto ocuría teniendo la paciente por antecedente una historia previa de salpingectomía izquierda a partir de la ruptura de un embarazo ectópico siete años antes. La evaluación sonográfica transvaginal reveló un embrión intrauterino viable de siete semanas, un quiste del 2 cm en el cuerpo lúteo izquierdo, y los estudios de Doppler revelaron un flujo interno reducido. Esto abrió el camino para un abordaje conservador vía laparoscopia encaminada a deshacer la torsión del pedículo y restablecer así el flujo sanguíneo. En este caso, el ligamento ovárico fue acortado usando vicryl 1/0, y el embarazo continuó a término.

Quiste ovárico fetal: diagnóstico prenatal y manejo quirúrgico postnatal exitoso / Prenatal diagnosis of fetal ovarian cyst

Los quistes ováricos son el tumor abdominal mas frecuente en las recién nacidas. Presentan complicadones agudas y a largo plazo. La más frecuente es la torsión anexial que presenta dificultades diagnósticas en la etapa neonatal. El diagnóstico prenatal es fundamental para el manejo oportuno de las pacientes. Existen diferentes alternativas terapéuticas donde la cirugía mínimamente invasiva y conservadora juega un importante rol. Presentamos el caso de una recién nacida macrosómica con diagnóstico prenatal de quiste ovárico no complicado que sufrió torsión durante los primeros días de vida y se resolvió exitosamente en forma quirúrgica conservadora gracias a un manejo multidisciplinario.

Ovarian cysts are the most common abdominal tumor in female newborns. They could develop acute or long term complications. The most frequent complication is adnexal torsion, which presents with diagnostic difficulties in the neonatal period. Prenatal diagnosis is essential for the prompt management of patients. There are different treatment options where conservative and minimally invasive surgery plays an important role. We report a female newborn with prenatal diagnosis of macrosomia and uncomplicated ovarian cyst, which suffered adnexal torsion during the first days of life and was successfully resolved with a conservative surgical management by a multidisciplinary staff.

Manejo laparoscópico de quistes ováricos complicados o persistentes durante el embarazo / Laparoscopic management of complicated or persistent adnexal cysts during pregnancy

Antecedentes: El incremento en el hallazgo de quistes anexiales durante el embarazo sería el mayor uso de técnicas de reproducción asistida con hiperestimulación ovárica controlada. La complicación más frecuente sigue siendo la torsión anexial. Objetivo: Revisar el manejo de quistes anexiales complicados o persistentes, durante el embarazo, con resolución laparoscópica. Método: Revisión retrospectiva de 9 pacientes consecutivas, ingresadas al Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología Clínica Las Condes. Resultados: La edad gestacional de ingreso fue entre 5+5 y 27 semanas. Cinco casos fueron producto de fertilización asistida y cuatro espontáneos. Ocho (85,6 por ciento) embarazadas, ingresaron por dolor abdominal agudo. Otro caso ingresó a cirugía electiva por quiste ovárico persistente. Los quistes tenían entre 6 y 13 cm. En 5 se realizó sólo destorsión ovárica, en 1 ooforectomía y en 1 quistectomía. Se realizó punción, destorsión y fijación a ligamento útero ovárico, bilateral, en la otra paciente. Se registró un caso de fiebre en el postoperatorio. El alta hospitalaria fue a las 48 horas en 6 (67 por ciento), a las 72 en 2 y a las 96 en 1. El estudio biópsico diferido en 3 pacientes demostró: 1 quiste seroso paratubario, 1 quiste luteínico parcialmente hemorrágico y 1 infarto anexial. Todos los embarazos evolucionaron normalmente. Conclusión: Nuestra experiencia confirma que en el embarazo la laparoscopía es una buena opción al requerir una cirugía por quiste anexial complicado o persistente.

Background: Recent reviews show an increase in the finding of adnexal cysts during pregnancy. One reason could be the use of assisted reproductive techniques with controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. Objective: To review the experience in managing via laparoscopy complicated or persistent adnexal cysts during pregnancy. Method: Retrospective review of 9 consecutive patients, admitted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clínica Las Condes. Results: The gestational age was between 5+5 and 27 weeks. Five were the product of assisted fertilization and four spontaneous. Eight (85.6 percent) pregnant women were admitted by emergency room because of acute abdominal pain and another one went through elective surgery for persistent ovarian cyst. Preoperative diagnosis of the 8 patients admitted by emergency: adnexal cyst complicated with torsion in 6 (1 adnexal infarction) and 2 cases of acute abdomen. The cysts were between 6 and 13 cm. Type of surgery: in 5, only distortion; ovarian oophorectomy in 1 and cystectomy in one. Puncture, detorsión and bilateral fixation of uterine ovarian ligament, in another patient. One case required conversion to laparotomy with adnexectomy. Postoperative fever was observed in one patient. Discharge was at 48 hrs in 6 (67 percent) cases, at 72 hrs. in 2 and 96 hrs. in 1. Deferred biopsy performed in 3 patients showed: paratu-barian serous cyst, partially hemorrhagic luteal cyst, adnexal infarction. All pregnancies went on normally. Premature births are not reported. Conclusion: Our experience suggests that laparoscopic approach is a valid option for complicated or persistent adnexal cysts in pregnant women.

Associations between the clinical signs of chronic endometritis with ovarian cysts and body condition loss in German Holstein Friesian cows

The objective of this retrospective field study was to associate the type and smell of discharge, the size of the uterus, the ovarian and treatment status, and the time to diagnosis of animals with chronic clinical endometritis (CCE) with the incidence of ovarian cysts and with a marked loss in body condition in German Holstein Friesian cows. Two hundred and sixty-four cows diagnosed with CCE from day 14 to day 42 postpartum participated in this study. In addition, 100 days milk production and the parity of the animals were included in the analysis. With the use of logistic regression, a purulent vaginal discharge (>or = 50% pus), the decision not to treat the animals for CCE and a high 100 days milk production proved to be significant factors for the incidence of ovarian cysts. Additionally, the type of discharge showed interactions with the parity and the smell of the discharge, as more animals with fetid and purulent discharge and more animals in the first lactation with a purulent discharge developed ovarian cysts. A high milk production and the parity showed associations with an excessive body condition score loss. Additionally, more animals with a diagnosis of an oversized uterus in comparison to cows with an early involution experienced a considerable reduction in their nutritional condition.

An unusual presentation of actinomycosis in a young woman, after surgery

Actinomycosis is an unusual, chronic granulomatous disease. Actinomyces israelli has been found to be related to infectious processes in those patients with affected skin integrity leading to abscess formation, fistulae or mass lesions. Actinomycosis mainly presents in three forms cervicofacial (50%), abdominal (20%) and thoracic (15%). Pelvic cases have been rarely reported and are usually associated with the use of intrauterine devices. We describe a case of a 23 y/o female without history of intrauterine device use, who was admitted with an ovarian cyst following an appendectomy. An ovarian abscess was drained. The pathology showed a granuloma and focal sulfur granules like particles compatible with Actinomyces. This is a case of pelvic Actinomyces, not related to the use of an intrauterine device

Clinical manifestations of benign ovarian tumours

To examine the cases of Benign Ovarian Tumours and their clinical manifestations. Prospective study of consecutive cases of Ovarian tumours, identified using gynaecological case records. Tertiary care teaching hospital affiliated with Fatima Jinnah Medical College Lahore, managing more than 1500 gynaecological cases annually. 50 cases of Ovarian tumours managed in Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore between 1st May 2004 to 1st May 2005. The most common presenting complaints were abdominal pain or discomfort and palpable tumour causing abdominal distension. Abdominal pain was present in 70% of benign ovarian tumours. 20% of the patients had pain due to torsion of ovarian cyst. The complaint of a palpable tumour was found in 4 7% of cases. Vague abdominal and bowel complaints were present in 2 2.5% of cases. 6[15%] patients were asymptomatic. Of these 2 were diagnosed by ultrasound and 3 at the time of emergency Cesarean section and one on routine pelvic examination. Menstrual irregularity and urinary complaints were present in a small number of patients. None of the patient complaint of weight loss or post menopausal bleeding. Benign Ovarian Tumours are most common cause of ovarian enlargement and a very common cause of hospital admission. Symptoms and signs are non specific and presentation is a late stage

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with benign ovarian cyst: a case report and review of literature.

A 28-years-old female presented with severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), warm antibody mediated, and right side tubo-ovarian (TO) mass. There was sub-optimal response to immunosuppressive therapy (IST). Eight months later she underwent ovarian cystectomy which resulted in complete remission of AIHA without the need for IST. Pathological examination of the TO mass revealed benign ovarian cyst. Our case highlights the need to search for ovarian cyst/mass in females presenting with AIHA. Since immunosuppressive therapy is usually ineffectual in AIHA associated with ovarian cyst, it may be appropriate to contemplate surgery before embarking on IST in such cases.

Torsion of para-ovarian cyst: a cause of acute abdomen.

Torsion of uterine adnexa is an important cause of acute abdominal pain. Torsion of ovarian masses is quite common and isolated torsion of fallopian tube has also been reported in literature. However, torsion of para ovarian cyst is a very rare. We report a rare case of twisted para ovarian cyst resulting in secondary torsion of the fallopian tube. Torsion of fallopian tube and para ovarian cyst are usually seen in the reproductive age group. Physicians need to maintain a high index of suspicion for this uncommon and often difficult to diagnose cause of abdominal pain.

Patología tumoral de ovario en edad pediátrica: experiencia del Hospital de Niños "Superiora Sor María Ludovica" / Pediatric ovarian tumors

Se evalúan 44 pacientes ingresadas en el período comprendido entre 1984-2001 con patología ovárica. El 79,5 por ciento (n=35) correspondieron a tumores y el 20,5 por ciento (n=9) a lesiones quísticas. Dentro del primer grupo 31/35 correspondieron a tumores germinales y 16/31 fueron teratomas maduros. Luego de evaluación clínica, imaginológica y de marcadores tumorales en aquellos con marcadores positivos y contenido mixto o sólido se realizó Punción Aspiración con Aguja Fina (PAAF) para corroborar diagnóstico. La conducta inicial fue la cirugía en 32/34 tumores y en 9/9 lesiones quísticas no tumorales. El 67 por ciento de las últimas ingresó con cuadro abdominal agudo por lo que recibió cirugía de urgencia. De obtenerse el diagnóstico sin cuadro de abdomen agudo y con marcadores tumorales negativos se utilizó la vía laparoscópica en 3 pacientes (2 quistes simples y 1 teratoma maduro). De las 15 pacientes con tumores germinales malignos 11 recibieron quimioterapia de acuerdo a protocolos SIOP (consecutivos por el tiempo de estudio) y 2 recibieron radioterapia luego de haberse diagnosticado disgerminoma. Sólo 2 pacientes, por considerarse los tumores irresecables al ingreso, recibieron quimioterapia preoperatoria. La sobrevida global fue del 94.5 por ciento (33/35) y la sobrevida libre de reactivaciones del 90 por ciento (31/35). Las dos pacientes fallecidas correspondieron al período inicial del estudio (1984-5) ingresando con diagnóstico tardío. Cinco pacientes (34 por ciento) de las portadoras de tumores malignos y que recibieron quimioterapia se han casado y tres de ellas tienen actualmente 5 hijos sanos que se controlan en nuestro Hospital

Infected ovarian cyst in a homozygous beta-thalassemic patient.

An infected ovarian cyst in a thalassemic patient is rarely reported. We describe the case of a 22-year old woman with splenectomized homozygous beta-thalassemia who developed high fever and was diagnosed as having an infected ovarian cyst. The mechanisms which beta-thalassemia might predispose to infection and considered to be immunocompromized are discussed. She was given an intravenous antibiotic regimen and the infected ovarian cyst was removed. The difficulties in the diagnosis of an infected ovarian cyst is because of its rarity and the paucity of information on it in the literature. Therefore, the triad of ovarian cyst, immunocompromized host, and signs of infection with failure to identify any other source of infection should raise the suspicion of an infected ovarian cyst.

"Utilidad diagnóstica y terapéutica de la cirugía laparoscópica en el abdomen agudo de origen ginecológico" / Diagnostic and therapeutic usefulness of laparoscopic surgery in the gynecological emergencies

El objetivo fue determinar la utilidad de la laparoscopia en el tratamiento del abdomen agudo que se presenta de primera intención al ginecólogo. Se analizaron los casos de 78 pacientes que fueron atendidas en el servicio de Urgencias del Hospital ABC por dolor abdominal y sintomatología relacionada con el aparato reproductivo. La edad de las pacientes fue de 27.7 ñ 6.3 años. Los diagnóstico preoperatorios más frecuentes fueron embarazo ectópico y quiste de ovario, el resto de las pacientes se operó para determinar la etiología de dolor abdominal. El antecedente de embarazo ectópico fue factor determinante de riesgo para el desarrollo ulterior del problema (X2, p<0.05), otros factores condicionantes fueron los antecedentes de esterilidad y enfermedad imflamatoria pélvica. Se encontró patología intraabdominal en 97.4 por ciento de los casos; de estas pacientes 98.6 por ciento presentaba patología ginecoobstétrica. El valor predictivo positivo del diagnóstico preoperatorio fue de 83.3 por ciento y 91.3 en los casos de embarazo ectópico y quiste de ovario, respectivamente. En 25.6 por ciento de los casos la laparoscopia se transformó en cirugía abierta, siendo el hemoperitoneo masivo secundario a embarazo ectópico roto la situación que determinó más frecuentemente esta conducta. Se concluye que la laparoscopia es de utilidad en la mayoría de los casos de abdomen agudo de origen ginecológico. La detección temprana de la patología intraabdominal, especialmente del embarazpo ectópico contribuirá a disminuir la frecuencia de conversión de la cirugía endoscópica en procedimientos abiertos convencionales