Fotobiomodulação sistêmica transdérmica: uma revisão de literatura / Transdermal systemic photobiomodulation: a literature review

A fotobiomodulação sistêmica (FBM-S) consiste em uma técnica que utiliza o laser de baixa intensidade no espectro vermelho da luz para irradiação sistêmica. Seus benefícios incluem efeito analgésico, antioxidante sistêmico e anti-inflamatório, ativação de células imunológicas, melhora na cicatrização, vasodilatação e aumento da microcirculação. A técnica original, que utiliza cateter e fibra óptica para irradiação sistêmica, é uma técnica invasiva, por isso a fotobiomodulação sistêmica transdérmica foi desenvolvida como uma alternativa. Assim, o objetivo dessa revisão de literatura é discutir os efeitos, aplicações, protocolos e efeitos colaterais desta terapia modificada. Para tanto, foi realizada uma busca na literatura nas bases de dados Pubmed, Bireme, Embase, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science e CENTRAL, sem restrição de idioma no período entre 2010 e 2021. Encontraram-se seis estudos sendo um na área da Odontologia. Os resultados desses estudos sugerem que a FBS-S pode ser utilizada para o tratamento de condições sistêmicas. Em Odontologia, no entanto, a literatura ainda é escassa e mais estudos clínicos randomizados controlados são necessários para comprovar seus efeitos e estabelecer um protocolo clínico para sua utilização.

Systemic photobiomodulation (PBM-S) is a technique that uses low-level laser in the red spectrum of light for systemic irradiation. Its benefits include analgesic, systemic antioxi-dant, and anti-inflammatory effect, activation of immune cells, improved healing, vasodilation, and increased microcirculation. The original technique, which uses catheter and optical fibers for systemic irradiation is an invasive technique. Thus, the transdermal systemic photobiomodulation was developed as an alternative. The purpose of this literature review is to discuss the effects, applications, protocols, and side effects of this modified therapy. A literature search was carried out on Pubmed, Bireme, Embase, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, and CENTRAL databases, with no language restriction in the period be-tween 2010 and 2021. Six studies were found, one in the area of Dentistry. The results of these studies suggest that PBM-S can be used for the treatment of systemic conditions. In Dentistry, however, the literature is still scarce and more randomized controlled clinical trials are needed to prove its effects and establish a protocol for its use.

Assessment of surface temperatures of buffalo bulls (Bubalus bubalis) raised under tropical conditions using infrared thermography / Avaliação de temperaturas superficiais de touros bubalinos (Bubalus bubalis) criados em ambiente tropical com uso da termografia infravermelha

This paper aimed to evaluate the surface temperatures of buffalo bulls using infrared thermography, considering four distinct anatomical parts over time, and to correlate surface temperatures and thermal comfort indexes. The humid tropical climate (Kõppen's Afi) was predominant in the research station where the experiment was performed and the trial lasted from April to August. Ten bulls (n=10) were evaluated every 25 days (morning: 6:00-9:00; afternoon: 12:00-15:00) and the parameters assessed were respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), and the thermograms of surface temperature for orbital area (ORB), right flank (RF), left flank (LF) and scrotum (SCR). Climatological data was continuously monitored and the Temperature and Humidity Index (THI) and the Index of Comfort of Benezra (ICB) were calculated. The average values of THI were ≥78, and significant differences between shifts were observed (P<0.05). The ICB ranged from 1.96 to 2.25 and significant differences were observed for shifts and throughout the months (P<0.05). The averages of surface temperatures were RT=38.2±0.5°C, ORB=36.1±0.8°C, LF=33.5±2.5°C, RF=35.4±1.7ºC and SCR=33.3±1.1°C, which exhibited significant differences for shifts and throughout the months (P<0.05). Positive correlations were obtained between THI and ORB (0.72), RF (0.77), LF (0.75) and SCR (0.41) (P<0.0001). The maximum temperature of ORB showed the highest correlation with RT (0.58, P<0.0001). Therefore, the surface temperatures are subject to climatic variations and increase throughout the day, due to the variation in thermal comfort indexes, and the maximum ORB temperature was the parameter most related to rectal temperature. Lastly, the results indicate that IRT may be a useful non-invasive and accurate tool to detect the variations in ORB, LF, RF and SCR temperature in buffalo bulls.

O presente trabalho visou avaliar as temperaturas superficiais de diferentes regiões anatômicas de búfalos ao longo do tempo, por meio da termografia infravermelha, e correlacioná-las a índices bioclimatológicos de conforto térmico. O ensaio foi realizado em região de clima tropical úmido (Afi de Kõppen), de abril a agosto. Dez touros (n=10) foram avaliados a cada 25 dias (manhã: seis-nove horas; tarde: 12-15h), quanto à frequência respiratória (FR), temperatura retal (TR) e imagens termográficas da órbita ocular (ORB), flanco direito (FLd), flanco esquerdo (FLe) e escroto (ESC). Os dados climatológicos foram ininterruptamente monitorados, e calculados o índice de temperatura e umidade (ITU) e o índice de conforto de Benezra (ICB). O ITU foi ≥78, com diferença entre turnos (P<0,05). Já o ICB variou de 1,96 a 2,25 e apresentou diferenças ao longo dos meses e entre turnos (P<0,05). As temperaturas observadas foram de TR=38,2±0,5ºC, ORB=36,1±0,8ºC, FLd=33,5±2,5ºC, FLe=35,4±1,7ºC e ESC=33,3±1,1ºC, as quais variaram significativamente ao longo dos meses e entre turnos (P<0,05). O ITU apresentou correlações positivas com ORB (0,72), FLd (0,77), FLe (0,75) e ESC (0,41) (P<0,0001). A temperatura máxima de ORB apresentou a maior correlação com a TR (0,58; P<0,0001). Portanto, as temperaturas superficiais dos animais sofrem interferências das variações climáticas e se elevam ao longo do dia, devido à variação nos índices de conforto térmico; a temperatura máxima de ORB foi o parâmetro mais condicionado à temperatura retal. Também, as oscilações de temperatura de superfície de ORB, FLd, FLe e ESC podem ser aferidas em bubalinos com o uso da termografia infravermelha, de modo preciso e não invasivo.

Nucleotide excision repair pathway assessment in DNA exposed to low-intensity red and infrared lasers

Low-intensity lasers are used for prevention and management of oral mucositis induced by anticancer therapy, but the effectiveness of treatment depends on the genetic characteristics of affected cells. This study evaluated the survival and induction of filamentation of Escherichia coli cells deficient in the nucleotide excision repair pathway, and the action of T4endonuclease V on plasmid DNA exposed to low-intensity red and near-infrared laser light. Cultures of wild-type (strain AB1157) E. coli and strain AB1886 (deficient in uvrA protein) were exposed to red (660 nm) and infrared (808 nm) lasers at various fluences, powers and emission modes to study bacterial survival and filamentation. Also, plasmid DNA was exposed to laser light to study DNA lesions produced in vitro by T4endonuclease V. Low-intensity lasers:i) had no effect on survival of wild-type E. coli but decreased the survival of uvrA protein-deficient cells,ii) induced bacterial filamentation, iii) did not alter the electrophoretic profile of plasmids in agarose gels, andiv) did not alter the electrophoretic profile of plasmids incubated with T4 endonuclease V. These results increase our understanding of the effects of laser light on cells with various genetic characteristics, such as xeroderma pigmentosum cells deficient in nucleotide excision pathway activity in patients with mucositis treated by low-intensity lasers.

Low-intensity red and infrared laser effects at high fluences on Escherichia coli cultures

Semiconductor laser devices are readily available and practical radiation sources providing wavelength tenability and high monochromaticity. Low-intensity red and near-infrared lasers are considered safe for use in clinical applications. However, adverse effects can occur via free radical generation, and the biological effects of these lasers from unusually high fluences or high doses have not yet been evaluated. Here, we evaluated the survival, filamentation induction and morphology of Escherichia coli cells deficient in repair of oxidative DNA lesions when exposed to low-intensity red and infrared lasers at unusually high fluences. Cultures of wild-type (AB1157), endonuclease III-deficient (JW1625-1), and endonuclease IV-deficient (JW2146-1) E. coli, in exponential and stationary growth phases, were exposed to red and infrared lasers (0, 250, 500, and 1000 J/cm2) to evaluate their survival rates, filamentation phenotype induction and cell morphologies. The results showed that low-intensity red and infrared lasers at high fluences are lethal, induce a filamentation phenotype, and alter the morphology of the E. coli cells. Low-intensity red and infrared lasers have potential to induce adverse effects on cells, whether used at unusually high fluences, or at high doses. Hence, there is a need to reinforce the importance of accurate dosimetry in therapeutic protocols.

Rubber band ligation and infrared photocoagulation for the outpatient treatment of hemorrhoidal disease

PURPOSE: To compare the results of rubber band ligation and infrared photocoagulation for the treatment of hemorrhoidal disease through the analysis of the incidence of complications after each treatment and respective success rate. METHODS: Forty-eight patients with first, second or third degree hemorrhoidal disease were randomized to recieve treatment with either rubber band ligation (n=23) or infrared photocoagulation (n=25). Each patient was assessed at 1 week and 4 week intervals after treatment. We compared the incidence of complications and efficiency of each treatment modality and Qui-square, Fisher's Exact Test and Student's t Test were used to statistical analysis. RESULTS: Bleeding occured in eigth (34,7 percent) patients treated with rubber band ligation and in four (16,0 percent) after infrared photocoagulation (p=0,243). Thirteen (52,0 percent) patients felt pain during infrared photocoagulation and 9 (39,1 percent) after rubber band ligation (p=0,546). After rubber band ligation, 14 (60,8 percent) required medication for pain relief. One patient (4,0 percent) required medication after infrared photocoagulation (p<0,001). Three (13,0 percent) patients treated with rubber band ligator and 1 (4,0 percent) treated with infrared photocoagulation had symptomatic mucosal ulcers. Perianal dermatitis occured in two (8,0 percent) patients treated with infrared photocoagulation and one patient (4,3 percent) was observed to have prolapsed thrombosed piles after rubber band ligation. One month after treatment, 17 of 23 patients treated with rubber band ligation (73,9 percent) and 18 of 25 patients treated with infrared photocoagulation were asymptomatic. Rubber band ligation treated bleeding and prolapse in 90,0 percent and 82,4 percent respectively. Infrared photocoagulation treates bleeding and prolapse in 93,7 percent and 87,5 percent respectively. Those differences are not significant. CONCLUSION: Rubber band ligation causes significantly...

OBJETIVO: Comparar os resultados da ligadura elástica com os da fotocoagulação com radiação infravermelha no tratamento da doença hemorroidária através da análise de suas respectivas morbidades e eficácia. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado ensaio clínico casualisado com 48 pacientes portadores de doença hemorroidária graus I, II e III. Após randomização, os pacientes foram submetidos à ligadura elástica (n=23) ou fotocoagulação com radiação infravermelha (n=25). Os pacientes compareceram para consulta ambulatorial 1 semana e 4 semanas após o procedimento. A avaliação foi feita através da análise da incidência de morbidades após cada procedimento e eficácia, com quatro semanas de acompanhamento. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas através do teste do Qui-quadrado, Teste Exato de Fisher e Teste t de Student. RESULTADOS: Dos pacientes submetidos à ligadura elástica, 34,7 por cento (8/23) apresentou sangramento após o procedimento. Após fotocoagulação, 16,0 por cento (4/25) tiveram sangramento (p=0,243). A incidência de pacientes com dor no momento da aplicação do procedimento foi de 52,0 por cento (13/25) após fotocoagulação com radiação infravermelha e 39,1 por cento (9/23) após ligadura elástica (p=0,546). No entanto, ligadura elástica foi mais dolorosa após 48 horas do procedimento (p=0,044). Após ligadura elástica, 60,8 por cento (14/23) dos pacientes necessitaram de analgésicos contra 4,0 por cento (1/25) após fotocoagulação com radiação infravermelha (p<0,001). Um paciente submetido à ligadura elástica (4,3 por cento) evoluiu com trombose dos mamilos ligados. Três pacientes submetidos à ligadura elástica (13,0 por cento) e 1 (4,0 por cento) submetido à fotocoagulação com radiação infravermelha apresentaram úlceras sintomáticas após a aplicação dos tratamentos. Dois pacientes (8,0 por cento) submetidos à fotocoagulação com radiação infravermelha tiveram dermatite perianal. Em relação aos resultados terapêuticos 73,9 por cento dos pacientes...

Solar radiation: cutaneous hazards and their prevention

The solar radiation consists of three types of radiation, visible, infrared and ultraviolet radiation [UVR]. There is daily and seasonal variation in the prevalence of ultraviolet radiation. The depth of penetration of solar radiation is directly proportional to its wavelength. Its effects on the skin are UV-induced erythema, UV-induced pigmentation and cellular responses, which include damage to DNA, epidermal hyperplasia and thickening of stratum corneum and cutaneous immunosuppression responsible for various cutaneous cancers in humans. It can also lead to various photo-induced and photo-aggravated dermatoses. Avoiding mid day exposure [between 11-3] to sunlight, use of appropriate clothing including hats, and regular use of sunscreen having SPF of 30 or more, covering both UVA and UVB, may be helpful in preventing hazards of solar radiation

Protección visual-facial / Eye and face protection

Entre los elementos de protección personal tienen mucha importancia aquellos que protegen los ojos, dado que los accidentes en los mismos significan la pérdida total o parcial de la visión y numerosos días laborales perdidos

Fotoprotección / Photoprotection

A nivel de la superficie terrestre las radiaciones emitidas por el sol están representadas por los rayos infrarrojos (56%); la luz visible (39%) y las radiaciones ultravioletas de onda larga (UVA), de onda corta (UVB) y UVC. La disminución de la capa de ozono, en el curso de los últimos años, incrementaría el riesgo de cáncer de la piel (basocelular, espinocelular y melanoma maligno) así como de envejecimiento cutáneo. Lo anterior explica la importancia de la fotoprotección y el auge de los filtros solares físicos y muy especialmente de los químicos, cuyas ventajas y limitaciones se exponen y discuten en este artículo.

Fotocoagulación con rayos infrarrojos para el tratamiento de las hemorroides: estudio preliminar de 30 pacientes / Infrared photocoagulation to the treatment of hemorrhoids: prelimminary study of 30 patients

La fotocoagulación con rayos infrarrojos es una variante en el tratamiento de la enfermedad hemorroidal. Se describe nuestra experiencia con 30 pacientes portadores de hemorroides internas sangrantes grado I y II; en quienes se practicá un total de 90 aplicaciones de luz infrarroja, por consulta ambulatoria y sin preparación especial pre, trans ni postoperatoria. En todos se controló satisfactoriamente la enfermedad. Tres (10%) presentaron complicaciones menores, que cedieron espontáneamente o con analgesia común. Consideramos el medio estudiado, como altamente efectivo en el tratamiento de la enfermedad hemorroidal