Expression of e-cadherin, n-cadherin and snail and their correlation with clinicopathological variants: an immunohistochemical study of 132 invasive ductal breast carcinomas in Egypt

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the expression of the cell adhesion molecules E-cadherin and N-cadherin and the transcription factor Snail in invasive ductal breast carcinomas and to determine their relationships with clinicopathological features. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was used to examine E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and Snail protein expression in 132 invasive breast carcinomas. RESULTS: The expression of E-cadherin was decreased (negative or weak) in 37.1 percent of invasive carcinomas, while N-cadherin and Snail overexpression were detected in 51.9 percent and 40.9 percent of carcinomas, respectively. Low E-cadherin expression was significantly correlated with poorly differentiated carcinoma (53.1 percent), positive node status (80.9 percent), poor Nottingham Prognostic Index (64.7 percent), and the presence of estrogen and progesterone receptors. Overexpression of N-cadherin and Snail were also significantly correlated with poorly differentiated carcinoma, positive node status, and poor Nottingham Prognostic Index but were correlated with the absence of hormone receptors. Loss of E-cadherin immunoexpression was strongly associated with the presence of membranous N-cadherin (87.8 percent) and nuclear Snail (69.4 percent). CONCLUSION: Loss of E-cadherin and overexpression of N-cadherin and Snail in breast carcinomas may play a central role in the development of invasive ductal breast carcinoma. These biomarkers may provide a valuable reference for the study of invasive ductal carcinoma progression and to characterize the biological behavior of the tumor. In the future, increased N-cadherin and decreased E-cadherin expression may be used as indicators of the progression and prognosis of invasive ductal carcinoma.

Estrogen modulates transactivations of SXR-mediated liver X receptor response element and CAR-mediated phenobarbital response element in HepG2 cells

The nuclear receptors, steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) play important functions in mediating lipid and drug metabolism in the liver. The present study demonstrates modulatory actions of estrogen in transactivations of SXR-mediated liver X receptor response element (LXRE) and CAR-mediated phenobarbital response element (PBRU). When human estrogen receptor (hERalpha) and SXR were exogenously expressed, treatment with either rifampicin or corticosterone promoted significantly the SXR-mediated transactivation of LXRE reporter gene in HepG2. However, combined treatment with estrogen plus either rifampicin or corticosterone resulted in less than 50% of the mean values of the transactivation by rifampicin or corticosterone alone. Thus, it is suggested that estrogen may repress the SXR-mediated transactivation of LXRE via functional cross-talk between ER and SXR. The CAR-mediated transactivation of PBRU was stimulated by hERalpha in the absence of estrogen. However, the potentiation by CAR agonist, TCPOBOP, was significantly repressed by moxestrol in the presence of ER. Thus, ER may play both stimulatory and inhibitory roles in modulating CAR-mediated transactivation of PBRU depending on the presence of their ligands. In summary, this study demonstrates that estrogen modulates transcriptional activity of SXR and CAR in mediating transactivation of LXRE and PBRU, respectively, of the nuclear receptor target genes through functional cross-talk between ER and the corresponding nuclear receptors.

Role of PXR and CAR in Cholestasis / 대한간학회지

Cholestatic liver diseases are characterized by impairments of bile flows and accumulations of biliary constituents such as bile acids and bilirubin. The changes of phase I and II metabolism and the hepatobiliary transport system minimize cholestatic liver injury. These adaptive responses are transcriptionally regulated by several nuclear receptors. Recent studies have revealed that the pregnane X receptor (PXR) and the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) are key nuclear receptors for regulating many of the adaptive responses noted in cholestasis. PXR and CAR coordinately regulate not only bile acid metabolism and transport, but also bilirubin clearance. PXR and CAR ligands may be useful in the future for the treatment of cholestatic liver disease.

Breast cancer: steroid receptors and other prognostic indicators

To correlate hormone receptor status in breast cancer with patient's age, tumor size, type, grade and lymph node metastasis. A descriptive study. Department of Histopathology, Liaquat National Postgraduate Medical Center, Karachi, from January 2002 to March 2003. One hundred and fifty patients of breast cancer were studied. Estrogen and progesterone receptor status was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. This was correlated with patients' age, tumor size, type, grade and lymph node status. Out of 150 cases, 55% of cases were estrogen receptor [ER] negative progesterone receptor [PR] negative. Older women tended to have more steroid receptor reactivity as compared with younger ones. ER positivity decreased with increasing tumor size and grade, however, no significant correlation was seen with lymph node metastasis. Majority of the tumors showing ERPR positivity were infiltrating ductal carcinoma-not otherwise specified type. This study reports a significantly higher incidence of ER negative PR negative phenotype in breast cancer patients. This observation is different as compared with that in western literature where ER positive PR positive phenotype is greater than the negative phenotype suggesting that breast cancer in our patients may have different disease pattern and biology

Receptores a estrógenos y progesterona / Estrogen and progesterone receptors

La estrogenoterapia está en aumento y ello obliga a un adecuado conocimiento del mecanismo de acción de los esteroides, siendo al momento conocidos su transporte y metabolismo. Por ello discutiremos los aspectos moleculares de la acción de los estrógenos a nivel de los receptores nucleares, precisando la estructura y funcionamiento de los mismos. Se revisa los factores de transcripción, describiendo sus dominios de unión al DNA y de activación. Se hace precisiones de la transcripción, el papel de la polimerasa II y los factores generales de transcripción, que forman el complejo de iniciación de transcripción. Se culmina exponiendo cómo es la regulación de la concentración del receptor a través del mecanismo de relleno y puntualizando algunas implicancias clínicas. La estrogenoterapia está en aumento y es conveniente que su uso sea consecuencia de un adecuado conocimiento del mecanismo de acción del estrógeno en su célula blanco; este conocimiento biomolecular permite comprender la respuesta individual o grupal a esa terapia. Los receptores hormonales a estrógenos y progesterona han sido encontrados y estudiados en todo el organismo y son parte de la regulación del medio interno; su comprensión explica la fisiología de hormonas esteroides.

Receptores esteróides no endométrio / Steroid receptors in the endometrium

Os autores fazem uma revisäo sobre o mecanismo de açäo, regulaçäo e concentraçäo dos receptores para estrogênio e progesterona no tecido endometrial humano.

Factores de crecimiento y dependencia hormonal en el cáncer de mama / Growth factor and hormone dependence in the breast cancer

Se efectuó la determinación de receptores a factor de crecimiento epidérmico (RFCE) y receptores esteroides (RE y RPg) en 33 muestras de tumores mamarios humanos. En 10 de ellos se realizó también una prueba funcional para RE: desplazamiento por Tamoxifen (Tam) y por Estradiol (E2) de la unión específica RE-3HE2. Pra RCFE se obtuvo un rango de valores de 0 a 220 fm/mg con un 52% de RFCE+. Se estableció como valor límite de separación entre RFCE+ y RFCE-, 20 fm/mg. Los valores para RE oscilaron entre 0 y 500 fm/mg con un 67% de tumores RE+. El 47% de los tumores fueron RPg+, con valores entre 0 y 760 fm/mg. La relación entre RFCE con RE y RPg evidenció una correlación negativa con RPg (p<0.01); el 76% de los tumores RFCE+ fueron RPg- (13 de 17). El 50% de los tumores RFCE+ (10 de 17) fueron RE+, lo que muestra una tendencia a la correlación negativa, que no llega a tener significancia estadística. En cuanto al Indice de Desplazamiento (ID), que es una medida de la afinidad relativa del E2 y del Tam por el RE, los tumores ensayados que fueron RFCE+, dieron resultados bajos (ID<0.1), lo que indica que son tumores RE+ poco desplazables por Tam. Ambos factores (RFCE e ID) fueron indicadores de mal pronóstico, a pesar de ser tumores RE+. Tres de ellos fueron RPg+. La evolución de estos pacientes y un mayor número de casos, permitirá establecer cuáles de estos parámetros se corresponden mejor a la enfermedad. Se destaca la importancia del dosaje de RFCE y de otros factores de crecimiento, para una mejor comprensión de la tumorogénesis mamaria. En tal sentido, el RFCE es un elemento más a considerar, tanto en el pronóstico, como el tratamiento de las neoplasias mamarias

Receptores endometriais / Endometrial receptors

Is this work we analised importance of the estrogen and progesterone receptors in the human endometrium, showing their probable intra-cellular mechanism of action, anatomic distribution intra-uterine, numeric variationduring the menstrual cycle and correlation between hormonal and receptors levels. We belive the endomentrial receptors have great clinical importance, and must be studied carefully in order to help us to understand the woman physiology better

Steroid receptors in mammary glands and tumors of hysterectomised rats.

Epidemiological survey suggests that longer exposure of the breast to sex steroids may be one of the factors involved in increased risk for cancer. Using an experimental model of bilaterally hysterectomised rats, the sex steroid receptors in the mammary glands during growth as well as incidence and hormonal characteristics of chemically induced mammary tumors have been studied. Though steroid receptors were detectable in the mammary glands of the model earlier than in intact rats, the incidence or hormone dependency of the mammary tumors in the two groups were not considerably altered.

Steroid receptors in meningiomas

Dados epidemiológicos sugerem uma associaçäo entre meningiomas e hormônios sexuais. Há preponderância da incidência da incidência destes tumores em mulheres, sendo diagnosticados mais frequentemente entre 35 e 55 anos. Progressäo tumoral pode ocorrer durante a gravidez e a associaçäo entre meningiomas e câncer de mama é estatisticamente significativa. O efeito benéfico positivo dos glicocorticóides no tratamento clínico de tumores intracranianos está bem documentado, embora este efeito seja relacionado com o edema cerebral e näo com proliferaçäo tumoral. A presença de receptores intracelulares específicos parece ser condiçäo necessaria embora näo suficiente para a expressäo dos efeitos celulares destes esteróides. O objetivo do nosso trabalho foi a determinaçäo de receptores de estrógeno (ER), progesterona (PR), andrógeno (AR) e glicocorticóide (GR) em 10 meningiomas através da metodologia do carväo-dextrana. Neste estudo verificamos que somente 20% dos meningiomas contém receptores de estrógeno e as concentraçöes determinadas säo baixas. Receptores de progesterona estäo presentes em 90% dos tumores, em alta concentraçäo (média + ou - dp = 60 + ou - 38 fMol/mg prot). Cerca de 70% dos meningiomas contém níveis intermediários de AR e GR. Testes de competiçäo demonstram que todos os receptores säo específicos. Incidência e concentraçäo de todos os receptores säo maiores em pacientes do sexo feminino. A ocorrência de receptores de progesterona, andrógeno e glicocorticóide pode indicar a possível utilidade de manipulaçäo endócrinas em meningiomas näo operáveis