Síndrome coronariana aguda em indivíduos com revascularização cirúrgicaou percutânea prévia / Acute coronary syndrome in individuals with previous surgical or percutaneous revascularization

Aproximadamente 30% dos pacientes que se apresentam com quadro de síndrome coronariana aguda têm revascularização prévia do miocárdio. Os eventos coronarianos subsequentes à revascularização do miocárdio podem ocorrer por progressão da doença aterosclerótica no leito coronário nativo, evento relacionado ao stent (reestenose, trombose ou neoaterosclerose) ou evento relacionado à cirurgia de revascularização domiocárdio (degeneração ou oclusão de enxertos cirúrgicos). Esses pacientes que necessitamde um novo procedimento de revascularização têm perfil de alto risco, geralmente associado a doença renal crônica, diabetes mellitus, doença arterial periférica, além deelevada carga aterosclerótica no leito coronariano nativo, degeneração de enxertos de veia safena e reestenose de stents. Este cenário faz com que o segundo procedimento de revascularização tenha maior risco e maior complexidade. Neste artigo discutiremos as características clínicas e as possibilidades terapêuticas de pacientes com SCA e revascularização percutânea ou cirúrgica prévias.

Around 30% of patients who present acute coronary syndrome have undergone previous myocardial revascularization. Coronary events following myocardial revascularization can occur due to progression of atherosclerotic disease in the native coronary bed, an event related to the stent (restenosis, thrombosis or neoatherosclerosis) or to the myocardial revascularization surgery (degeneration or occlusion of surgical grafts). These patients who need a new revascularization procedure have a high-risk profile, generally associated with chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, and peripheral arterial disease, as well as a high atherosclerotic burden in the native coronary bed, degeneration of grafts of the saphenous vein, and restenosis of stents. This scenario confers a higher risk and greater complexity on the second revascularization procedure. In this article, we discuss the clinical characteristics and therapeutic possibilities of patients with ACS and previous percutaneous or surgical revascularization.

Valor de la tomografía de coherencia óptica en el tratamiento guiado de la falla del stent: Presentación de un caso / Value of the optical coherence tomography in the treatment guided of the stent failure: Case report

Desde la llegada de los stents convencionales y farmacoactivos han disminuido considerablemente los eventos de revascularización quirúrgica, sin embargo la trombosis y reestenosis son 2 factores que, aunque han disminuido, permanecen como complicaciones importantes. Existen varios factores que predisponen a la trombosis y a la reestenosis intrastent. La angiografía convencional tiene serias limitaciones para determinar las causas de la falla del stent. La tomografía de coherencia óptica es una técnica sumamente sensible para determinar las causas de trombosis y reestenosis del stent.

Since the advent of bare metal and drug-eluting stents, the surgical revascularization have declined considerably, however the thrombosis and in-stent restenosis are important complications of these devices. There are several factors that predispose to thrombosis and in-stent restenosis. Conventional angiography has serious limitations to determine the causes of stent failure. Optical coherence tomography is a very sensitive technique to determine the cause of thrombosis and in-stent restenosis.

Identification of Vulnerable Plaque in a Stented Coronary Segment 17 Years after Implantation Using Optical Coherence Tomography

A patient presented with exertional chest pain two months prior to admission. Coronary angiography revealed a subocclusive stenosis within the boundaries of the stent. Optical coherence tomography showed remarkable intimal growth inside the stent, which demonstrated a heterogeneous appearance including low-intensity areas. These findings were congruent with the morphology of fibroatheroma in the native coronary artery and suggested that new atherosclerotic progression of the intima within the stent had occurred over 17 years following bare metal stent implantation. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the most delayed instances of a bare metal stent restenosis described in the medical literature.

Clinical Characteristics of Coronary Drug-Eluting Stent Fracture: Insights from a Two-Center DES Registry

Stent fracture (SF) has been implicated as a risk factor for in-stent restenosis, but its incidence and clinical characteristics are not well established. Therefore we investigated the conditions associated with stent fracture and its clinical presentation and outcome. Between 2004 and 2007, consecutive cases of SF were collected from the Seoul National University Hospital. Clinical characteristics and outcome of patients with fractured stents were compared with a ten-fold cohort of age and gender matched controls (n = 236). A total of 4,845 patients received percutaneous coronary intervention and 3,315 patients (68.4%) underwent angiographic follow-up. Twenty-eight fractured stents were observed in 24 patients. The incidence of SF was 0.89% for sirolimus-eluting stents (SES) and 0.09% for paclitaxel-eluting stents. Chronic kidney disease, stent implantation in the right coronary artery (RCA), and SES use were independent predictors of drug-eluting stent fracture by multivariate analysis. SF was significantly associated with binary restenosis (11.4% vs 41.7%, P < 0.001) and increased risk of target lesion revascularization (8.1% vs 33.3%, P = 0.001). Patients with SF but without significant restenosis showed excellent outcome despite only medical treatment. In conclusion, SF is associated with increased rates of restenosis and repeat revascularization. Significant risk factors include chronic kidney disease, RCA intervention, and SES use.

Clinical Characteristics of Coronary Drug-Eluting Stent Fracture: Insights from a Two-Center DES Registry

Stent fracture (SF) has been implicated as a risk factor for in-stent restenosis, but its incidence and clinical characteristics are not well established. Therefore we investigated the conditions associated with stent fracture and its clinical presentation and outcome. Between 2004 and 2007, consecutive cases of SF were collected from the Seoul National University Hospital. Clinical characteristics and outcome of patients with fractured stents were compared with a ten-fold cohort of age and gender matched controls (n = 236). A total of 4,845 patients received percutaneous coronary intervention and 3,315 patients (68.4%) underwent angiographic follow-up. Twenty-eight fractured stents were observed in 24 patients. The incidence of SF was 0.89% for sirolimus-eluting stents (SES) and 0.09% for paclitaxel-eluting stents. Chronic kidney disease, stent implantation in the right coronary artery (RCA), and SES use were independent predictors of drug-eluting stent fracture by multivariate analysis. SF was significantly associated with binary restenosis (11.4% vs 41.7%, P < 0.001) and increased risk of target lesion revascularization (8.1% vs 33.3%, P = 0.001). Patients with SF but without significant restenosis showed excellent outcome despite only medical treatment. In conclusion, SF is associated with increased rates of restenosis and repeat revascularization. Significant risk factors include chronic kidney disease, RCA intervention, and SES use.

Resultados clínicos de pacientes com reestenose intrastent não tratada com novo procedimento de revascularização / Clinical outcomes of patients with in-stent restenosis not treated with a revascularization procedure

INTRODUÇÃO: A reestenose clínica após o implante de stent coronário costuma ser tratada com revascularização da lesão-alvo (RLA). Nosso objetivo foi relatar o perfil clínico e os desfechos de pacientes com reestenose intrastent (RIS) sintomática que não foram submetidos a nova RLA. Métodos: Identificamos pacientes que presentaram reestenose clínica após colocação de stent coronário entre janeiro de 1997 e dezembro de 2001. As características clínicas e angiográficas e os desfechos clínicos dos pacientes que não passaram por nova revascularização (grupo sem RLA) foram comparados aos de pacientes revasclarizados (grupo com RLA). Todos os pacientes tiveram acompanhamento de pelo menos dois anos após implante do stent para ocorrência de eventos cardíacos adversos maiores (ECAM). Resultados:No período do estudo, 1.221 stents foram implantados em 1.149 pacientes. Observou-se RIS em 135 pacientes (12 por cento) dos quais 104 tiveram acompanhamento clínico e angiográfico completo, 23 no grupo sem RLA e 81 no grupo vom RLA. O período médio de acompanhamento após a colocação de stent coronário foi de 30,8 +- 7,5 meses. Pacientes do grupo sem RLA tiveram porcentual significativamente mais alto de doença...

BACKGROUND: Clinical restenosis after coronary stenting is generally treated by target vessel revascularization (TVR). This study was aimed at reporting the clinical profile and outcomes of patients with symptomatic in-stent restenosis (ISR) who were not submitted to a TVR. METHOD: Patients who presented clinical restenosis after coronary stenting between January 1997 and December 2001 were identified. Clinical and angiographic characteristics and clinical outcomes of patients who did not undergo a new revascularization (no-TVR group) were compared with revascularized patients (TVR group). All of the patients had at least 2 years of follow-up for the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) after stent implantation. RESULTS: In the study period, 1,221 stents were implanted in 1,149 patients. ISR was observed in 135 patients (12%), of which 104 had complete clinical and angiographic follow-up, 23 in the no-TVR group and 81 in the TVR group. The mean follow-up period after coronary stenting was 30.8 ± 7.5 months. Patients in the no-TVR group had a significantly higher percent of one vessel disease (82% vs. 47%; P < 0.01). Patients in the no-TVR group had a long-term MACE rate of 21.7% (5 patients: 2 deaths, 3 myocardial infarctions), whereas those submitted to a new revascularization showed a subsequent MACE rate of 9.8% (8 patients: 1 death, 4 myocardial infarctions, 3 coronary artery bypass graft surgery; P = 0.11). CONCLUSION: Patients with clinical ISR not treated with a TVR more frequently presented one-vessel disease and a trend towards higher incidence of MACE when compared to those treated with a new TVR.

Stents farmacológicos para o tratamento de coronárias de fino calibre: experiência muito tardia (até 7 anos) do Registro DESIRE / Drug eluting stents for the treatment of small vessels: very late experience (Up to 7 years) of the DESIRE Registry

Introdução: Neste estudo, buscamos avaliar os resultados clínicos de pacientes com lesões coronarias em vasos de fino calibre, numa coorte de pacientes do mundo real submetidos a intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP) com stents farmacológicos. Método: Entre maio de 2002 e dezembro de 2009, 1.380 pacientes consecutivos do Registro DESIRE (Drug Eluting Stents in the Real World), com 1.683 lesões em vasos de fino calibre (< ou igual 2,5 mm de diâmetro), foram submetidos a ICP, eletiva ou de urgência, com implante de 1.818 stents farmacológicos (Cypher(tm), 89 por cento; Taxus(tm), 7,5 por cento; Xience V(tm)/Promus(tm), 3 por cento; Endeavor(tm), 0,33 por cento; Biomatrix(tm), 0,2 por cento) e incluídos neste estudo. O seguimento clínico de até 7 anos (mediana 2,8 anos) foi completo em 98 por cento, sendo obtido com 1, 6 e 12 meses e, então, anualmente. Tivemos como objetivo determinar as taxas de eventos cardíacos adversos maiores (ECAM) ao longo do período do acompanhamento clínico. Resultados: A média de idade foi de 64,5 + ou - 11,7 anos, com predomínio de pacientes do sexo masculino (76,7 por cento). Diabetes melito foi encontrado em 31,6 por cento dos casos e 9,8 por cento eram portadores de insuficiência renal crônica. A artéria descendente anterior foi o vaso mais frequentemente tratado (43,4 por cento) e dois terço das lesões eram de alta complexidade (B2/C). Sucesso angiográfico do procedimento foi obtido em 98,8 por cento dos casos. A taxa de ECAM foi de 12,8 por cento durante o seguimento,...

BACKGROUND: In this study, we sought to evaluate the clinical outcomes of patients with coronary lesions in small vessels in a cohort of real world patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with drug-eluting stents (DES). METHODS: Between May 2002 and December 2009, 1,380 consecutive patients from the DESIRE Registry (Drug Eluting Stents In The Real World), with 1,683 lesions in small vessels (< 2.5 mm in diameter) were consecutively submitted to elective or emergency PCI, with 1,818 DES (CypherTM, 89%; TaxusTM, 7.5%; Xience V TM/PromusTM, 3%; Endeavor, 0.33%; BiomatrixTM, 0.2%) and included in this study. The clinical follow-up of up to 7 years (median, 2.8 years) was completed for 98%, and was obtained at 1, 6, 12 months and then annually. Our objective was to determine the rates of major cardiac events (MACE) during clinical follow-up. RESULTS: Mean age was 64.5 ± 11.7 years, with a prevalence of male patients (76.7%). Diabetes mellitus was observed in 31.6% of the cases and 9.8% had chronic renal failure. Left anterior descending artery was the most frequent vessel treated (43.4%) and two-thirds of the lesions were complex lesions (B2/C). Angiographic success was obtained in 98.8% of the cases. The rate of MACE was 12.8% during follow-up with 4.5% of cardiac death, 4.2% of acute myocardial infarction, 4.5% of repeat target lesion revascularization and 1.5% of stent thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS: In the DESIRE Registry, the use of DES to treat small vessels in non-selected patients was associated with excellent early and late outcomes and low thrombosis rates.

Stents farmacológicos: uma década de história, ciência e conhecimento / Drug-eluting stents: ten years of history, science and knowledge

Desde a introdução da intervenção coronária percutânea como alternativa menos invasiva de revascularização em pacientes com doença arterial coronária, a reestenose tem sido o principal fator limitante para sua mais ampla utilização, podendo ocorrer em até 30 por cento dos casos, a depender da complexidade clínica e angiográfica. Em 1999 iniciou-se uma nova era na cardiologia intervencionista, com a introdução dos chamados stents farmacológicos, tecnologia que combina uma plataforma metálica convencional com um polímero carreador de fármaco antiproliferativo. Nestes últimos dez anos centenas de estudos randomizados e registros de mundo real demonstraram a superioridade dessa nova tecnologia em relação aos stents não-farmacológicos, o que resultou na ampliação das indicações da interveção coronária percutânea para territórios antes restritos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica. Nesta revisão são abordados os mais relevantes ensaios clínicos que culminam com a aprovação dos principais stents farmacológicos hoje disponíveis comercialmente.

Effects of Combined Therapy with Ezetimibe Plus Simvastatin After Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation in a Porcine Coronary Restenosis Model

The aim of this study was to examine the anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects of ezetimibe/simvastatin (E/S) after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation in a porcine coronary restenosis model. Pigs were randomized into two groups in which the coronary arteries (23 pigs) had DES. Stents were deployed with oversizing (stent/artery ratio 1.3:1) in porcine coronary arteries. Fifteen pigs were taken 10/20 mg of E/S and eight pigs were not taken E/S. Histopathologic analysis was assessed at 28 days after stenting. In neointima, most inflammatory cells were lymphohistiocytes. Lymphohistiocyte count was not different between two groups (337+/-227 vs. 443+/-366 cells, P=0.292), but neointima area was significantly smaller (1.00+/-0.49 mm2 vs. 1.69+/-0.98 mm2, P=0.021) and percent area stenosis was significantly lower (23.3+/-10% vs. 39+/-19%, P=0.007) in E/S group compared with control group. There were no significant differences in fibrin score (1.99+/-0.79 vs. 1.81+/-0.88, P=0.49), endothelial score (1.75+/-0.66 vs. 1.80+/-0.59, P=0.79), and the percent of endothelium covered lumen (43+/-21% vs. 45+/-21%, P=0.84) between E/S group and control group. Combined therapy with ezetimibe and simvastatin inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, but does not inhibit inflammatory infiltration and arterial healing after DES implantation in a porcine coronary restenosis model.

In-hospital and late clinical outcomes of direct stenting strategy versus stenting after predilatation for the treatment of coronary artery lesions.

BACKGROUND: Direct stenting without balloon dilatation may reduce procedural costs and duration, and hypothetically, the restenosis rate. This study was designed to compare the in-hospital and long-term outcomes of direct stenting (DS) versus stenting after predilatation (PS) in our routine clinical practice. METHODS: One thousand six hundred and three patients treated with stenting for single coronary lesions were enrolled into a prospective registry. Patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) within the preceding 48 hours, highly calcified lesions, total occlusions, or lesion in a saphenous graft were excluded. The baseline, angiographic, and procedural data, in-hospital outcomes and follow-up data were recorded in our database, and analyzed with appropriate statistical methods. RESULTS: Eight hundred and fifty-seven patients (53.5%) were treated with DS, whereas 746 of them (46.5%) underwent PS. In the DS group, lesions were shorter in length, larger in diameter, and had lower pre-procedural diameter stenosis. Type C and diffuse lesions and drug-eluting stents were less frequent (p < 0.001). In univariate analysis, dissection and non-Q-wave MI occurred less frequently in this group (0.2% and 0.6% vs 3.9% and 2.1%, p < 0.001 and p 7 = 0.01, respectively). However, the cumulative major adverse cardiac events (MACE) did not differ significantly (4.9% vs 4.6%, p = 0.79). In multivariate analysis, direct stenting reduced the risk of dissection (OR = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.01-0.33), but, neither the cumulative endpoint of MACE (OR = 1.1, 95% CI = 0.58-2.11, p = 0.7) nor its constructing components were different between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Direct stenting in real world has at least similar long-term outcomes with patients treated with stenting after predilatation and is associated with lower dissection rate.

Accuracy of 64-slice coronary CT angiography in predicting percentage diameter stenosis.

OBJECTIVE: Aim of our study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of 64-slice CT coronary angiogram in measuring the percentage diameter stenosis compared to invasive angiography. METHODS AND RESULTS: 100 consecutive patients with more than 50% stenosis in at least one major coronary artery measured by 64-slice CT angiogram were included in the study. Patients with atrial fibrillation, history of allergy to contrast agent, acute coronary syndrome, renal insufficiency, history of previous coronary bypass surgery or percutaneous transluminal coronary stent, heart rate more than 70 per minute at the time of scan in spite of beta-blocker therapy, and calcium score >2000 Agaston units were not included in the study. 15-segment American Heart Association classification was used, and segments were compared using qualitative angiography. 192 segments (12.80%) could not be assessed due to poor image quality. The major cause for poor image quality was dense calcification precluding the luminal assessment (60.42%). Comparing the maximal percentage diameter stenosis by 64-slice CT versus invasive angiogram, the Spearman correlation coefficient between the two modalities was 0.788 and p value was <0.001. Bland-Altman analysis showed a mean difference in percentage stenosis of 2.1 +/- 16.22%. A total of 91.97% (401 of 436) of segments were within 1.96 standard deviations. CONCLUSION: This study shows that 64-slice CT coronary angiogram is accurate in detecting percentage diameter stenosis compared to coronary angiogram if the image quality is good. Calcifications and motion artifacts are the main culprits of poor image quality.

Stents farmacológios versus não-farmacológicos para o tratamento de pacientes uniarteriais portadores de lesão em artéria descendente anterior: seguimento clínico de dois anos / Drug-Eluting Stents Versus Bare-Metal Stents for the Treatment of Single Left Anterior Descending Artery: Two Year Clinical Follow-Up

Introdução: Pacientes submetidos a intervenção percutânea em hospitais públicos brasileiros não têm acesso aos stents farmacológicos. No início de 2006, participamos de um registro multicêntrico internacional que disponibilizava o uso rotineiro dessas próteses, no cenário do mundo real. Neste artigo, procuramos identificar os perfis clínico, angiográfico e do procedimento de pacientes consecutivamente tratados em períodos subseqüentes de dois meses, de acordo com a disponibilidade desses modelos, visando à identificação de eventuais alterações nesses perfis. Método: Estudo observacional de uma série de 471 pacientes, divididos em dois grupos: A, 229 casos dilatados na vigência da disponibilidade de stents farmacológicos; e B, 242 pacientes subseqüentes tratados da forma usual. Não houve critérios de inclusão/exclusão. Resultados: Stents farmacológicos foram mais implantados no grupo A (44% vs. 2%; p < 0,0001). No que se refere às características de base, observou-se predomínio significante de diabéticos dependentes de insulina em A (8% vs. 3%; p = 0,02), o mesmo ocorrendo com lesões-alvo tipos B2 ou C (73% vs. 57%; p < 0,0001), lesões situadas em bifurcações (15% vs. 9%; p = 0,02) e intervenções multiarteriais (15% vs. 6%; p = 0,003). A angiografia quantitativa identificou os casos de A como portadores de estenoses situadas em vasos de menor calibre (2,4 mm vs. 2,6 mm; p = 0,0004), também exibindo lesões mais longas (14,9 mm vs. 12,7 mm; p = 0,0008). Conclusões: A disponibilidade dos stents farmacológicos gerou alterações no perfil dos casos tratados, que passou a abordar situações mais predispostas à reestenose, como os diabéticos dependentes de insulina, os multiarteriais com lesões de alta complexidade e os portadores de lesões mais longas em vasos de fino calibre.

Introduction: Patients submitted to percutaneous intervention in public hospitals in Brazil have no access to DES. At the beginning of 2006, we participated in an international multicenter registry which made available the routine use of these prosthesis, in a "real world" scenario. In this article, we intend to identify the clinical, angiographical and procedural profiles of the patients, consecutively treated in twomonth subsequent periods, according to the availability of these models, with the aim of identifying eventual changes in their profiles. Method: Observational series of 471 patients, divided into two groups: A) 229 cases, treated during a period of availability of DES for routine use; and B) 242 patients subsequently treated as usual (no routine avalilability of DES). There were no inclusion/exclusion criteria. Results: More DES were implanted in group A (44% vs. 2%; p<0.0001). Regarding baseline clinical and angiographic characteristics, a significant predominance of insulin-dependent diabetics was observed in group A (8% vs. 3%; p=0.02), as well as B2 or C lesions (73% vs. 57%; p<0.0001); lesions in bifurcations (15% vs. 9%; p=0.02), and multiarterial interventions (15% vs. 6%; p=0.003). Quantitative angiography identified the A group cases as bearers of stenosis placed in smaller vessels (2.4 mm vs. 2.6 mm; p=0.0004), also exhibiting longer lesions (14.9 mm vs. 12.7 mm; p=0.0008). Conclusions: The availability of DES changed the profile of the patients treated, being more likely situations prone to restenosis, such as insulin dependent diabetics, multiarterial disease, patients presenting complex lesions, longer lesions and smaller target vessels.

Fratura de stent como causa de reestenose em stent farmacológico / Stent fracture and restenosis of drug-eluting-stents

Os stents coronários são usados em mais de 90 por cento das intervenções coronárias percutâneas. Emtretanto, sua eficácia está limitada pela ocorrência de reestenose, variando de 15 por cento a 50 por cento dos casos, dependendo da morfologia da lesão e da presença de co-morbidade (como, por exemplo, diabetes melito e insuficiência renal). Nos últimos anos os stents farmacológicos provaram ser eficazes em suprimir a hiperplasia neo-intimal, reduzindo a taxa de reestenose para um dígito. Neste artigo, os autores descrevem um caso de reestenose em stent com eluição de sirolimus relacionada à fratura de stent.

The latest great revolution in the management of restenosis has been the introduction of the drug-eluting-stents (DES). They have been proven very effective in suppressing neointimal proliferation and reduces restenosis rates to single digit numbers. A case of DES strut fracture-induced restenosis is described.

Inibição da proliferação neointimal após o implante de stents eluidores de biolimus A9: Análise volumétrica tardia com ultra-som intracoronário / Supressiion of intimal proliferation after implantation of biolimus A9-eluting stents: 6-month single-center intravascular ultrasound follow-up

Introdução: O estudo STEALTH I demonstrou a eficácia e segurança dos stents eluidores de Biolimus A (BA9) em reduzir a perda-tardia angiográfica e apresentar uma baixa incidência de eventos cardíacos maiores, entretanto os achados de ultra-som intracoronário (USIC) ainda não foram descritos. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever os achados de análise volumétrica por USIC nos pacientes recrutados em nossa instituição. Métodos e Resultados: Quarenta e cinco pacientes apresentando lesão coronária de novo, única, foram randomizados 2:1 para receber stents eluidores de BA9 (n igual 30) ou stents controle (n igual 15). A média de idade foi de 58 anos, com 16 por cento diabéticos e 62 por cento do sexo masculino. As características clínicas e angiográficas foram similares entre os grupos. Aos 6 meses de seguimento não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos quanto a desfechos clínicos. O índice de hiperplasia intimal intra-stent foi inferior no grupo dos stents eluidores de BA9 em comparação ao grupo controle 0,19 mais/menos 0,08 vs. 2.71 mais/menos 0.50, ) menor 0.0001), assim como o percentual de obstrução...

Background: Biolimus A9 (BA9) is a novel sirolimus analog with similar antiproliferative properties. BA9-eluting stents reduce angiographic late-loss compared to bare metal stents (BMS), with a low incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE), as reported in the randomized, controlled STEALTH I trial. We describe the intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) volumetric findings of patients enrolled at our institution. Methods and Results: Forty-five patients presenting a single, de novo coronary lesion (2.5-4.0 mm vessels; lesion length <24 mm) were randomly assigned in a 2:1 basis to receive either BA9-eluting (n=30) or bare metal stents (n=15). Mean age was 58 years, with 16% diabetics and 62% men. Baseline clinical and angiographic characteristics were similar between groups. At 6 month follow-up, there was no statistical difference in clinical outcomes between groups. In-stent intimal hyperplasia index measured by IVUS was 0.19+/-0.08 mm3/ mm3 for the BA9 group vs. 2.71+/-0.50 mm3/mm3 for BMS controls. The percentage of stent obstruction was also significantly lower for the BA9 group when compared to BMS (2.2+/-0.80% vs. 19.9+/-4.67%, P<0.0001). No stent thrombosis, aneurysm formation or incomplete stent apposition was observed in any group. Conclusions: Using IVUS volumetric analysis, we showed that BA9-eluting stents have a potent inhibitory effect on neointimal proliferation when compared to BMS at 6-month follow-up.

Análise comparativa do segmento de "ovelapping" dos stents liberadores de sirolimus e paclitaxel / Comparative analysis of the overlapping segment of sirolimus-versus paclitaxel-eluting stents

Introdução: No tratamento de obstruções coronárias longas e complexas recomenda-se cobertura total da lesão. Quando mais de um stent é implantado, torna-se mandatário um "overlapping" ou sobreposição dos stents para evitar espaços não cobertos entre eles. Há pouca evidência na literatura sobre a eficácia e segurança de se realizar sobreposição de stents liberadores de sirolimus (Cypher, SES) e paclitaxel (Taxus, SEP). Objetivo: Avaliar, por meio de estudo seriado com ultra-sonografia intravascular (USIC), a eficácia na redução da proliferação neointimal e as mudanças na parede vascular no segmento com sobreposição de stents farmacológicos SES e SEP. Método: Um total de 52 pacientes (72 lesões) foram prospectivamente incluídos nesta análise e randomizados para tratamento percutâneo com implante de SES ou SEP. Cartoze pacientes do grupo SES e 12 do grupo SEP apresentaram segmentos de sobreposição. Angiografia Coronária quantitativa e USIC foram realizados imediatamente após o implante dos stents e repetidos após oito meses. Resultados: Ambos os grupos apresentavam características clínicas e angiográficas basais...

Introduction: To treat long complex coronary obstructions, total lesion coverage is recommended. When more than one stent is deployed an overlap segment is mandatory to avoid uncovered gaps between stents. There is no data comparing Sirolimus- (SES) versus Paclitaxel-eluting stents (PES) at overlapping segments in regards to neointimal inhibition or toxic effects on the vessel wall. Objective: To evaluate, by means of serial intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), the efficacy in reducing neointimal proliferation and the vessel changes in the overlapping segment comparing these two drug-eluting stents. Method: Fifty-two patients with 72 de novo coronary lesions were randomized for SES or PES. Fourteen patients in the SES Group and twelve in the PES Group had overlapping segments. Quantitative coronary angiography and IVUS were performed at the time of the procedure and at 8 months follow-up. Results: No significant baseline differences were identified between the 2 groups. The mean stent/lesion ratios were similar (1.74 ± 0.89 for SES vs. 2.01 ± 0.92 for PES; p= 0.47). SES and PES were comparable in reducing neointima hyperplasia in the overlapping zone (neointima volume 2.24 ± 0.9 mm3 after SES vs. 2.53 ± 1.5 mm3 after PES; p=0.1 and % neointima obstruction of 18.15 ± 8.5% after SES vs. 26.7 ± 16.8% after PES; p=0.1). There was no positive remodeling in the overlapping segment for both groups (expansion ratio 0.74 ± 0.18 vs. 0.76 ± 0.14, respectively; p=0.74). Other IVUS volumetric measurements were also equivalent between the two cohorts. Conclusion: In our preliminary experience, overlapping of DESs proved...

Volume do stent à ultra-sonografia intracoronária como preditor de reestenose angiográfica: estudo em pacientes com alto risco de reestenose / Stent volume as an intracoronary ultrasonographic predictor of restenosis: a study in patients with high risk of restenosis

Introdução: Em populações não selecionadas, obstruções em vasos de fino calibre são mais susceptíveis à reestenose após intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP). Por isso, entre as características angiográficas preditoras do fenômeno, o diâmetro luminal de referência (D.L.R.) é particularmente relevante. Tais resultados são corroborados por ultra-sonografia intracoronariana (USIC), evidenciando a influência das dimensões vasculares sobre a resposta clínica no processo da reestenose, independente da presença de outros preditores, nessas populações não selecionadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os preditores angiográfiocos e ultra-sonográficos intracoronários de reeestenose, em pacientes em que o alto risco de reestenose foi especialmente caracterizado por busca ativa de diabetes melito (DM) e de disglicidemia. Método: Setenta pacientes portadores de 77 lesões obstrutivas ateroscleróticas coronarianas foram submetidos a ICP com stent, com sucesso, Realizou-se controle angiográfico e com USIC do resultado do implante, imediatamente após o término do procedimento e 6 meses após. Procedeu-se à busca ativa de alterações do metabolismo da glicose mediante a realização de GTTo, em todos os casos sem diagnóstico prévio. de DM. Resultados: Foram identificados 23 (32,86%) indivíduos com DM e 16 (22,85%) com intolerância à glicose. Pela análise bivariada, os parâmetros considerados preditores de reestenose angiográfica pelo critério binário foram: D.L.R. ≥ 2,82 mensurado na condição controle 6 meses após ICP - RR=0,60 (0,15­0,81) IC 95% (p=0,014), volume de stent < 119,8 mm3 ao USIC - RR=0,74 (0,38­ 0,89) IC 95% (p=0,0005) e área de stent ≤ 8,91 mm2 ao USIC - RR=0,66 (0,24­0,85) IC 95% (p=0,006). A análise multivariada evidenciou que o único parâmetro preditor de reestenose foi volume de stent < 119,8 mm3 (p=0,01). Conclusão: Com base nestes resultados, conclui-se que, em população de pacientes com alto risco para desenvolvimento de reestenose, o calibre do vaso esteve relacionado de forma inversa à taxa de reestenose, sendo o volume de stent pelo USIC < 119,8 mm3 considerado preditor independente de reestenose.

Background: In non-selected populations, coronary obstructions of small vessels are more likely to suffer restenosis after percutaneous interventions. Thus, the reference luminal diameter (RLD) is a particularly important angiographic parameter, which is inversely related to the restenosis rate. Additionally in non-selected patients, ultrasound (IVUS) studies have shown similar results regarding the influence of vascular dimensions as independent predictors of clinical restenosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the angiographic and IVUS parameters as predictors of restenosis in patients submitted to PCI with stents in whom a high risk for restenosis was characterized in a prospective search for diabetes mellitus and dysglycemia. Methods: Seventy patients with 77 coronary artery obstructions were submitted to successful PCI with stents. Quantitative analysis of coronary angiograms and intracoronary ultrasonographic images were obtained immediately after and six months after the index procedure. An oral GTT test was performed in all patients without prior diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Results: Twenty-three diabetics (32.86%) and 16 patients with glucose intolerance (22.85%) were identified. The angiographic and IVUS parameters considered predictors of restenosis through bivariate analysis were: RLD ≥ 2.82 mm six months after the procedure - RR=0.60 (0.15 ­ 0.81) 95% CI (p=0.014), Stent Volume < 119.8 mm3-RR=0.74 (0.38 ­ 0.89) 95% CI (p=0.0005) and Stent Area≤ 8.91 mm2 - RR=0.66 (0.24 ­ 0.85) 95% CI (p=0.006). By logistic regression multivariate analysis, stent volume mm3< 119.8 was considered the only independent predictor ofcoronary restenosis (p=0.01). Conclusions: In this populationwith high risk for coronary restenosis, vessel dimensionswere inversely related to its occurrence. A stent volume< 119. 8mm3 measured by IVUS was the only independent predictor of restenosis after PCI. (0.15 ­ 0.81) 95% CI (p=0.014), Stent Volume < 119.8 mm3-RR=0.74 (0.38 ­ 0.89) 95% CI (p=0.0005) and Stent Area≤ 8.91 mm2 - RR=0.66 (0.24 ­ 0.85) 95% CI (p=0.006). By logistic regression multivariate analysis, stent volume mm3< 119.8 was considered the only independent predictor ofcoronary restenosis (p=0.01).Conclusions: In this populationwith high risk for coronary restenosis, vessel dimensionswere inversely related to its occurrence. A stent volume< 119.8mm3 measured by IVUS was the only independentpredictor of restenosis after PCI.