Pelvic floor electromyography and urine flow patterns in children with vesicoureteral reflux and lower urinary tract symptoms

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the different urine flow patterns and active pelvic floor electromyography (EMG) during voiding in children with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) as well as presenting the prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms in these patients. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of children diagnosed with VUR after toilet training from Sep 2013 to Jan 2016. 225 anatomically and neurologically normal children were included. The reflux was diagnosed with voiding cystourethrography. The study was comprised an interview by means of a symptom questionnaire, a voiding diary, uroflowmetry with EMG and kidney and bladder ultrasounds. Urine flow patterns were classified as bell shape, staccato, interrupted, tower and plateau based on the current International Children's Continence Society guidelines. Results: Of 225 children with VUR (175 girls, 50 boys), underwent uroflowmetry + EMG, 151 (67.1%) had an abnormal urine flow pattern. An active pelvic floor EMG during voiding was confirmed in 113 (50.2%) children. The flow patterns were staccato in 76 (33.7 %), interrupted in 41 (18.2%), Plateau in 26 (11.5%), tower in 12 (5.3%) and a bell shape or normal pattern in 70 (31.5%). Urinary tract infection, enuresis and constipation respectively, were more frequent symptoms in these patients. Conclusions: Bladder/bowel dysfunction is common in patients with VUR that increases the risk of breakthrough urinary tract infections in children receiving antibiotic prophylaxis and reduces the success rate for endoscopic injection therapy. Therefore investigation of voiding dysfunction with primary assessment tools can be used prior to treating VUR.

Investigação do refluxo vésico-ureteral por abordagens metabolômicas alvo e global em urina utilizando como plataformas analíticas CE-MS, CESI-MS, RPLC-MS e HILIC-MS / Investigation of vesicoureteral reflux by target and untargeted metabolomic approaches in urine using CE-MS, CESI-MS, RPLC-MS and HILIC-MS as analytical platforms

O refluxo vésico-ureteral (RVU) é uma das condições urológicas comumente diagnosticada entre crianças. Altos graus dessa condição podem causar cicatrização renal, insuficiência renal e hipertensão arterial. A uretrocistografia miccional é o método mais comumente utilizado para o diagnóstico, no entanto, esse procedimento envolve sedação, cateterismo vesical e expõe a criança a uma quantidade significativa de radiação. A investigação metabolômica pode fornecer novos entendimentos sobre a doença e visa a descoberta de metabólitos específicos associados a ela. Assim, existe um potencial considerável para a implementação de perfil metabólico em análises clínicas. Dessa forma, buscou-se estabelecer uma alternativa não invasiva para identificar crianças com o RVU através da metabolômica. Para a investigação metabolômica alvo um método por eletroforese capilar acoplada ao espectrômetro de massas (CE-MS) com analisador to tipo ion trap foi desenvolvido e validado para a determinação de 27 aminoácidos em urina. Os parâmetros experimentais relacionados às configurações da interface CE-MS, eletrólito (BGE) e espectrômetro de de massas (MS) foram otimizados, proporcionando uma boa separação dos 27 aminoácidos, incluindo os isômeros L-leucina, L-isoleucina e L-alloisoleucina, em menos de 30 min. O líquido auxiliar (SHL) foi composto de 0,5% (v/v) ácido fórmico em 60% (v/v) água/metanol à uma vazão de 5 µL min-1. O BGE consistiu de 0,80 mol L-1 de ácido fórmico e 15% (v/v) de metanol. Um procedimento de stacking por pH foi implementado para aumentar a detectabilidade (uma solução de NH4OH a 12,5% (v/v) foi injetada a 0,5 psi/9 s antes das amostras). O método foi validado de acordo com os protocolos FDA e ICH, exibindo parâmetros aceitáveis. A quantificação bem sucedida dos aminoácidos em amostras de urina de um estudo piloto do RVU foi alcançada. A avaliação estatística dos resultados mostrou que alguns dos aminoácidos avaliados podem carregar informações que possibilitam discriminar as amostras de urina entre os grupos teste e controle. Para a análise metabolômica global urinária, métodos por RPLC-MS e HILIC-MS foram otimizados. Cinco colunas com diferentes propriedades foram investigadas para RPLC e quatro colunas para HILIC; adicionalmente, foram investigados a influência dos aditivos e pH da fase móvel. As condições ótimas foram determinadas avaliando o formato de pico, a relação sinal-ruído, o tempo de retenção, o número de molecular features detectados e sua distribuição durante o gradiente de eluição. A melhor condição obtida para RPLC utiliza a coluna CSH C18 e fase móvel composta por 0,1% (v/v) ácido fórmico em água (A) e 0,1% (v/v) ácido fórmico em acetonitrila (B). Para HILIC, o melhor desempenho foi obtido com a coluna zwitteriônica ZIC-HILIC e fase móvel composta por 10 mmol L-1 acetato de amônio pH 6,8 (B) e 95% (v/v) acetonitrila e 5% 200 mmol L-1 acetato de amônio pH 6,8 (A). As amostras de urina dos grupos controle e teste foram submetidas à análise metabolômica global por RPLC-MS usando o método otimizado e por CESI-MS. Os resultados indicaram que diversas rotas metabólicas podem ter sido alteradas pelo RVU. Alteração dos níveis de carnitinas e acilcarnitinas, aminoácidos e derivados, purinas e outros foi observada. Ainda, a presença de acilcarnitinas na urina podem indicar danos mitocondriais e a diminuição de triptofano e aumento do ácido quinurênico indicam uma alteração no metabolismo do triptofano

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is one of the most commonly urologic conditions diagnosed among children. A high degree of this condition can cause kidney scarring, kidney failure and high blood pressure. Voiding cystourethrography is the standard method for diagnosis; however, this procedure involves sedation, bladder catheterization and exposes the child to a significant amount of radiation. Metabolomics has provided new insights about the disease and aims to discover specific metabolites associated with it. Thus, there is a considerable potential for the implementation of metabolic profile in clinical analyses. Thus, we attempted to establish a noninvasive alternative to identify children with VUR through metabolomics approach. For target metabolomics, a CE-MS method was developed and validated for the separation and quantitative analysis of 27 amino acids in urine. Experimental parameters related to the CE-MS interface (based on co-axial sheath liquid, SHL), background electrolyte (BGE) and mass spectrometer (MS) settings were optimized providing a good separation of 27 amino acids, including the isomers L-leucine, L-isoleucine and L-alloisoleucine, in less than 30 min. The SHL was composed of 0.50% (v/v) formic acid in 60% (v/v) methanol-water delivered at a flow rate of 5 µL min-1. The BGE consisted of 0.80 mol L-1 formic acid and 15% (v/v) methanol. A pH stacking procedure was implemented to enhance sensitivity (a 12.5% (v/v) NH4OH solution was injected at 0.5 psi/9 s prior to samples). The proposed method was thoroughly validated according to FDA and ICH protocols exhibiting acceptable parameters. A successful quantification of amino acids in urine samples from the VUR cohort was achieved. The statistical evaluation of the results showed that some of the amino acids may carry information for the discrimination of the urine samples between the test and control groups. For untargeted metabolomics analysis, methods by RPLC-MS and HILIC-MS were optimized. Five columns with different properties were investigated for RPLC and four columns for HILIC; additionally, the influence of additives and pH of the mobile phase were investigated. The optimum conditions were determined assessing the peak shape, signal-to-noise ratio, retention time, number of molecular features detected and their distribution during the elution gradient. The best condition obtained for RPLC uses CSH C18 column and mobile phase composed by 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in water (A) and 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in acetonitrile (B). For HILIC, the best performance was obtained with the zwitterionic ZIC-HILIC column and mobile phase composed by 10 mmol L-1 ammonium acetate pH 6.8 (B) and 95% (v/v) acetonitrile and 5% (v/v) 200 mmol L-1 ammonium acetate pH 6.8 (A). Urine samples from the control and test groups were submitted to global metabolomics analysis by RPLC-MS using the optimized method and by CESI-MS. The results indicated that several metabolic pathways may have been altered by VUR. Changes of carnitine and acylcarnitine levels, amino acids and derivatives, purines and others was observed. Furthermore, the presence of acylcarnitines in the urine may indicate mitochondrial damage and the decrease of tryptophan and increase of the kynurenic acid indicate a change in the metabolism of tryptophan

Endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux with polyacrylate polyalcohol copolymer and dextranomer/hyaluronic acid in adults

Purpose Aim of this study is to examine the effectiveness of dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer and polyacrylate polyalcohol copolymer in endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux disease in adult patients with and without chronic renal failure. Materials and Methods Thirty two patients (12 female, 20 male) with a total of 50 renal units were treated for vesicoureteral reflux. There were 26 (81%) chronic renal failure patients. The success of treatment was evaluated by voiding cystouretrography at 3rd and 12th months after subureteric injection. The persistence of reflux was considered as failure. Patients were divided into two groups according to injected material. Age, sex, grade of reflux and treatment results were recorded and evaluated. Results Reflux was scored as grade 1 in seven (14%), grade 2 in 16 (32%), grade 3 in 21 (42%) and grade 4 in six (12%) renal units. There was not patient with grade 5 reflux. Fourteen renal units (28%) were treated with dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer (group 1) and 36 renal units (72%) were treated with polyacrylate polyalcohol copolymer (group 2). The overall treatment success was achieved at 40 renal units (80%). The treatment was successful at 11 renal units (79%) in group 1 and 29 renal units (81%) in group 2 (p = 0.71). There was not statistically significant difference between two groups with patients with chronic renal failure in terms of treatment success (p = 1.00). Conclusions The effectiveness of two bulking agents was similar in treatment of vesicoureteral reflux disease in adult patients and patients with chronic renal failure. .

Vesicoureteric reflux in children

This study aimed to identify the differences between primary and secondary vesicoureteric reflux [VUR] and the effect of associated bladder abnormalities on kidney function. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of children with VUR who were followed up at King Abdulaziz University Hospital from January 2005 to December 2010. The review included results of radiological investigations and kidney function tests. We used Chi-square test for statistical analysis and paired t-test to compare group means for initial and last creatinine levels. Ninety-nine children were included in this study. Twenty [20.2%] had primary VUR, 11 had high-grade VUR, while 9 had low-grade reflux. All children with low-grade VUR had normal dimercaptosuccinic acid [DMSA]. Renal scars were present in 72% of the children with high-grade VUR. The mean creatinine levels [initial and last] for both groups were normal. Seventy-nine [79.8%] children had secondary VUR, which was due to posterior urethral valves [PUV] [46.8%], neurogenic bladder caused by meningomyelocele [25.3%], non-neurogenic neurogenic bladder [NNB] [21.5%], or neurogenic bladder associated with prune belly syndrome [6.3%]. Children with NNB, meningomyelocele and PUV had high creatinine at presentation with no considerable worsening of their kidney functions during the last visit. Renal scars were present in 49.4% of the children with secondary VUR. Children with primary VUR and normal bladder had good-functioning kidneys, while those with secondary VUR associated with abnormal bladder caused by NNB, spina bifida or PUV had abnormal kidney functions. DMSA scans were useful in predicting higher grades of VUR in children with primary reflux

Physical growth in children with reflux nephropathy with normal or mildly impaired renal function.

Ten children aged 11 months to 10 years (means 5.7 years) with reflux nephropathy, vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) and normal or mildly impaired renal function having GFR more than 50 ml/min/1.72 m2, were included in the study. The hematological and biochemical parameters were within normal limits. Height standard deviation score (HZ score) was reduced at entry and, decreased further during follow-up (-2.2 and -2.6 at 0 and 12 months, respectively). Weight for height index (WHI) improved significantly (p=0.0004) during follow-up. The basal and stimulated peak growth hormone levels of these patients were found to be elevated, 18.53 ± 11.36 μg/L and 34.20 ± 5.86 μg/L, respectively. The IGF-1 levels were low ranging from 45.00 to 84.40 ng/dl (mean ± SD 61.54 ± 10.21 ng/dl) compared to 51.80 to 247.50 ng/dl (mean ± SD111.20 ± 70.24 ng/dl) in age and sex matched controls, indicating partial insensitivity to growth hormone.

Ectopia renal cruzada con fusión, reflujo vesicoureteral y riñón ectópico afuncional: informe de un caso / Crossed renal ectopia with fusion, vesicoureteral reflux and dysfunctional ectopic kidney:: A case report

Se presenta el caso de un niño cuyo ultrasonido materno-fetal de la semana 20 de la gestación no detectó alteraciones, pero el de la semana 23,6 mostró un riñón pélvico derecho. A los 22 días de nacido el ultrasonido renal mostró un riñón derecho de tamaño y posición normal y dilatación pélvica moderada, e inmediatamente por debajo del polo inferior de éste, un bolsón hidronefrótico que parecía corresponder a una ectopia renal cruzada con hidronefrosis grave. El padre padeció reflujo vesicoureteral derecho que desapareció espontáneamente. A pesar de la profilaxis con cefalexina, hubo una infección urinaria que se trató satisfactoriamente con ceftriaxona. Investigaciones ultrasonográficas y radioisotópicas arrojaron la existencia de una anomalía congénita dada por dilatación pélvica no obstructiva del riñón derecho, ectopia renal cruzada con fusión del riñón izquierdo afuncional y reflujo vesicoureteral bilateral, de grado II del riñón derecho y de grado V del izquierdo ectópico cruzado. A los 11 meses de edad se le realizó una lumbotomía y se comprobó la fusión del bolsón hidronefrótico con el polo inferior del riñón derecho. Se resecó el bolsón y se realizó una ligadura baja del uréter

This is the case of a child whose maternal-fetus ultrasound (US) at twenty weeks pregnancy not detected alterations, but at the 23, 6 weeks it showed the presence of a right pelvic kidney. At twenty two days the renal US showed a right kidney with a normal size and location as well as a moderate pelvic dilation and immediately beneath its lower pole a hydronephrosis big sac in correspondence with a crossed renal ectopia with severe hydronephrosis. His father had right vesiculorectal reflux disappeared spontaneously. Despite the prophylaxis with Cephalexin there was a urinary infection adequately treated with Cephtriaxone. Ultrasonography and radioisotope researches demonstrated the presence of a congenital anomaly due to the no-obstructive pelvic dilation or right kidney, crossed renal ectopia with fusion of dysfunctional left kidney and II degree bilateral vesicoureteral reflux from right kidney and of V degree from the crossed ectopic left kidney. At eleven months life he undergoes a lumbotomy and the hydronephrosis big sac was fused with lower pole of the right kidney. This big sac was resected and a low ureter ligature was carried out

Refluxo vesicoureteral primário e infecçao urinária: uma revisao / Vesoureteral primary reflux and urinary infection: a review

Apesar da infeccçao do trato urinário (ITU) ser a complicaçao mais frecüente em pacientes com refluxo vesicoureteral primário (RVU), há importantes questonamentos sobre essa ássociaçáo. Na faixa etária pediátrica, a prevalência estimada de IYU é 8 por cento no sexo feminino e 2 por cento no masculino. Durante investigaçao de ITU, o RVU é diagnosticado em até 40 por cento das crianças. A presença de episódios infecciosos está associada à formaçao de cicatrizes renais, que aumentam os riscos de herpertensao arterial sistêmica, insuficiência renal crônica e complicaçóes gestacionais futuras. Atualmente, é consenso que seja instituída a antibioticoprofilaxia por tempo prolongado para a maioria destes pacientes, com a finalidade de prevenir novos episódios de ITU. Entretanto, segundo pesquisas recentes nem todas as crianças co RVU parecem se beneficiar dessa abordagem terpêutica. O objetivo deste estudo foi discutir os principais aspectos, echados recentes e controvérsias da ssociaçao RVU e ITU.

Spontaneous resolution rates of vesicoureteral reflux in Brazilian children: a 30-year experience

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated clinical characteristics of primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in infants in a 30-year period in Brazil with special reference to the relation of renal parenchymal damage to urinary tract infection and gender. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1975 through 2005, 417 girls (81.6 percent) and 94 boys (18.4 percent) with all grades of reflux were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were categorized by the worst grade of reflux, maintained on antibiotic prophylaxis and underwent yearly voiding cystourethrography until the reflux was resolved. VUR was considered resolved when a follow-up cystogram demonstrated no reflux. Surgical correction was recommended for those who fail medical therapy, severe renal scarring or persistent VUR. RESULTS: Grades I to V VUR resolved in 87.5 percent, 77.6 percent, 52.8 percent, 12.2 percent and 4.3 percent, respectively. Renal scars were present at presentation in 98 patients (19.2 percent). Neither gender nor bilaterality versus unilaterality was a helpful predictor of resolution. The significant difference was found among the curves using the log rank (p < 0.001) or Wilcoxon (p < 0.001) test. CONCLUSION: Despite the current use of screening prenatal ultrasound, many infants are still diagnosed as having vesicoureteral reflux only after the occurrence of urinary tract infection in our country. Scarring may be associated to any reflux grade and it may be initially diagnosed at any age but half of the scars are noted with higher grades of reflux (IV and V). The incidence of reflux related morbidity in children has significantly diminished over the last three decades.

Findings in cystourethrography that suggest lower urinary tract dysfunction in children with vesicoureteral reflux

PURPOSE: Children with lower urinary tract dysfunction and vesicoureteral reflux, at cystography assessment, frequently present alterations in the lower urinary tract anatomy such as dilated posterior urethra, irregularity of the bladder wall and diverticula. However, the significance of these findings is unknown. The objective of this study is to evaluate the incidence of these findings, their time of disappearance and their correlation with the severity of the reflux. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 193 children with vesicoureteral reflux, considered simple, in the age group above 5 years at the moment of diagnosis, were analyzed. The recommendation for follow-up of these patients was one voiding cystoureterography (VCUG) each year. Only patients with a minimum of 2 VCUGs performed in a period of at least 6 months were considered. The VCUGs were classified as positive and negative in relation to findings that were characteristic of lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD). RESULTS: From the 193 children analyzed, 50 (26 percent) presented positive VCUG and 143 negative VCUG. From the patients without symptoms of lower urinary tract dysfunction (n = 135), 12 (9 percent) presented positive VCUG and 123 (91 percent) a negative VCUG. From the patients with negative VCUG, 68 (48 percent) presented unilateral reflux and 75 (52 percent) presented bilateral reflux. From those with positive VCUG, 26 (52 percent) had unilateral reflux and 24 bilateral reflux (48 percent). This difference was not statistically significant. A higher incidence of grade II reflux was more evident in patients with negative VCUG and degree III in patients with positive VCUG (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that 64 percent of the patients with LUTD and reflux presented findings in the VCUG that suggest dysfunction.

Implante uretero-vesical em ratos / Uretero-vesical implant in rats

Apresentar os resultados obtidos com técnica de implante ureterovesical em ratos após obstrução ureteral ipsilateral. Treze ratos foram submetidos à obstrução ureteral distal à direita e, após uma semana, realizou-se o implante desse ureter na bexiga seguido da nefrectomia contralateral. No período de observação de 4 semanas foram estudados os níveis séricos semanais de uréia e creatinina e, na quarta semana, foi realizada cistografia para pesquisa de refluxo vésico-ureteral. Nove animais sobreviveram ao período de obstrução ureteral. Observou-se aumento significativo dos valores de uréia e creatinina sérica no segundo dia pós-operatório, que regrediram para níveis semelhantes aos basais já na terceira semana de seguimento. Não foi observado refluxo vésico-ureteral à cistografia. Após o sacrifício, a avaliação da junção uretero-vesical não mostrava sinais de obstrução, havendo regressão da hidronefrose presente antes do implante ureteral. A técnica de reimplante ureteral utilizada é eficaz em proporcionar adequada drenagem do trato urinário, evitando refluxovésico-ureteral, sendo adequada para ser utilizada no estudo da recuperação da função renal após período de obstrução ureteral.

Disfunción miccional en pacientes con reflujo vesicoureteral primario / Micturition disorders related to primary vesicoureteral reflux

Introducción. La corrección quirúrgica del reflujo vésico ureteral primario (RVUP) en un gran número de pacientes no erradica el problema de la infección urinaria, lo que sugiere la existencia de vaciamiento vesical insuficiente. Objetivo. Identificar prevalencia de disfunción miccional, tipo de disfunción presente en paciente con RVUP y correlacionar hallazgos cistográficos con urodinámicos. Material y métodos. Estudio transversal, analítico y prospectivo. Se evaluó clínica, cistográfica y urodinámicamente a 19 niños con RVUP durante el periodo comprendido de 1992-1997. Resultados. La mediana de edad al tiempo de realización de urodinamia fue de 3 años (5 meses a 10 años). Se encontró disfunción miccional en 18 pacientes: vejiga hipoctiva en 1 paciente femenino; disinergia de esfínter externo en 8 pacientes femeninos; la mediana de presión miccional fue de 60 cm H2O (38-80 cm H2O) y en 1 pacientes masculino de 80 cm H2O durante la micción. Se encontró disinergia de cuello vesical en 6 pacientes masculino con mediana de presión miccional de 40 cm H2O (40-200 cm H2O) y 1 paciente femenino con presión miccional de 40 cm H2O. La urorradiología reveló falta de relajación del cuello vesical en pacientes con disinergia del cuello vesical, así como estenosis de la uretra distal o anillo de Lyon en pacientes con disinergia de esfínter externo. Conclusión. Los niños con reflujo RVUP tiene algún tipo de incoordinación miccional. Es importante realizar una completa evaluación con cistouretrograma miccional con medición de presiones en todos los casos. Tal vez la evaluación del niño con reflujo e infección de vías urinarias no es completa si nop incluye evaluación del vacinamiento vesical

Radionuclide studies in the evaluation of urinary tract infections.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and renal scarring in children presenting with culture proven urinary tract infections (UTI). DESIGN: Descriptive study. SETTING: Tertiary care hospital-based study. SUBJECTS: Thirty-two children with proven UTI were evaluated by means of an abdominal ultrasonogram (USG), Technetium-99m Dimercapto Succinic Acid (DMSA) scan and Direct Radionuclide Cystography (DRCG). A micturating cystourethrogram (MCU) was performed to rule out any structural abnormality and to grade VUR. RESULTS: A total of 64 renal units in 32 children were evaluated. DMSA scan showed scarring in 27 renal units (42.2%) in 16 patients. Bilateral renal scarring was more common in older (> 2 yr) children as compared to younger ones (89% Vs 43%; p < 0.05). USG detected abnormalities in 13 renal units (20.3%) in 7 cases. VUR was detected in 37.5% of children of all age group by DRCG. In contrast, MCU showed evidence of VUR in only 13/20 renal units with a sensitivity of 65% as compared to DRCG and did not pick up any additional VUR that could have been missed on the DRCG. Only 3/9 in < 2 yr, in contrast to 10/11 in > 2 yr were positive for VUR on MCU (p < 0.05). However, MCU detected evidence of cystitis in 3 children and a bladder diverticulum in one patient. CONCLUSION: Wherever available, DMSA scan should be considered as a part of the first line investigations in any patient presenting with UTI. DRCG can also be performed in the same sitting to screen for the presence of reflux particularly for girls.

Diagnóstico, pronóstico y tratamiento del reflujo vesicoureteral de primero a tercer grados: su perspectiva futura / Diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of vesicoureteral reflux of first to third degrees: future perspectives

Se analizaron los expedientes de los 160 pacientes con reflujo vesicoureteral (RVU), pero solamente 86 reunieron todos los requisitos de información para ser incluidos en el estudio. Se investigaron al momento del diagnóstico edad, existencia de familiares (especialmente hermanos con RVU, manifestaciones clínicas, sexo, grado de reflujo, lado afectado, clasificación en primario o secundrio, trastornos petológicos acompañantes, presencia o no de nefropatía de reflujo, tratamiento realizado y progreso de la enfermedad. Para los efectos de este estudio, los RVU de grados I a III se consideraron de bajo grado, pues el daño que producen en las vías urinarias superiores es limitado. Los exámenes de laboratorio efectuasdos fueron biometría hemática, química sanguínea, análisis general de orina, urocultivo, depuración de creatinina, estudio imagenológicos urografía excretora, cistouretrograma miccional, ultrasonido renal y estudios especiales realizados en algunos pacientes, como cistometría, estudios endoscópicos, biopsias renales, etcétera. El tratamiento fue variado, y dependió del grado de reflujo, edad del niño, presencia de secuelas al momento del diagnóstico y etiología. En este estudio se analizó en forma separada a los pacientes con RVU de bajo grado. El grado consistió en 40 pacientes, de los que 18 eran del sexo masculino y 22 del femenino; los límites de edad se encontraron entre el periodo del recién nacido hasta los 11 años de edad, con una media de tres años. De los 40 pacientes, 28 se clasificaron casos de RVU primario y 12 de tipo secundario. Siete eran del grado I y 14 del grado III. El tratamiento fue siempre médico en primera instancia y, según grado de reflujo, secuelas en el riñon, edad del paciente y fracaso del tratamiento médico en algunos pacientes, se procedió con el tratamiento quirúrgico

Vejiga neurogénica secundaria a mielodisplasia: experiencia con 121 casos / Neurogenic bladder secondary to myelodysplasia: experience with 121 cases

Se presenta la experiencia obtenida entre 1989 y 1992 con 121 pacientes perteneciente a la clínica de espina bífida que experimentaban vejiga neurogénica. De esta serie, 43 pacientes pertenecían al grupo de bajo riesgo y 78 al de alto riesgo. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambos grupos en lo que respecta a valores de creatinina, resultados de urocultivos y repercusión sobre la parte alta del aparato urinario. Se analizó especificamente en el grupo de alto riesgo el tratamiento en cada uno de ellos, y se encontró que 59 se conservaban bajo tratamiento conservador a base de cateterismo intemitente y anticolinérgicos, en seis se había efectuado vesicostomía y en 12 había ocurrido fracaso del tratamiento conservador, con una capacidad vesical menor de 50 por ciento, presiones vesicales superiores a 50 ml de agua y ureterohidonefrosis con reflujo o sin éste. Se revisaron los aspectos epidemiológicos en cada uno de los miembros del grupo, y se encontró que ocho de estos 12 pacientes presentaban reflujo vesicoureteral, cinco en forma bilateral y tres unilateral que requirieron una operación contra el reflujo. La enterocistoplastia efectuada en tres pacientes con íleon, y en los nuevos restantes con colon sigmoideo, transformó las vejigas de alta presión en órganos de baja presión; el vaciamiento se efectuó mediante cateterismo limpio intermitente. Diez de los 12 pacientes no experimentaron repercuciones en las vías urinarias superiores y se conservaban secos durante más de tres horas después del cateterismo. Solamente en sos pacientes persistió la incontinencia, por lo que requerirán instalación de esfínter artificial u otro procedimiento de continencia. En este estudio se pone de manifiesto la necesidad de establecer diagnóstico temprano y tratamiento oportuno que permita a estos pacientes tener una calidad de vida aceptable, a la vez que disminuye la morbimortalidad que ocasiona este trastorno

Reconstrucción de las vías urinarias previamente derivadas: informe de un caso / Reconstruction of previously derived urinary tract: report of a case

Se realizó reconstrucción de vías urinarias en un niño de 10 años de edad quien inicialmente tenía cuadros de infección de vías urinarias secunario a inestabilidad vesical, con reflujo vesicoureteral bilateral, por lo que se había sometido a reimplantación bilateral a los cinco años de edad; el paciente se reoperó en una ocasión por presentar obstrucción ureteral derecha. Se le efectuó conducto ileal por hidronefrosis progresiva a la edad de 11 años; posteriormente se practicó econstrucción de vías urinarias (desderivación) con buenos resultados.

Renal functional reserve and microalbuminuria excretion in vesicoureteral reflux after surgery correction

Se evaluó el efecto agudo de una sobrecarga proteica oral sobre la velocidad de filtración glomerular - reserva funcional renal (RFR) 0 y la excreción urinária de albumina, en 9 pacientes pediátricos con reflujo vesicoureteral bilateral grado IV, después de la corrección quirúrgica (Grupo I). Los resultados fueron comparados con los de 9 niños con infecciones urinarias repetidas pero sin reflujo (Grupo II) y de 6 niños controles sanos de edad similar (Grupo III). La urografia intravenosa, practicada durante el año del estudio, reveló la presencia de escaras renales en 10 riñones de los niños del Grupo I y en 2 riñones de los del Grupo II. Al momento de este estudio, todos los niños valores normales de creatinina plasmática. El clearance de inulina basal fue significativamente menor en los pacientes con reflujo vesicoureteral. Se encontró buena correlación entre el área parenquimal de ambos riñones y el clearance de inulina basal. Luego de la sobrecarga proteica se registró un aumento en el clearance de creatinina y de inulina en los niños controles y con infecciones urinarias. No se observó cambio después de la sobrecarga en los pacientes con reflujo. La excreción de microalbuminuria fue significativamente mayor en los niños del Grupo I durante el período control. No se observaron cambios después de la sobrecarga en ninguno de los grupos estudiados