Endophytic fungus Purpureocillium sp. A5 protect mangrove plant Kandelia candel under copper stress

Abstract Mangrove is an important ecosystem in the world. Mangrove ecosystems have a large capacity in retaining heavy metals, and now they are usually considered as sinks for heavy metals. However, the mechanism of why the soil of mangrove ecosystems can retain heavy metal is not certain. In this research, endophytic fungus Purpureocillium sp. A5 was isolated and identified from the roots of Kandelia candel. When this fungus was added, it protected the growth of K. candel under Cu stress. This can be illustrated by analyzing chlorophyll A and B, RWC and WSD to leaves of K. candel. Purpureocillium sp. A5 reduces uptake of Cu in K. candel and changes the pH characterization of soil. Furthermore, A5 increase the concentration of Cu complexes in soil, and it enhanced the concentration of carbonate-bound Cu, Mn-Fe complexes Cu and organic-bound Cu in soil. Nevertheless, a significant reduction of the Cu ion was noted among A5-treated plants. This study is significant and illustrates a promising potential use for environmental remediation of endophytes, and also may partially explain the large capacity of mangrove ecosystems in retaining heavy metals.

The community structure of macroscopic basidiomycetes (Fungi) in Brazilian mangroves influenced by temporal and spatial variations / La estructura de la comunidad de basidiomicetos macroscópicos (Fungi) en los manglares brasileños influenciada por las variaciones temporales y espaciales

Mangroves are transitional ecosystems between terrestrial and marine environments, and are distinguished by a high abundance of animals, plants, and fungi. Although macrofungi occur in different types of habitat, including mangroves, little is known about their community structure and dynamic. Therefore the aim of this study was to analyze the diversity of macrofungi in a number of Brazilian mangroves, and the relationship between such diversity, precipitation and area of collection. A total of 32 field trips were undertaken from 2009 to 2010, and macrofungi were studied in four 250×40m transects: Timbó and Santa Cruz Channel on the Northern coast, and Maracaípe and Ariquindá on the Southern coast. All basidiomata found along the transects were placed in paper bags, air-dried and identified using existing literature. It was found that Northern areas predominantly featured Avicennia schaueriana mangroves, while Rhizophora mangle dominated in Southern transects. A total of 275 specimens were collected, and 33 species, 28 genera, 14 families and six orders were represented. Overall abundance and species richness did not vary significantly among areas, but varied according to time, being higher during the rainy season. Subtle differences in composition were observed over time and between areas, probably due to variations in plant species occurrence. Further studies with collections during months of greater precipitation in transects dominated by different mangrove species of the same ecosystem are suggested to assess the overall diversity of mycobiota in these ecosystems.

Los manglares son ecosistemas de transición entre los ambientes terrestres y marinos, y se distinguen por la gran abundancia de animales, plantas y hongos. Aunque los macrohongos se encuentran en diferentes tipos de hábitat, incluidos los manglares, poco se sabe acerca de la estructura de su comunidad y dinámica. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la diversidad de macrohongos en los manglares de Brasil y su relación con la precipitación y área de recolección. Se realizaron un total de 32 salidas de campo entre 2009 y 2010, y los macrohongos fueron estudiados en cuatro transectos de 250×40m: Timbó y Canal de Santa Cruz en la costa norte y Maracaípe y Ariquindá en la costa sur. Todos los basidiomas encontrados a lo largo de los transectos se colocaron deshidratados en bolsas de papel, y se identificaron con ayuda de la literatura preexistente. Se encontró que las zonas del norte predominantemente presentaron Avicennia schaueriana, mientras Rhizophora mangle domina en transectos del sur. Se recolectaron un total de 275 especímenes y 33 especies, 28 géneros, 14 familias y seis órdenes estuvieron representados. Abundancia y riqueza de especies en general no varió significativamente entre las áreas, pero si varió en el tiempo, siendo mayor durante la estación lluviosa. Se observaron diferencias sutiles en la composición a través del tiempo y entre áreas, probablemente debido a las variaciones en la presencia de las especies de plantas. Otros estudios con recolectas durante los meses de mayor precipitación en transectos dominados por diferentes plan- tas de manglar en el mismo ecosistema son deseables para acceder a la diversidad de la micobiota.

Estabilidad en anaquel de un gel de Rhizophora mangle L. (mangle rojo) para heridas y quemaduras / Long-term stability of a Rhizophora mangle L. (red mangrove) gel for wounds and burns

Objetivo: evaluar la estabilidad en anaquel de un gel elaborado a partir del extracto acuoso de la corteza de Rhizophora mangle L. (mangle rojo).Métodos: los tres lotes pilotos del gel (GM01, GM02 y GM03) se almacenaron a temperatura de refrigeración (5 ± 3 °C) durante 12 meses. Se realizó una evaluación físico-química y microbiológica a tiempo inicial y a los 3, 6, 9 y 12 meses.Resultados: todos los lotes mantuvieron una apariencia de geles homogéneos, viscosos, libres de grumo, brillantes y de un color pardo-rojizo oscuro y mostraron amplias áreas de extensibilidad. El pH estuvo entre 6 y 7 y la reología fue característica de un fluido no newtoniano del tipo Herschel Bulkley con potencial modificado en todos los tiempos evaluados. Los tres lotes cumplieron el límite microbiano establecido, así como la concentración mínima inhibitoria que estuvo entre 8 y 10 mg/mL y la concentración de taninos entre 13 a 30 mg/g.Conclusiones: se demostró que todos los lotes del gel fueron estables durante el período de estabilidad en anaquel, por lo que se propone que se almacene de 2-8 ºC durante 1 año

Superficial distribution of aromatic compounds and geomicrobiology of sediments from Suruí Mangrove, Guanabara Bay, RJ, Brazil

The distribution of selected aromatic compounds and microbiology were assessed in superficial sediments from Suruí Mangrove, Guanabara Bay. Samples were collected at 23 stations, and particle size, organic matter, aromatic compounds, microbiology activity, biopolymers, and topography were determined. The concentration of aromatic compounds was distributed in patches over the entire mangrove, and their highest total concentration was determinated in the mangrove's central area. Particle size differed from most mangroves in that Suruí Mangrove has chernies on the edges and in front of the mangrove, and sand across the whole surface, which hampers the relationship between particle size and hydrocarbons. An average @ 10 percent p/p of organic matter was obtained, and biopolymers presented high concentrations, especially in the central and back areas of the mangrove. The biopolymers were distributed in high concentrations. The presence of fine sediments is an important factor in hydrocarbon accumulation. With high concentration of organic matter and biopolymers, and the topography with chernies and roots protecting the mangrove, calmer areas are created with the deposition of material transported by wave action. Compared to global distributions, concentrations of aromatic compounds in Suruí Mangrove may be classified from moderate to high, showing that the studied area is highly impacted.

A distribuição de compostos aromáticos selecionados e a microbiologia foram avaliados em sedimentos superficiais do Manguezal de Suruí, Baía de Guanabara. Amostras foram coletadas em 23 pontos e determinados a granulometria, matéria orgânica, compostos aromáticos, atividade microbiológica, biopolímeros e a topografia. A concentração dos compostos aromáticos foi distribuída em manchas por todo o manguezal e sua concentração total mais elevada foi encontrada na área central do manguezal. A granulometria diferiu da maioria dos manguezais, uma vez que no Manguezal de Suruí existem chernies nas bordas e na frente dos manguezais e areia através da superfície inteira, impedindo o relacionamento entre granulometria e os hidrocarbonetos. Uma média de 10 por cento p/p da matéria orgânica foi obtida e os biopolímeros apresentaram concentrações elevadas, especialmente na área central e fundo do Manguezal. Os biopolímeros se distribuíram em altas concentrações. A presença de finos sedimentos é fator importante na acumulação de hidrocarbonetos. Na concentração elevada de matéria orgânica e de biopolímeros, topografia com chernies e as raízes que protegem os manguezais, áreas mais calmas são criadas, com depósito do material transportado pela ação das ondas. Comparadas às distribuições globais, as concentrações das substâncias aromáticas neste manguezal podem ser classificadas de moderadas a elevadas, demonstrando que a área estudada está altamente impactada.

Actividad antibacteriana de extractos de hongos aislados de raíces del mangle Rhizophora mangle (Rhizophoraceae) en Venezuela

Anti-bacterial activity of extracts from fungi collected from mangrove Rhizophora mangle (Rhizophoraceae) roots in Venezuela. The antibacterial activity of marine fungi extracts was evaluated by a test of efficiency. The fungi were previously inoculated in Malt Agar (EMA) extract with 50 % of seawater and growth for 60 days. Triplicate antibiograms were carried out with the extracts. An ANOVA I with a posteriori Duncan test were applied to the diameters of inhibition zones. The extracts of Aspergillus ochraceus 3MCMC3 and Penicillium citrinum (14) 4MCMC16 present wide spectral antibacterial properties, inhibiting 100 % and 80 % of the developing germs, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa 9027. The extract of Penicillium (1) 3MLLC5 had the highest efficiency on this strain; P. aeruginosa 9027 and Escherichia coli 10536 were the most sensitive germs when treated with these extracts. These marine fungi can be an important source of antibacterial secondary metabolites. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (3-4): 761-765. Epub 2007 December, 28.

La actividad antibacteriana de extractos de hongos marinos se evaluó mediante una prueba de eficiencia, para tal fin los hongos fueron inoculados en medio Agar Extracto Malta (EMA) con 50 % de agua de mar y período de crecimiento de 60 días. Se obtuvieron extractos con una solución de acetona/cloroformo/etanol (3:2:1). La fase orgánica se trató a presión reducida con rotaevaporador (baño de María incorporado a 40 ºC). Con los extractos se realizaron antibiogramas por triplicado. Se midieron los diámetros de los halos de inhibición y se les aplicó una prueba de eficiencia empleando un ANOVA I, y prueba a posteriori Duncan. Los extractos de Aspergillus ochraceus 3MCMC3 y Penicillium citrinum (14) 4MCMC16 presentan propiedades antibacterianas de amplio espectro, inhibiendo el 100 % y 80 % de los gérmenes reveladores, con énfasis hacia la inhibición de Pseudomonas aeruginosa 9027, en especial el extracto de Penicillium (1) 3MLLC5 presentó la mayor eficiencia sobre esta cepa; también se encontró que P. aeruginosa 9027 y Escherichia coli 10536 fueron ser los gérmenes reveladores más sensibles. Los hongos marinos seleccionados se perfilan como una fuente de metabolitos secundarios antibacterianos.

Microbial flora associated with submerged mangrove leaf litter in India

We studied the microbial flora in decomposing mangrove leaves in relation to changes in nitrogen and tannin levels, and in penaeid prawn assemblages. Senescent leaves of two mangrove species (Rhizophora apiculata and Avicennia marina) kept in nylon bags, were separately immersed for 80 days in five tanks full of mangrove water. A known amount of decomposing leaves was collected every ten days from each tank for microorganism counts, total nitrogen and tannin measurement, and juvenile penaeid prawn counts. Five genera of total heterotrophic bacteria (THB), three species of azotobacters and 19 species of fungi were identified. The azotobacters showed a significant peak around 40-50 days after the beginning of of decomposition, similar to the trend for total nitrogen and for prawn assemblages. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 393-400. Epub 2007 June, 29.

Se estudió la flora microbiana en hojas en descomposición de mangles, considerando nitrógeno, taninos y camarones peneidos jóvenes. Colocamos hojas viejas de dos especies de mangle (Rhizophora apiculata y Avicennia marina) en bolsas de nylon y las sumergimos en agua de manglar durante 80 días usando cinco tanques separados. Cada diez días extrajimos una cantidad conocida de hojas en descomposición de cada tanque. Hallamos cinco géneros de bacterias heterotróficas totales (THB), tres especies de azotobacterias y 19 especies de hongos. Las azotobacterias presentaron un pico significativo de abundancia alrededor de los 40-50 días de descomposición, un patrón similar a los del nitrógeno total y los camarones.

Effect of heavy metals (Hg and Zn) on the growth and phosphate solubilising activity in halophilic phosphobacteria isolated from Manakudi mangrove.

The diversity of phosphobacteria in Manakudi mangrove ecosystem of Tamil Nadu was carried out in root and rhizosphere soil samples. The counts of phosphobacteria were found higher in root samples than in soil samples particularly in Hymenachene acutigluma. The abundance of phosphobacterial diversity in Manakudi mangrove showed high degree of positive correlation with the content of phosphate in rhizosphere soil of all the mangrove and associated plant species. Nine phosphobacterial species belonging to 7 genera were reported from Manakudi mangrove ecosystem. All the identified bacterial species are sensitive to both the heavy metals (mercury and zinc) in terms of growth and physiology even at lower concentrations. The content of protein and total sugars were increased by the higher concentrations of heavy metals whereas decreased trend was noticed in lower concentrations of heavy metals.