Insecticidal action of synthetic girgensohnine analogues and essential oils on Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) / Acción insecticida de análogos sintéticos de girgensohnina y de aceites esenciales sobre Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

ABSTRACT Introduction: The alkaloid girgensohnine has been used as a natural model in the synthesis of new alkaloid-like alpha-aminonitriles with insecticidal effect against disease vectors. Objective: To evaluate the biocide activity of girgensohnine analogues and essential oils of Cymbopogon flexuosus, Citrus sinensis and Eucalyptus citriodora in stage I and stage V Rhodnius prolixus nymphs. Materials and methods: We used a topical application model in tergites and sternites, as well as exposure to treated surfaces with different exploratory doses of each of the molecules and essential oils to determine the lethal doses (LD50 and LD95). Results: Analogue 3 showed the highest insecticidal activity with 83.3±16.7% of mortality when applied on tergites, 38.9±4.8% on sternites and 16.7±0% on treated surfaces in stage I nymphs at 72 hours (h) and 500 mg.L-1. In stage V nymphs, the compounds induced mortality only in sternums (11.1±9.6% for analogue 6 and 5.5±4.7% for analogues 3 and 7 at 72 h and 1500 mg.L-1). The lethal doses for molecule 3 on tergites in stage I nymphs were LD50 225.60 mg.L-1 and LD95 955.90 mg.L-1. The insecticidal effect of essential oils was observed only in stage I nymphs, with 11.1±4.8% for C. flexuosus when applied in sternites, while using exposure to surfaces treated it was 5.6±4.8% for C. sinensis applied on tergites and 8.3±0% on sternites at 72 h and 1000 mg.L-1. Conclusion: Synthetic girgensohnine analogues, and C. flexuosus and C. sinensis essential oils showed insecticidal activity in R. prolixus. Analogue 3 showed the greatest insecticidal activity among all molecules and oils evaluated under our laboratory conditions.

RESUMEN Introducción. El alcaloide natural girgensohnina se ha usado como modelo en la síntesis de nuevos análogos de alcaloidales alfa-aminonitrílicos con efecto insecticida en vectores de enfermedades. Objetivo. Evaluar la actividad biocida de análogos de girgensohnina y de aceites esenciales de las plantas Cymbopogon flexuosus, Citrus sinensis y Eucalyptus citriodora en ninfas de estadios I y V de Rhodnius prolixus. Materiales y métodos. Se empleó la aplicación tópica en terguitos, esternitos y superficies tratadas con diferentes dosis exploratorias de cada una de las moléculas y aceites esenciales para determinar las dosis letales (LD50 y LD95). Resultados. El análogo 3 tuvo la mayor actividad insecticida, con una mortalidad de 83,3±16,7% en los terguitos, de 38,9±4,8 % en los esternitos y de 16,7±0 % a las 72 horas en ninfas de estadioI expuestas a superficies tratadas y 500 mg.L-1. En las ninfas de estadio V solo se presentó mortalidad en los esternitos (11,1±9,6 % con el análogo 6 y 5,5±4,7 % con los análogos 3 y 7 a las 72 h y 1.500 mg.L-1). Las dosis letales para la molécula 3 en los terguitos de ninfas de estadio I fueron las siguientes: DL50, 225,60 mg.L-1 y DL95, 955,90 mg.L-1. En cuanto a los aceites esenciales, el efecto insecticida solo se presentó con C. flexuosus (11,1±4,8%) en los esternitos de ninfas de estadio I expuestas a superficies tratadas; con C. sinensis (5,6±4,8%) en los terguitos y en los esternitos (8,3±0%) a las 72 horas y 1.000 mg.L-1. Conclusión. Los análogos sintéticos del alcaloide girgensohnina y los aceites esenciales de C. flexuosus y C. sinensis exhibieron actividad insecticida en R. prolixus. El análogo 3 exhibió la mayor actividad insecticida de todas las moléculas evaluadas bajo las condiciones de laboratorio.

Biologia comparativa e comportamento alimentar de Rhodnius neglectus e Rhodnius robustus (Triatominae) sob condições de laboratório / Comparative biology and feeding behavior of Rhodnius neglectus and Rhodnius robustus (Triatominae) under laboratory conditions

INTRODUÇÃO: A competência vetorial de triatomíneos é determinada a partir de estudos sobre biologia e comportamento alimentar em condições de campo e/ou laboratório. Fatores como número de picadas, quantidade de sangue ingerido e tempo de defecação têm implicações na transmissão de tripanosomatídeos. Parâmetros biológicos e comportamentais de Rhodnius neglectus e R. robustus foram comparados experimentalmente para estimar diferenças no potencial de transmissão de tripanosomatídeos. MÉTODOS: Os triatomíneos foram observados diariamente para determinar o período de desenvolvimento ninfal, mortalidade, detecção da fonte alimentar, número de picadas, tempo do repasto sanguíneo, quantidade de sangue ingerido, tempo entre o final do repasto e a primeira defecação e frequência de defecação. RESULTADOS: Apesar do período ninfal de R. neglectus (156,4 ± 25,05d) ter sido menor que o de R. robustus (204,7 ± 13,22d), a mortalidade foi similar entre as espécies (63,8 e 65%, respectivamente). R. robustus e R. neglectus detectaram rapidamente a fonte alimentar, especialmente no primeiro estádio (2,5 e 1,6min, respectivamente). Apesar do tempo de repasto sanguíneo ter sido similar entre as espécies, R. robustus ingeriu em média uma maior quantidade de sangue em todos os estádios, com maiores valores para as ninfas V. As ninfas de R. neglectus picaram mais vezes as fontes alimentares, defecaram mais rápido e mais frequentemente que as de R. robustus. CONCLUSÕES: Sob as condições de laboratório usadas, R. neglectus possui um maior potencial para transmissão de Trypanosoma cruzi e T. rangeli que R. robustus, atributo que deve ser avaliado em infecções experimentais.

INTRODUCTION: The vector competence of triatomine insects is determined by studying their biology and feeding behavior under field and/or laboratory conditions. Factors including the number of bites, the amount of blood ingested and defecation time have implications for trypanosome transmission. The biological and behavioral parameters of Rhodnius neglectus and R. robustus were compared under experimental conditions to estimate differences in the potential transmission of trypanosomes. METHODS: The insects were observed daily to determine the period of nymphal development, mortality, detection of food source, number of bites, time of blood meal intake, amount of blood ingested, time elapsed between the end of the meal and the first defecation and the frequency of defecation. RESULTS: Although the nymphal development of R. neglectus (156.4 ± 25.05d) was lower than that of R. robustus (204.7 ± 13.22d), the mortality between species was similar (63.8 and 65% respectively).R. robustus and R. neglectus quickly located the food source, especially in the first instar (2.5 and 1.6 min, respectively). Although the time of blood meal intake was similar between the species, R. robustus ingested a larger amount of blood on average at all stages and exhibited higher values for the fifth instar. Nymphs of R. neglectus bit more frequently, and they defecated faster and more often than those of R. robustus. CONCLUSIONS: Under laboratory conditions, R. neglectus has a greater potential for transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi and T. rangeli than does R. robustus, an attribute that should be further evaluated in experimental infections.

Comportamento sexual de Rhodnius prolixus (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) / Sexual behavior of Rhodnius prolixus (Heteroptera: Reduviidae)

Este estudo descreveu a dinâmica de uso de abrigos em adultos de Rhodnius prolixus evidenciando que a saída dos abrigos e a atividade locomotora dos machos são moduladas por sinais olfativos sexuais emitidos por fêmeas. Adicionalmente, foram analisadas a frequência de início do vôo, e a atividade locomotora durante a marcha, a fim de avaliar as hipóteses de que haveria ativação e orientação mediante sinais químicos emitidos por indivíduos do sexo oposto. Além disso, verificamos o comportamento de agregação de machos ao redor de casais em cópula. Os odores das fêmeas foram capazes de induzir a saída dos machos dos abrigos, além de aumentar a atividade locomotora destes. Odores de fêmeas originados das glândulas metasternais promoveram um aumento na frequência de inicio do voo de. machos de R. prolixus. Além disso, estes sinais olfativos modularam a orientação anemotática observada durante a marcha dos machos. Nossos achados demonstraram que na ausência dos odores das glândulas metasternais de fêmeas, o comportamento de agregação dos machos durante a cópula é drasticamente afetado. Desta forma, concluímos que os odores produzidos pelas glândulas metasternais das fêmeas são de grande relevância no comportamento sexual de R. prolixus, já que na ausência destes, alguns mecanismos que medeiam o comportamento sexual desta espécie foram prejudicados.

Comportamento sexual de Rhodnius prolixus (Heteroptera: Reduviidae)

Este estudo descreveu a dinâmica de uso de abrigos em adultos de Rhodnius prolixus evidenciando que a saída dos abrigos e a atividade locomotora dos machos são moduladas por sinais olfativos sexuais emitidos por fêmeas. Adicionalmente, foram analisadas a frequência de início do vôo, e a atividade locomotora durante a marcha, a fim de avaliar as hipóteses de que haveria ativação e orientação mediante sinais químicos emitidos por indivíduos do sexo oposto. Além disso, verificamos o comportamento de agregação de machos ao redor de casais em cópula. Os odores das fêmeas foram capazes de induzir a saída dos machos dos abrigos, além de aumentar a atividade locomotora destes. Odores de fêmeas originados das glândulas metasternais promoveram um aumento na frequência de inicio do voo de. machos de R. prolixus. Além disso, estes sinais olfativos modularam a orientação anemotática observada durante a marcha dos machos. Nossos achados demonstraram que na ausência dos odores das glândulas metasternais de fêmeas, o comportamento de agregação dos machos durante a cópula é drasticamente afetado. Desta forma, concluímos que os odores produzidos pelas glândulas metasternais das fêmeas são de grande relevância no comportamento sexual de R. prolixus, já que na ausência destes, alguns mecanismos que medeiam o comportamento sexual desta espécie foram prejudicados.

Laboratory evaluation of the effects of triflumuron on the development of Rhodnius prolixus nymph

Studies were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of the growth regulator, triflumuron (TFM) (Starycide® sc 480 Bayer), for disrupting the development of Rhodnius prolixus fifth-instar nymph by oral, topical or continuous treatment. All treatments were able to induce high levels of mortality, delay development and molt inhibition. Oral treatment induced molt inhibition in all insects that survived at doses of 0.25, 0.50 and 5.0 mg/mL of a blood meal. The highest levels of both mortality in 24 h and molt inhibition were always observed after topical treatment. The lowest doses needed to obtain considerable biological effects were always observed after continuous treatment. In this way, the highest levels of mortality within 30 days were detected after continuous treatment, which also induced an extended inter-molting period, a lower number of over-aged nymphs and the highest level of molting in nymphs that survived. Moreover, the effects of TFM on insects were often displayed in a dose response manner. These results indicate that TFM acts as a potent growth inhibitor of R. prolixus nymphs and has the potential to be used in integrated vector control programs against hematophagous triatomine species.

Life cycle, feeding and defecation patterns of Rhodnius ecuadoriensis (Lent & León 1958) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) under laboratory conditions

Rhodnius ecuadoriensis is the second most important vector of Chagas Disease (CD) in Ecuador. The objective of this study was to describe (and compare) the life cycle, the feeding and defecation patterns under laboratory conditions of two populations of this specie [from the provinces of Manabí (Coastal region) and Loja (Andean region)]. Egg-to-adult (n = 57) development took an average of 189.9 ± 20 (Manabí) and 181.3 ± 6.4 days (Loja). Mortality rates were high among Lojan nymphs. Pre-feeding time (from contact with host to feeding initiation) ranged from 4 min 42 s [nymph I (NI)] to 8 min 30 s (male); feeding time ranged from 14 min 45 s (NI)-28 min 25 s (male) (Manabí) and from 15 min 25 s (NI)-28 min 57 s (nymph V) (Loja). The amount of blood ingested increased significantly with instar and was larger for Manabí specimens (p < 0.001). Defecation while feeding was observed in Manabí specimens from stage nymph III and in Lojan bugs from stage nymph IV. There was a gradual, age-related increase in the frequency of this behaviour in both populations. Our results suggest that R. ecuadoriensis has the bionomic traits of an efficient vector of Trypanosoma cruzi. Together with previous data on the capacity of this species to infest rural households, these results indicate that control of synanthropic R. ecuadoriensis populations in the coastal and Andean regions may have a significant impact for CD control in Ecuador and Northern Peru.

Effects of the essential oil obtained from Pilocarpus spicatus Saint-Hilaire (Rutaceae) on the development of Rhodnius prolixus nymphae

Bioassays against fifth-instar nymphae of Rhodnius prolixus were conducted with essential oil of Pilocarpus spicatus extracted by hydrodistillation. The main results may be summarized as follows: (i) high levels of toxicity and paralysis together with discrete moulting inhibition were caused by topical application of either 0.5 µL or 1.0 µL per insect of the crude essential oil; (ii) partial fagoinhibition, high moulting inhibition, prolonged intermoulting period and high number of paralyzed insects, but no toxicity were observed after oral treatment using either 5 µL or 10 µL of Pilocarpus spilcatus essential oil per mL of ingested blood meal. The importance of these results in relation to the relevant biological events in R. prolixus is herein discussed.

Bioensaios contra ninfas de 5º estádio de Rhodnius prolixus foram conduzidos utilizando-se óleo essencial de Pilocarpus spicatus extraído por hidrodestilação. Os principais resultados podem ser resumidos como se segue: (i) altos níveis de toxicidade e paralisia associados à discreta inibição da muda foram induzidos pela aplicação tópica de 0,5 µL ou 1,0 µL do óleo essencial por inseto; (ii) fagoinibição parcial, altos níveis de inibição da muda, período intermuda prolongado e alto número de insetos paralisados mas ausência de toxicidade foram observados após tratamento oral com 5,0 µL ou 10 µL de óleo essencial de P. spicatus por mL de sangue ingerido. A importância destes resultados em relação a eventos biológicos relevantes em R. prolixus é aqui discutida.

Comparación de los patrones de alimentación y defecación de Rhodnius colombiensis y Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) en condiciones de laboratorio / Comparison of feeding and defecation patterns of Rhodnius colombiensis and Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) under laboratory conditions

Introducción. Rhodnius colombiensis ocasionalmente ingresa a las viviendas humanas por lo cual se ha sugerido que podría desempeñar un importante papel en la transmisión de la tripanosomiasis americana. Objetivo. Definir el desempeño de R. colombiensis como vector, comparando los patrones de alimentación y defecación con los de R. prolixus, el principal vector domiciliado de Trypanosoma cruzi en Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Para cada estadio de R. colombiensis y R. prolixus se estudió el tiempo promedio para iniciar la picada, el tiempo para alcanzar la repleción, el número de interrupciones y defecaciones durante la comida, el tiempo transcurrido entre el fin de la alimentación y la primera defecación, el número de defecaciones durante 10, 60 y 95 min después de la comida y la cantidad de sangre ingerida. Resultados. El tiempo promedio para iniciar la picada de las ninfas N5, machos y hembras presentaron diferencias significativas entre las dos especies. El promedio de defecaciones por insecto durante los 10 min después de la alimentación fue mayor para cada estadio de R. prolixus y presentó diferencias significativas con R. colombiensis. Por otro lado, el peso promedio de sangre ingerida por R. colombiensis y R. prolixus en cada estadio presentó diferencias significativas en N1, N2, N5 y hembras. Conclusión.R. colombiensis presenta menor número de defecaciones que R. prolixus durante la comida. Un mayor porcentaje de R. prolixus defecan durante los 10, 60 y 95 min después de la alimentación. Sin embargo, R. colombiensis permanece mayor tiempo asociado al hospedero vertebrado, lo cual aumentaría la probabilidad de transmisión teniendo en cuenta el ingreso ocasional de los adultos a las viviendas humanas y sus elevadas prevalencias con T. cruzi y T. rangeli.

Introduction. Rhodnius colombiensis occasionally comes into human dwellings and consequently its role as an important potential vector in the transmission of American trypanosomiasis has been suggested. Objective. The potential role of R. colombiensis as vector was defined by comparing the feeding and defecation patterns between R. colombiensis and R. prolixus, the main domiciliary vector of Trypanosoma cruzi in Colombia. Materials and methods. For each developmental stage of R. colombiensis and R. prolixus the following data were collected: (1) time of feeding initiation, (2) the time for reaching the repletion, (3) the number of interruptions and defecations during the feeding, (4) the time between the end of the feeding and the first defecation, (5) the number of defecations during 10, 60 and 95 minutes of observation after feeding, and (6) the quantity of blood ingested. Results. The mean time of feeding initiation of the fifth instar nymphs, males and females, showed significant differences between the two species. The average of insects that defecated within 10 minutes after feeding was higher for each successive stage of R. prolixus and showed significant differences with Rhodnius colombiensis. In contrast, the mean weight of blood ingested by each stage of R. colombiensis and R. prolixus was significantly different between the N1, N2, N5 and females of these species. Conclusion. Rhodnius colombiensis produced fewer defecations than R. prolixus during feeding. A higher percentage of R. prolixus defecated within 10, 60 and 95 minutes after feeding. However, R. colombiensis remains a longer time in contact with the vertebrate host, thus raising the probability of its role in transmission considering its occasional entry to human dwellings and its higher prevalences of infection withT. cruzi and T. rangeli.

Determinación del estadio ninfal y la edad reproductiva de la hembra de Rhodnius prolixus, Stal 1859 (Heteroptera, Triatominae) por medio de Resonancia Magnética Nuclear / Instar and female reproductive ages of Rhodnius prolixus by nuclear magnetic resonance

En este trabajo se determinó cualitativa y cuantitativamente la composición química de un extracto en benceno de ejemplares de Rhodnius prolixus en diferentes estadios ninfales y edades reproductivas de las hembras. El análisis fue realizado mediante técnicas uni- y bidimensionales (1D y 2D) de Resonancia Magnética Nuclear (RMN). Se han clasificado los compuestos químicos presentes en el extracto como A, B y C, según sus zonas de desplazamiento químico. El compuesto A, situado en la zona entre d 5,0 y 5,33 ppm, puede ser atribuido a hidrógenos olefínicos (alquenos) y está presente en todo los estadios ninfales y edades reproductivas, por lo que no es de utilidad para ser marcador de edades. El Compuesto C, situado en la zona entre 2,5 ppm y 3,5 ppm, representa distintas señales las cuales presumiblemente según sus desplazamientos químicos corresponden a hidrógenos sobre carbonos nitrogenados y sirve como marcador de edad para diferenciar entre los estadios ninfales y el comienzo de la edad adulta. El Compuesto B, presente en la zona entre 4 y 5 ppm, corresponde a un triacilglicerol, y es un marcador importante para diferenciar entre las hembras no ovipositoras (HNO) y ovipositoras (HO), ya que esta última edad carece de este compuesto. También es útil usar la relación de concentraciones de los compuestos A y B, que viene dada por la integral de la señal para determinar la diferencia de edades entre los estadios ninfales. Se proponen estas técnicas para determinar los estadios ninfales y las edades reproductivas de las hembras en una muestra de triatominos colectados en condiciones de campo, lo que revelaría información importante para conocer algunas de las variables de las que depende la capacidad vectora de estos insectos en la transmisión de la Enfermedad de Chagas.

Aislamiento reproductivo postcigótico entre Rhodnius prolixus Stal 1859 y R. robustus Larrousse 1927 (Heteroptera, Triatominae) / Postcigotic reproductive isolation between Rhodnius prolixus stal 1859 and R. robustus Larrousse 1927 (Heteroptera, Triatominae)

En este trabajo se presentan algunas evidencias que contribuyen a la verificación en condiciones de laboratorio, del estatus taxonómico de R. prolixus y R. robustus, por medio del estudio de la viabilidad de los híbridos entre ambas especies, mediante la caracterización morfológica y la determinación de parámetros reproductivos; además se aporta información que podría fundamentar un mecanismo de aislamiento reproductivo postcigótico. El estudio morfológico llevado a cabo en las diferentes ninfas (I, II, III, IV y V estadio) sobre el desarrollo de la callosidad postocular, la presencia de espinas en el primer y segundo segmento antenal y de un espolón en el primer segmento tarsal; reveló una variabilidad morfológica en los estadios ninfales de R. prolixus y R. robustus. Sólo el cruce híbrido de de R. robustus y de R. prolixus produjo huevos fértiles. Al comparar los parámetros reproductivos de los híbridos y los controles, se encontraron diferencias estadísti-camente significativas en la fertilidad, tiempo de desarrollo embrionario, tiempo preoviposición, supervivencia de los estadios ninfales del I, III y V.

Estudo biológico e biométrico dos estádios ninfais de Rhodnius prolixus Stãl, 1859 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) sob condições laboratoriais / Biological and biometric studies of the nymph instars of R. prolixus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae)

A partir de ninfas de 5o estádio obtiveram-se casais de Rhodnius prolixus, que originaram ovos e ninfas para estudos de ciclo biológico e biométrico. Foram determinados os seguintes parâmetros do ciclo biológico à temperatura de 28OC e umidade relativa do ar variando entre 52 e 94%: período médio de incubação dos ovos: 13,01 dias; taxa de eclosão dos ovos: 77,6%; período médio de desenvolvimento do 1º, 2º, 3º, 4º e 5º estádio ninfal: 19, 33;19,09; 20,38; 24,37; 38,14 dias, respectivamente;percentual de mortes nos estádios ninfais: 26,70; 14,00;18,26; 17,02; 35,47% respectivamente; percentual de mudas por estádio ninfal; 73,30; 86,03; 81,73; 82,97 e 64,52%, respectivamente. Estudo biométrico mostrou que o abdômen é o maior segmento em todos os estádios. Nos quatro primeiros estádios a cabeça apresenta-se maior que o tórax, enquanto no quinto estádio a cabeça e o tórax apresentam portes equivalentes.

Influência da temperatura e umidade na biologia de Rhodnius neglectus Lent, 1954 em laboratório (Hemiptera, Reduviidae,Triatominae) / Influence of the temperature and humidity on the biology of Rhodnius neglectus Lent, 1954, in laboratory conditions (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae)

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi observar o desenvolvimento de R. neglectus em diferentes condições de temperatura e umidade. Três grupos foram formados:33/40 (33+/- 1ºC e 40% +/-5% UR), 33/70 (33+/- 1ºC e 70% +/-5% UR), e 28/70 (28+/- 1ºC e 70% +/-5% UR). Todos os grupos foram observados diariamente para avaliação do período de incubação dos ovos, período de desenvolvimento dos estádios ninfais, percentual de mortalidade por estádio, número de repastos realizados, e período de desenvolvimento da eclosão a muda imaginal. O desenvolvimento embrionário apresentou diferenças significativas em todos os tratamentos, o grupo 33/40 apresentou o menor período de incubação. O menor número de repastos foi observado no grupo 33/40 exceto para o primeiro estádio (grupo 28/70). O período de desenvolvimento ninfal foi significativamente reduzido no grupo 33/40; entretanto, o percentual de mortalidade deste grupo foi alto, e os insetos não conseguiram realizar a muda imaginal.

The objective of the present paper was to study the development of R. neglectus in the laboratory under different conditions of temperature and humidity. Three groups were prepared: 33/40 (33+/- 1 degree C and 40% +/-5% UR), 33/70 (33+/- 1 degree C and 70% +/-5% UR), and 28/70 (28+/- 1 degree C and 70% +/-5% UR). All these groups were observed daily to evaluate the eggs' incubation period, the development period of each instar nymph, the mortality rate of each stage, the frequency of feeding and the hatching - adult ecdysis period. The embryonic development showed significant differences between the treatment given, the group 33/40 presented the lowest incubation period. The lowest bloodmeals number was observed in the group 33/40 except for the first instar (group 28/70). The period of nymphal development was significantly reduced in the group 33/40, however, the mortality was high and the specimens did not reach the adult phase.

Resistance to starvation of Rhodnius neivai Lent, 1953 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) under experimental conditions

The period of resistance to starvation and the loss of weight until death of Rhodnius neivai in all stages of development were studied. Work was based on experiments conducted under controlled laboratory conditions. One hundred specimens of each nymphal instar were observed: 50 were fed on chicken and 50 on rabbit. Adult females and males were kept together and fed on each host. All bugs were weighed weekly until death. Laid eggs were collected weekly and observed during five weeks to obtain hatchability. Resistance to starvation was similar with both hosts and increased with the evolutionary stage, excepting the 5th nymphal instar and adults. With both hosts, loss of weight was abrupt in the first week and steady in the following weeks. In adults, on the first weeks after eating, there was little or no mortality, after which mortality increased rapidly with the starving time. Reproductive output was higher in the bugs fed on rabbit. R. neivai is among the least resistant triatomine species

Development of Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) under constant and cyclic conditions of temperature and humidity

Development of Rhodnius prolixus after eclosion until the adult stage was studied at constant temperatures (T), 15, 20, 25, 28, 35ºC, 20/25ºC, 25/35ºC, and relative humidities (RH), 75, 86 and 97 (por cento) and fluctuating (16/8 hr) temperatures, T I/II, 15/28ºC, 25/28ºC and 25/35ºC, and relative humidities, RH I/II, 86/75 (por cento) and 97/75 (por cento). Eclosion or molting were not observed at 15ºC and 86 or 97 (por cento) RH, respectively. At 35ºC and 75 (por cento) RH only few insects molted. By alternating T I/II, 15/28ºC and 25/35ºC, insects developed at high frequency. Cumulating the average lengths of the interphases within independent groups for each instar, R. prolixus reached the adult stage most rapidly (86.7 days) and at highest frequency per instar (mean: 91.8 por cento) at 28ºC and 75 (por cento) RH. Under fluctuating T I/II, development was completed within 100 days or less at 25/28ºC and 20/25ºC (>185 days), and at constant 20ºC (>300 days). Mortality was higher at constant 97 (por cento) RH or fluctuating RH I, 97 (por cento) than at constant or fluctuating 86 (por cento) RH. Refeeding was minimal at optimal conditions of T and RH for development. The most refeeding was observed at a constant 35ºC.

Biology of nymphs of Rhodnius robustus Larrousse, 1927 (Hemiptera, reduviidae), fed on pigeon or on Swiss mouse blood in laboratory conditions

The duration of the life cycle of Rhodnius robustus Larrousse, 1927 as well as the mortality rate of each nymphal instar were studied comparing groups fed on pigeon or on mouse blood weekly or fortnightly. This species showed a better development and lower mortality rate when fed on swiis mouse. The intervals between feedings apparently did not have influence on the shorteing of the cycle. We suggest that laboratoy colonies and experiments with R. robustus are better maintained when these triatomines are fed on swiss mouse.

Population biology of Rhodnius domesticus Neiva & Pinto, 1923 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) under laboratory conditions

The entire life cicle of Rhodnius domesticus, fed weekly on mice, was studied under controlled conditions. Aspects related to hatching, life time, mortality, feeding behaviour and fecundity for each stage of the insect life-cycle were evaluated. The hatching rate observed in 100 eggs was 57 per cent and the mean time of hatching was 15.6 days. Forth-six nymphs (80.7 per cent) completed the cycle and the mean time from NI to adult was 93.8 days. The average span in days for each stage was 12.4 for NI, 9.8 for NII, 14.2 for NIII, 16.8 for NIV and 25.0 for NV. The number of bloodmeals in each nymphal stage varied from 1 to 3. The mortality rate was 12.3 per cent for NI, 3.5 per cent for NII and 1.7 per cent for NIII and NIV nymphs. The mean number of eggs laid per female in a 9-month period was 333.1. Average adult survival rates were 287.6 + 133 and 328 + 73 days for males and females respectively.

Desenvolvimento de Rhodnius pictipes Stal, 1872 alimentado atraves de membrana de silicone e em camundongos (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) / Development of Rhodnius pictipes Stal, 1872 fed on mice and through a silicone membrane (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae)

Rhodnius pictipes (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) from Serra Norte, State of Para, Brazil, aclimatizes in an insectary at the Laboratorio Nacional e Internacional de Referencia em Taxonomia de Triatomineos, Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, were fed through a silicone membrane. In order to know the viability and the efficiency of this membrane compared with insects fed on mice, the number of bloodmeals taken, period of development of the five nymphal instars, longevity of adults, average amount of blood intake in each meal and percent of mortality were observed. A total of 310 insects were used, comprising 50 nymphs of each instar, as well as 30 male and 30 female adults. Insects fed artificially had reduced minimal and maximal periods of development than the group fed on mice. The largest relative increase of body weight was observed in the 2nd instar followed by the 1st, and the amount of blood ingested increased during the development, to the 5th instar for both goups. There were no significant differences between the groups fed artificially and in vivo according to Tukey's test for p>0.05. The percent of mortality in the 1st instar was 18 per cent for artificially fed and 16 per cent for the group fed on mice; these percentages decreased as insects developed until the 4th instar, without mortality, returning to increase in the 5th instar. R. pictipes was shown to be easily adaptable to artificial feeding, and could be considered as an important and viable experimental model.

Estudo do ciclo evolutivo do Rhodnius nasutus stal, 1859, em laboratório / The developmental cycle of rhodnius nasutus Stal, 1859 studied in the laboratory

O ciclo biológico da espécie Rhodnius nasutus foi estudado em 1986 em laboratório. As médias das temperaturas máximas e mínimas observadas foram de 28,0 + 2 graus Celsius e 22,0 + 2 graus Celsius e a da umidade relativa do ar entre 59,2 por cento e 70,4 por cento. Foram utilizadas aves como fonte de alimentaçao. O desenvolvimento completo desta espécie doi obtido em 53,3 por cento dos 30 exemplares estudados. O período de ovo a adulto durou em média, de 209,4 dias, assim distribuídos: período de incubaçao = 11,1 dias, 1( estádio = 17,6 dias, 2( estádio = 16,1 dias, 3( estádio = 30,0 dias, 4( estádio = 71,2 dias e o 5( estádio = 79,9 dias.