Changes in the levels of immunological markers after treatment in patients with allergic rhinitis / Cambios en los niveles de marcadores inmunológicos después del tratamiento en pacientes con rinitis alérgica

Introduction: Monitoring changes in the levels of immune markers is of great significance in evaluating the effectiveness of treatment in patients with allergic rhinitis. Objectives: Determine the change in the concentration of immune markers after treatment in patients with allergic rhinitis caused by cotton dust. Methods: A descriptive, single-group, comparative before and after intervention study on 52 patients with allergic rhinitis caused by cotton dust. Comparison of immunological markers results before and after 36 months of treatment. Results: Total IgE concentration after treatment decreased, the median decreased from 1227.756 U/mL to 676.805 UI/mL. Serum levels of IgG, IgG4, and IgG1 in patients after treatment increased compared to before (p< 0.001). The cytokines also changed in the direction of no longer responding toward allergy. Median IL-17 decreased from 1.752 mg/dL to 0.417 mg/dL. Conclusion: In patients with allergic rhinitis after specific sublingual desensitization treatment, IgE levels and cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-17 are significantly reduced and IgG, IgG4 and IgG1 levels are increased after treatment(AU)

Introducción: El monitoreo de los cambios en los niveles de marcadores inmunes es de gran importancia para evaluar la efectividad del tratamiento en pacientes con rinitis alérgica. Objetivos: Determinar el cambio en la concentración de marcadores inmunes después del tratamiento, en pacientes con rinitis alérgica causada por polvo de algodón. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, monogrupo, comparativo antes y después de la intervención, en 52 pacientes con rinitis alérgica por polvo de algodón. Se compararon resultados de marcadores inmunológicos antes y después de 36 meses de tratamiento. Resultados: La concentración de IgE total después del tratamiento disminuyó, la mediana disminuyó de 1227,756 U/mL a 676,805 UI/mL. Los niveles séricos de IgG, IgG4 e IgG1 en pacientes, después del tratamiento, aumentaron (p< 0,001). Las citocinas también cambiaron en dirección a ausencia de respuesta a la alergia. La mediana de IL-17 disminuyó de 1,752 mg/dL a 0,417 mg/dL. Conclusión: En pacientes con rinitis alérgica, después del tratamiento específico de desensibilización sublingual, los niveles de IgE y citocinas como IL-6 e IL-17 se reducen significativamente y los niveles de IgG, IgG4 e IgG1 aumentan(AU)

Rinitis alérgica en pediatría: recomendaciones para su diagnóstico y tratamiento / Allergic rhinitis in pediatrics: recommendations for diagnosis and treatment

La rinitis alérgica (RA) es una de las enfermedades crónicas más frecuentes de la infancia. Sin embargo, permanece subdiagnosticada y subtratada. Su prevalencia ha aumentado en los últimos años y varía del 2 % al 25 %. Los síntomas de la RA incluyen estornudos, prurito, rinorrea y congestión nasal. Un correcto diagnóstico y tratamiento de la RA y sus comorbilidades, tales como rinosinusitis con o sin poliposis nasal, conjuntivitis, otitis media, asma bronquial e infecciones del tracto respiratorio, son importantes para reducir el impacto negativo en la afectación de la calidad de vida del paciente y sus familiares, y los gastos sanitarios que ocasiona. La inmunoterapia alérgeno específica, en pacientes correctamente seleccionados, previene nuevas sensibilizaciones y reduce la hiperreactividad bronquial asociada a la RA. Considerando todos estos factores, el Comité Nacional de Alergia de la Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría propone recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia actual.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is one of the most common chronic diseases in children. However, it remains underdiagnosed and undertreated. Its prevalence has increased in recent years and varies from 2 to 25 %. Symptoms include sneezing, itching, runny nose, and nasal congestion. A correct diagnosis and treatment of AR and its comorbidities such as rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyposis, conjunctivitis, otitis media, bronchial asthma and respiratory tract infections, are important to reduce the negative impact on the quality of life of the patient and their relatives, and in medical costs. Specific allergen immunotherapy, in correctly selected patients, prevents new sensitizations and reduces bronchial hyperreactivity associated with AR. Taking into account all these reasons, the National Allergy Committee of the Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría proposes current evidence based recommendations

Changes in percentage of GATA3+ regulatory T cells and their pathogenic roles in allergic rhinitis / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the changes in percentage of GATA3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells in patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) and mouse models.@*METHODS@#The nasal mucosa specimens were obtained from 6 AR patients and 6 control patients for detection of nasal mucosal inflammation. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were collected from 12 AP patients and 12 control patients to determine the percentages of Treg cells and GATA3+ Treg cells. In a C57BL/6 mouse model of AR, the AR symptom score, peripheral blood OVA-sIgE level, and nasal mucosal inflammation were assessed, and the spleen of mice was collected for detecting the percentages of Treg cells and GATA3+ Treg cells and the expressions of Th2 cytokines.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the control patients, AR patients showed significantly increased eosinophil infiltration and goblet cell proliferation in the nasal mucosa (P < 0.01) and decreased percentages of Treg cells and GATA3+ Treg cells (P < 0.05). The mouse models of AR also had more obvious allergic symptoms, significantly increased OVA-sIgE level in peripheral blood, eosinophil infiltration and goblet cell hyperplasia (P < 0.01), markedly lowered percentages of Treg cells and GATA3+ Treg cells in the spleen (P < 0.01), and increased expressions of IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 (P < 0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The percentage of GATA3+ Treg cells is decreased in AR patients and mouse models. GATA3+ Treg cells possibly participate in Th2 cell immune response, both of which are involved in the occurrence and progression of AR, suggesting the potential of GATA3+ Treg cells as a new therapeutic target for AR.

Acupuncture for prevention of moderate to severe seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized controlled trial / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the clinical efficacy of acupuncture for prevention of moderate to severe seasonal allergic rhinitis.@*METHODS@#A total of 105 patients with moderate to severe seasonal allergic rhinitis were randomly divided into an observation group (53 cases, 3 cases dropped off) and a control group (52 cases, 4 cases dropped off). The patients in the observation group were treated with acupuncture at Yintang (GV 24+), Yingxiang (LI 20), Hegu (LI 4), Zusanli (ST 36), Fengchi (GB 20), Feishu (BL 13), etc. 4 weeks before the seizure period, once every other day, 3 times a week for 4 weeks. The patients in the control group were not given any intervention before the seizure period. Emergency drugs can be given appropriately during the seizure period in both groups. After seizure period, the seizure rate was recorded in the two groups; before treatment and on week 1, 2, 4, 6 of seizure period after treatment, the rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire (RQLQ) score and total nasal symptom score (TNSS) were observed in the two groups; the rescue medication score (RMS) was recorded on week 1-6 of seizure period in the two groups.@*RESULTS@#The seizure rate of the observation group was 84.0% (42/50), which was lower than 100.0% (48/48) in the control group (P<0.05). After treatment, the scores of RQLQ and TNSS at each time point of seizure period were decreased compared with before treatment in the observation group (P<0.01), which were lower than the control group (P<0.01). The RMS score at each time point of seizure period in the observation group was lower than the control group (P<0.05, P<0.01).@*CONCLUSION@#Acupuncture can reduce the incidence of moderate to severe seasonal allergic rhinitis, relieve the symptoms, improve the quality of life and reduce the use of emergency drugs.

Modified acupuncture at sphenopalatine ganglion for allergic rhinitis: a randomized controlled trial / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effect of modified acupuncture at sphenopalatine ganglion for allergic rhinitis (AR).@*METHODS@#A total of 80 patients with AR were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, 40 cases in each group. In the observation group, modified acupuncture at sphenopalatine ganglion was given, 30 min each time, 2 times a week and with an interval of 3-4 days. In the control group, budesonide nasal spray was given. Both groups were treated for 4 weeks. The total nasal symptom score (TNSS) and total non-nasal symptom score (TNNSS) were observed before treatment, after first treatment, after last treatment and 4 weeks after treatment; the scores of visual analogue scale (VAS) and rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire (RQLQ) were observed before treatment, after last treatment and 4 weeks after treatment; the recurrence condition was evaluated 4 weeks after treatment; the clinical efficacy was evaluated after last treatment in the two groups.@*RESULTS@#Compared with before treatment, the total scores and each score of TNSS, TNNSS scores after first treatment, after last treatment and 4 weeks after treatment were decreased in both groups (P<0.01, P<0.05). After first treatment, the total score, stuffy nose score, itchy nose score of TNSS and TNNSS score in the observation group were lower than the control group (P<0.01, P<0.05). After last treatment, the total score, stuffy nose score, itchy nose score of TNSS in the observation group were lower than the control group (P<0.01). Four weeks after treatment, the total score and each score of TNSS, TNNSS score in the observation group were lower than the control group (P<0.01, P<0.05). Compared with before treatment, the scores of VAS and RQLQ after last treatment and 4 weeks after treatment were decreased in both groups (P<0.01), and those in the observation group were lower than the control group (P<0.01). The recurrence rate was 13.5% (5/37) in the observation group, which was lower than 44.8% (13/29) in the control group (P<0.01). The total effective rate was 92.5% (37/40) in the observation group, which was higher than 72.5% (29/40) in the control group (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Modified acupuncture at sphenopalatine ganglion could effectively improve symptoms and quality of life in patients with AR, and the recurrence rate is lower.

Value of allergen nasal provocation test in assessment of the efficacy of house dust mites specific immunotherapy / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the value of nasal provocation test（NPT） in evaluating the efficacy of allergen immunotherapy（AIT） in patients with dust mite induced allergic rhinitis（AR）. Methods:A total of 83 patients with dust mite induced AR with/without asthma were included. Symptom score（SS）, daily medication score（DMS）, combined symptom and medication score（CSMS）, rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire（RQLQ）, NPT and skin prick test（SPT） were assessed before and after 1 year AIT. Results:There were statistical differences in SS（P<0.000 1）, DMS（P<0.000 1）, CSMS（P<0.000 1）, and RQLQ（P<0.000 1） after 1 year of AIT compared with pre-treatment. The effective rate of CSMS was 73.49%, and the effective rate of NPT was 42.17%. CSMS was consistent with NPT in efficacy assessment（Kappa=0.437, P<0.001）; while in 54 patients with pre-treatment NPT concentrations other than the original concentration, CMSM and NPT showed better consistence（Kappa=0.895, P<0.001）. Among the 48 patients with ineffective NPT assessment in the first year, 25 patients completed the second-year follow-up, and 12 patients（48.00%） showed effective in NPT. However, 10 out of 12 patients（83.33%） with NPT concentration other than original solution pre-treatment showed effective NPT at the second year. Conclusion:NPT can be used as one of the indicators for efficacy evaluation for dust mite induced AR patients, especially for patients with positive NPT induced at lower concentrations before treatment.

Characteristics of allergen component in dust mite-induced allergic rhinitis patients / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the characteristics of allergen component in dust mite（DM） -induced allergic rhinitis（AR） patients, and provide reference for the diagnosis and treatment of AR. Methods:DM-induced AR patients with or without allergic asthma（AA） who visited the Allergy Department of Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology between 2021 and 2022 were enrolled. Patients'age, gender, and visual analog scale（VAS） for symptoms were recorded. sIgE and sIgG4 levels of allergen components such as Der f1, Der f2, Der p1, Der p2, Der p7, Der p10, Der p21, and Der p23 were detected using a protein chip method. The sensitization characteristics of the allergen components in the patients were observed, and the correlation between sIgE, sIgG of each component and VAS as well as the component differences between AR and AR with AA（AR&AA） were evaluated. Results:A total of 87 DM-induced AR patients were enrolled, with 42.5% of them were AR&AA, their VAS scores were significantly higher than those of AR patients（6.38±1.95 vs 5.25±1.85, P=0.009 8）. The order of sensitization rates for DM components was as follows: Der p2（82.8%）, Der f2（81.6%）, Der p1（74.7%）, Der f1（70.1%）, and Der p23（35.6%）. The order of positive rates for sIgG4 was: Der p2（21.8%）, Der f2（13.8%）, Der p21（8.0%）, and Der p7（6.9%）. There were no correlation between the sIgE, sIgG4 levels or positive numbers of components and VAS scores, but there were positive correlations between sIgE, sIgG4 concentrations of components. Compared with AR patients, AR&AA patients had higher levels of sIgE for Der p（60.5[7.2-91.1]vs 14.0[4.8-45.1], P=0.02）, Der f（49.8[15.7-81.6]vs 21.3[7.0-50.2], P=0.04）, Der p1（27.2[0.7-51.5]vs 2.6[0.2-24.9], P=0.02）, Der p2（20.0[1.4-60.6]vs 5.5[0.6-19.1], P=0.004）, and Der f2（58.9[16.0-89.2]vs 23.4[0.9-56.8], P=0.009）, and a higher proportion of AR with AA patients had sIgE levels of Der p1（70.3% vs 48.0%, P=0.038） and Der p23（27.0% vs 14.0%, P=0.039） that were ≥3 grades. Conclusion:Der p1/f1, Der p2/f3, and Der p23 are the major components of DM sensitized AR patients. Multiple component sensitization and sIgE, sIgG4 levels of each component are not correlated with the severity of AR. The sIgE levels of the Der p1/f1, Der p2/f3, and Der p23 components in AR&AA patients are higher than AR.

Analysis of adherence and determinants of sublingual immunotherapy in patients with Artemisia pollen-induced allergic rhinitis / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective:To monitor adherence to specific sublingual immunotherapy （SLIT） in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis（AR）, analyse factors influencing adherence, and provide research support to effectively improve adherence. Methods:Patients with AR who underwent Artemisia pollen SLIT at the Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University from May 2021 to April 2022 were retrospectively followed up by telephone to investigate the current status of treatment, count the causes of shedding, and extract relevant information from their medical record data for analysis. Results:Of the 112 patients surveyed, 34 discontinued treatment（30.3%）; patients who experienced adverse reactions and SLIT patients who had been on treatment for more than 6 months showed relatively good adherence（P<0.05）. The main reasons for discontinuation in patients who dropped out were: asymptomatic discomfort during the non-pollen phase and therefore discontinuation of treatment or feeling that treatment was ineffective 9 cases（26.5%）, forced discontinuation due to vaccination or pregnancy, or epidemics 6 cases（17.6%）. Conclusion:Long-term adherence of patients to Artemisia pollen SLIT still needs to be brought to the attention of healthcare professionals, especially in the early stages of treatment when good patient education and good channels of trust and communication between doctors and patients need to be established.

Rhinophototherapy, an alternative treatment of allergic rhinitis: Systematic review and meta-analysis / Rinofototerapia, uma alternativa para o tratamento de rinite alérgica: revisão sistemática e metanálise

Abstract Introduction: Allergic rhinitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa, mediated by immunoglobulin E, affecting 1 in 6 individuals. The treatment aims at attaining symptomatic control with minimal side effects, a requirement for new alternative therapies, including phototherapy, as it has an immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory effect. Objective: To identify the effectiveness of phototherapy in the treatment of allergic rhinitis through a meta-analysis. Methods: We searched Web of Science, Scielo, PubMed, SCOPUS, PEDro, and LILACS databases, using the terms: ''intranasal irradiation'', ''phototherapy'' and ''allergic rhinitis''. The R software Metafor package was used for the meta-analysis and the effect size was calculated for each symptom individually. Results: All symptoms decreased considerably after phototherapy: rhinorrhea (ES• = -1.35; p < 0.0001; I2 = 91.84%), sneezing (ES• = -1.24; p < 0.0001; I2 = 91.43%), nasal pruritus (ES• = -1.10; p < 0.0001; I2 = 91.43%); nasal obstruction (ES• = -1.11; p < 0.0001; I2 = 91.88%). The effects were more significant in perennial allergic rhinitis than in the seasonal type. Conclusion: Considering the effect size and the statistical significance attained in our study, rhinophototherapy showed to be an effective treatment for reducing the nasal symptom scores triggered by AR.

Resumo Introdução: A rinite alérgica é uma doença inflamatória crônica da mucosa nasal, imunomediada por imunoglobulina E, que afeta 1/6 dos indivíduos. O tratamento visa o controle dos sintomas com efeitos colaterais mínimos, uma prerrogativa para novas terapias alternativas, como a fototerapia, por apresentar efeitos imunossupressor e imunomodulador. Objetivo: Identificar, mediante uma metanálise, a eficácia da fototerapia no tratamento da rinite alérgica. Método: Usamos as bases de dados: Web of Science, Scielo, PubMed, SCOPUS, PEDro e LILACS, com os termos de busca: intranasal irradiation, phototherapy, allergic rhinitis. Para a metanálise foi usado o pacote metafor do software R, o tamanho do efeito foi calculado para cada sintoma separadamente. Resultados: Todos os sintomas apresentaram diminuição significante após a fototerapia: coriza (ES =-1,35; p < 0,0001; I2 = 91,84%), espirros (ES =-1,24; p < 0,0001; I2 = 91,43%), prurido nasal (ES =-1,10; p < 0,0001; I2 = 91,43%); obstrução nasal (ES =-1,11; p < 0,0001; I2 = 91,88%), com efeitos mais expressivos na rinite alérgica perene do que na rinite alérgica sazonal. Conclusão: Considerando-se a magnitude do efeito e a significância estatística alcançadas em nosso estudo, a rinofototerapia demonstrou-se um tratamento eficaz para a redução dos escores dos sintomas nasais desencadeados pela rinite alérgica.

Network Meta-analysis of acupuncture and moxibustion for allergic rhinitis / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To review the therapeutic effect of acupuncture and moxibustion on allergic rhinitis based on the network Meta-analysis.@*METHODS@#The randomized controlled trials of acupuncture and moxibustion for allergic rhinitis were retrieved from the databases, starting from the date of establishment to August 17, 2020, i.e. the PubMed, EMbase, Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang and VIP. The traditional Meta-analysis and network Meta-analysis were performed by RevMan5.3 and GeMTC0.14.3.@*RESULTS@#A total of 50 RCTs were included, including 4260 patients, involving 5 kinds of acupuncture and moxibustion therapies, such as acupuncture, moxibustion, acupoint application, acupoint thread-embedding and auricular point therapy.①In term of total effective rate, acupuncture, moxibustion and acupoint thread-embedding were superior to western medication and auricular point therapy (@*CONCLUSION@#The therapeutic effect of acupuncture and moxibustion on allergic rhinitis is better than western medication, and acupoint thread-embedding has the best curative effect.

Inmunoterapia con alérgenos de ácaros en pacientes con rinitis alérgica y apnea obstructiva del sueño / Immunotherapy with mite allergens in patients with allergic rhinitis and obstructive sleep apnea

Para confirmar la presencia de apneea obstructiva del sueño (OSA) en rinitis alérgica (RA), se realizó poligrafía cardiorrespiratoria (CRP) y para tratar ambas condiciones, inmunoterapia alérgeno específica (ITAE). El diseño fue descriptivo en el universo de pacientes del servicio de Alergología del policlínico Previsora en Camagüey, Cuba, desde diciembre 2018 a marzo 2020. Se seleccionaron 326 pacientes en orden consecutivo de asistencia a la consulta, teniendo en cuenta los criterios: ≥5 años con RA, sospecha de OSA y prueba cutánea con ácaros: Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides siboney y Blomia tropicalis, producidos en: Centro Nacional de Biopreparados de Cuba. Todos recibieron ASIT por ≥10 meses y se realizó CRP antes y después de la ASIT. La CRP se realizó utilizando el marcaje automático de eventos de ApneaLink AirTM (Resmed Corp., RFA), validado para estudiar los trastornos del sueño en el hogar. Los resultados de la prueba cutánea y de CRP se evaluaron antes y después de la ASIT; también la eficacia de la ASIT según criterios de pacientes y profesionales. De la muestra, 152 fueron del sexo femenino y 174 del sexo masculino para un 46,6 por ciento y 53,4 por ciento respectivamente; aquellos con habón de 5 a 6 mm fueron los más representados (p=0,04). Hubo descenso en los niveles de gravedad de OSA después de la ASIT (p=0,025). En la valoración de la eficacia de la ASIT, hubo un número significativo de mejorados (p=0,012). La CRP proporciona el diagnóstico de OSA en RA, y la ASIT cambia el curso de ambas condiciones(AU)

To confirm the presence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in allergic rhinitis (AR), cardiorespiratory polygraphy (CRP) was performed, and to treat both conditions, the allergen specific immunotherapy (ASIT) was used in order to change their course. Descriptive study in the universe of patients from Previsora polyclinic Allergology service, Camagüey, Cuba was carried-out from December 2018 to March 2020. 326 patients were selected in consecutive order of attendance at the consultation, taking into account the criteria: ≥5 years with AR, suspicion of OSA and positive skin test to: Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides siboney and Blomia tropicalis, supplied by the National Center for Biopreparations in Cuba. All patients received ASIT for ≥10 months and CRP was performed before and after ASIT. The CRP results were taken from the automatic scoring of the ApneaLink AirTM device (Resmed Corp., Australia), validated to study OSA at home. The skin test and CRP results were evaluated before and after the ASIT. In addition, the assessment of the ASIT efficacy according to criteria of patients and professionals was performed. The sample was made-up of 152 female patients (46.6 percent) and 174 males (53.4 percent); those with 5 to 6 mm wheal were the most represented (p=0.04). There was decrease in OSA severity levels after ASIT (p=0.025). The ASIT efficacy was proved with a significant number of improvements (p=0.012). CRP provides the diagnosis of OSA in AR, and ASIT changes the course of both conditions(AU)

Evaluación del impacto de la apnea obstructiva del sueño (OSA) Gestión de la calidad de vida (QoL) en pacientes pediátricos: un estudio transversal / Assessing the Impact of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) Management on Quality of Life (QoL) in Pediatric Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study

Objective: The study aims to assess the impact of obstructive sleep apnea on quality of life in pediatric patients along with their management approaches. Methodology: The study has applied a cross-sectional design to recruit children, visiting ENT clinics with the suggestion of obstructive sleep apnea. History and OSA assessment were collected for these children from the hospital. Besides this, OSA-18 questionnaire was used to collect the data, translated into Arabic language for respondents' feasibility. Results: A total of 24 patients (40%) were able to cure with medical treatment, whereas 36 patients (60%) were provided with surgical treatment. There were significant association between medical management and parental smoking (p-value=0.011), OSA score (p-value-0.003) and the size of adenoid (p-value=0.008). A significant association was also shown between size of adenoid and severity of OSA18 (p-value=0.031). No significant difference was shown between parental smoking, allergic rhinitis and severity of OSA. Conclusion: Although the surgical management is still the main modality in treating OSA, medical treatment plays an important role especially in cases with mild OSA, small adenoids and indoor smoking.

Systemic reactions to subcutaneous immunotherapy for bronchial asthma and/or allergic rhinitis in children and their risk factors / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the incidence of systemic reactions (SR) to subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) for bronchial asthma and/or allergic rhinitis in children and their risk factors.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was performed on 198 children with bronchial and/or allergic rhinitis. According to the presence or absence of SR and local reactions (LR) during SCIT, the patients were divided into two groups: SR (with SR and LR, n=31) and control (without SR or LR, n=142). A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the risk factors associated with SR.@*RESULTS@#Among the 198 patients who received 8 157 injections of SCIT, 25 (12.6%) experienced SR (31 times, 0.38%), including grade I SR (18 times, 58%), grade II SR (10 times, 32%), grade III SR (3 times, 10%), and no grade IV SR. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that multiple sensitization with both food and inhaled allergens, specific IgE to dust mites (grade 6), total IgE (grade 6), and a history of LR were independent risk factors for SR (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#SCIT is a safe treatment for bronchial asthma and/or allergic rhinitis in children, with a low incidence of SR. Children with multiple sensitization with both food and inhaled allergens, a hypersensitive state (specific IgE to dust mites, grade 6; total IgE, grade 6), and a history of LR have an increased risk of SR to SCIT.

Inmunoterapia con extractos industriales de ácaros domésticos en niños menores de 5 años de edad con rinitis y asma / Immunotherapy with industrial extracts of house mites in children under 5 years old with rhinitis and asthma

La inmunoterapia sublingual (ITSL), se emplea en niños por la seguridad que ofrece, aunque existen algunas discordancias en cuanto a la edad de aplicación. Con el objetivo de profundizar en esta vía de tratamiento, se realizó un estudio en el universo de niños de 6 meses hasta 5 años cumplidos, en el área de salud Previsora Camagüey, Cuba. La muestra se estableció en aquellos que tenían antecedentes personales y familiares de atopia con rinitis y asma. El grupo de estudio, los atendidos en el servicio de Alergología con prueba de punción cutánea positiva a Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp), Dermatophagoides siboney (Ds) y Blomia tropicalis (Bt) e ITSL a los mencionados ácaros. El grupo control, los no atendidos por Alergología. En ambos grupos se registró la asistencia a urgencias, ingresos hospitalarios, consumo de medicamentos, cuestionarios RQLQm y AQLQm de Juniper, al inicio del estudio y a los 15 años de seguimiento. La positividad de la prueba fue mayor en rinitis alérgica, tanto en los menores de 2 años como en los de 2 a 5 años. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre estos dos grupos de edad. Predominaron los sensibilizados a Dp+Ds+Bt, con porcentajes superiores al 50 por ciento. La asistencia a servicios de urgencias e ingresos hospitalarios, en el grupo de estudio fue menor que en el control, así como el consumo de medicamentos, y la puntuación de calidad de vida fue superior en el grupo de estudio. Los niños menores de 5 años con ITSL tienen menor probabilidad de consumir medicamentos, asistir a urgencias e ingresar a hospitales y su calidad de vida es superior a los controles(AU)

Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is used in children for its safety, although there are some disagreements regarding the age of application. In order to study this treatment in depth, a study was conducted in children from 6 months to 5 years old in the health area of Previsora Camagüey, Cuba. The sample was taken in the children population with rhinitis, asthma and personal and family history of atopy. The study group, those treated in the Allergology service with positive skin prick test (SPT) to mites: Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp), Dermatophagoides siboney (Ds) and Blomia tropicalis (Bt) and SLIT to these mites. Children not treated by the Allergology service were the control group. In both groups, emergency attendance, hospital admissions, drug consumption were recorded, as well as the RQLQm and Juniper AQLQm questionnaires, at the beginning of the study and after 15 years of follow-up. The positive SPT were higher in allergic rhinitis, both children under 2 years and 2 to 5 years old. No statistical significance was found between these age groups. Allergic sensitivity was mainly found to Dp+Ds+Bt, with percentages higher than 50 percent. The attendance to emergency services and hospital admissions in the study group was lower than in the control, as well as the drug consumption. The quality of life score was higher in the study group. Children under 5 years old with SLIT are less likely to consume medications, to attend the emergency room and hospitalization, and their quality of life is superior to controls(AU)

Effect of sublingual immunotherapy on platelet activity in children with allergic rhinitis / Efeito da imunoterapia sublingual sobre a atividade plaquetária em crianças com rinite alérgica

Abstract Introduction: The role of platelet activation in allergic inflammation is receiving increasing attention. Sublingual immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis can modify the immunological process to an allergen, rather than simply treating symptoms. Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the role of platelet activation during sublingual immunotherapy in children with allergic rhinitis. Methods: Forty-two House Dust Mite - sensitized children with allergic rhinitis were enrolled and received House Dust Mite allergen extract for sublingual immunotherapy or placebo. Serum of different time points during treatment was collected and used for detection of Platelet Factor-4 and Beta-Thromboglobulin concentration by Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay. Results: Our data showed decreased expression of Platelet Factor-4 and Beta-Thromboglobulin protein after one year's sublingual immunotherapy. In addition, the decrease of symptom scores and serum Platelet Factor-4 and Beta-Thromboglobulin protein concentrations was positively related. Conclusion: During sublingual immunotherapy, platelet activation was inhibited significantly. Our results might indicate that inhibition of platelet activation within the systemic circulation is an important mechanism during sublingual immunotherapy.

Resumo Introdução: O papel da ativação de plaquetas na inflamação alérgica recebeu atenção crescente. A imunoterapia sublingual para rinite alérgica pode modificar o processo imunológico a um alérgeno, em vez de tratar os sintomas simplesmente. Objetivo: Explorar o papel da ativação plaquetária durante a imunoterapia sublingual em crianças com rinite alérgica. Método: Quarenta e duas crianças com rinite alérgica sensibilizadas por ácaros de poeira domiciliar (APD) foram inscritas e receberam extrato de alérgeno de APD para imunoterapia sublingual ou placebo. O soro de diferentes pontos no tempo durante o tratamento foi recolhido e usado para a detecção de fator 4 plaquetário e concentração de beta-tromboglobulina por ensaio imunoenzimático. Resultados: Nossos dados mostraram diminuição da expressão de fator 4 plaquetário e proteína beta-tromboglobulina após imunoterapia sublingual de um ano. Além disso, a diminuição dos escores de sintomas e o fator 4 plaquetário sérico e concentrações de proteína beta-tromboglobulina foram relacionados de maneira positiva. Conclusão: Durante imunoterapia sublingual, a ativação plaquetária foi inibida significativamente. Os nossos resultados podem indicar que a inibição da ativação de plaquetas dentro da circulação sistêmica é um mecanismo importante durante imunoterapia sublingual.

Sublingual immunotherapy in the treatment of allergic asthma: a systematic review with meta-analysis

Introduction: The guidelines for the management of allergic respiratory diseases oriented towards control from medical treatment combined with measures of environmental hygiene. Immunotherapy is one of several types of treatment, applied in combination with prophylactic drugs and environmental care. The aim of the study is to evaluate the efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) for house dust mites (HDM) in people with allergic asthma. Methods: The study is based on a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials, associating sublingual immunotherapy with the treatment of allergic patients with HDM. Results: The searches were applied in PubMed, ScienceDirect and Scielo databases. Initially, 98 articles were recovered, of which only nine were eligible. Of these, eight (88.9%) were conducted in Europe and only one (11.1%) in Asia. Comparing the outcomes expiratory volume in the first minute (FEV1 ) and sensitivity to allergens (HDM) between SLIT and placebo groups before and after intervention, no differences were observed between the groups. Conclusions: SLIT is not evidenced significantly by meta-analysis for the treatment of allergic asthma (AU)

Impacto de la inmunoterapia subcutánea con Dermatophagoides farinae y Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus sobre la calidad de vida de pacientes con rinitis y asma alérgica / The impact of subcutaneous immunotherapy with Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus on the quality of life of patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma

Introducción. Como sucede en otras partes del mundo, la prevalencia de asma y rinitis alérgica en Colombia está en aumento. Se ha establecido que la inmunoterapia subcutánea con alérgenos es eficaz a largo plazo en pacientes con rinitis alérgica y asma sensibilizados a Dermophagoides. Objetivo. Proveer evidencia sobre los cambios relacionados con la calidad de vida inducidos por la inmunoterapia subcutánea en sujetos con alergia respiratoria. Materiales y métodos. Se seleccionaron 76 sujetos con diagnóstico de alergia respiratoria con sensibilización a Dermatophagoides farinae y Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus . Para la evaluación de la calidad de vida se emplearon los instrumentos Kidscreen-27 y SF-36 ( Short form 36 ). Estos instrumentos se aplicaron en dos ocasiones: durante la primera visita, en la cual se iniciaba la inmunoterapia subcutánea, y un año después de haberse iniciado el tratamiento. Resultados. Al año de estar recibiendo la inmunoterapia, los 22 sujetos que completaron el estudio presentaron cambios positivos en términos de calidad de vida. En los niños, el principal cambio se presentó en el dominio del ´entorno escolar´ mientras que en los adultos fue en el de la ´función física´ . Discusión. Se evaluaron por primera vez en Colombia los beneficios inducidos por la inmunoterapia subcutánea para ácaros de polvo en la calidad de vida de sujetos con rinitis alérgica y asma mediante los cuestionarios Kidscreen-27 y SF-36. Los resultados proveen evidencia de que la inmunoterapia subcutánea influye positivamente en la calidad de vida en sujetos con rinitis asmática y asma sensibilizados a los ácaros de polvo.

Introduction: The prevalence of asthma and allergic rhinitis in Colombia is increasing at the same rate as it is in other parts of the world. It has been determined that allergen-specific subcutaneous immunotherapy is effective in subjects with allergic rhinitis and asthma that are sensitized to house dust mites: Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus . Objective: To provide evidence on changes in the quality of life of subjects induced by allergen-specific subcutaneous immunotherapy with Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus . Materials and methods: We selected 76 subjects with a diagnosis of respiratory allergy with sensitization to Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus . The instruments used for evaluating the quality of life were Kidscreen-27 and SF-36. These instruments were applied twice for each subject: once during the first visit, and during the twelfth visit corresponding to the one-year follow-up. Results: Twenty-two subjects completed this study. After one year of treatment with allergen-specific subcutaneous immunotherapy, we found positive changes in terms of the quality of life. In children, the main change was in the School Environment domain while in adults it was in the Physical Function domain. Conclusion: We evaluated, for the first time in Colombia, benefits induced by allergen-specific subcutaneous immunotherapy for dust mites in terms of quality of life in subjects with allergic rhinitis and asthma. These results demonstrated that allergen-specific subcutaneous immunotherapy produces a positive influence on subjects sensitized to dust mites that received allergen-specific subcutaneous immunotherapy to Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus after one year.

Processo inflamatório na asma e rinite alérgica / Inflammatory process in asthma and allergic rhinitis

Asma e rinite são condições clínicas que frequentemente coexistem em um mesmo paciente, com forte impacto na vida social e no desempenho escolar de crianças e adolescentes. A severidade de ambas as doenças é proporcional, estando a gravidade dos sintomas de rinite alérgica relacionada à necessidade de internações nas crises de asma. Estas doenças apresentam condições fisiopatológicas semelhantes que têm como característica a reação inflamatória que ocorre na mucosa de vias aéreas, resultante de complexas interações entre células inflamatórias, estruturais e mediadores químicos, independente da intensidade da manifestação clínica. A monitoração do grau da inflamação é de fundamental importância para o controle da asma e da rinite e, para tal, são considerados ideais, além de parâmetros clínicos, marcadores laboratoriais como contagem de células inflamatórias em lavado brônquico e de vias aéreas superiores, assim como medida de fração de óxido nítrico exalado (FeNO).

Asthma and rhinitis are medical conditions that often coexist in the same patient, with strong impact on social life and school performance of children and adolescents. The severity of both diseases is proportional, with the severity of symptoms of allergic rhinitis related to the need for hospitalization in asthma attacks. These diseases have similar pathophysiological conditions that are characterized by inflammatory reaction that occurs in the airway mucosa, resulting from complex interactions between inflammatory cells, structural and chemical mediators, regardless of the intensity of the clinical manifestation. Monitoring the degree of inflammation is critical for the control of asthma and rhinitis, and to that end, are considered ideal, in addition to clinical parameters, laboratory markers as inflammatory cell counts in bronchial lavage and upper airway, as well as as fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO).

Bases fisiopatológicas da imunoterapia em rinite alérgica / Physiopathologic basis of immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis

Existem mais de vinte componentes alergênicos identificados nos ácaros da poeira domiciliar. Os agentes etiológicos mais comuns da rinite alérgica encontrados neste meio são: Dermatophagoides farinae, dermatophagoides pteronyssinus e Blomia tropicalis. Após a exposição ao alérgeno, quaisquer que seja sua etiologia, ocorre dentro de minutos a fase precoce da doença. São eventos imunopatológicos desta fase a degranulação de mastócitos e consequente liberação de histamina e serotonina, e a formação de leucotrienos, prostaglandinas e cininas. O tratamento imunoterápico na rinite alérgica é atualmente uma eficaz e importante estratégia terapêutica capaz de modular diversos aspectos imunológicos da doença através de mecanismos que envolvem tanto a resposta imune celular quanto humoral.

There are over twenty components identified in airborne allergens from house dust mites. The most common etiological agents of allergic rhinitis found this way are: Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Blomia tropicalis.After the exposure to the allergen, whatever its etiology, occurs within minutes early stage of the disease. Immunopathological events of this phase are mast cell degranulation and consequent liberation of histamine and serotonin, and the formation of leukotrienes, prostaglandins and kinins. The immunotherapy treatment in allergic rhinitis is an effective and important therapeutic strategy able to modulate several aspects of the disease through immunological mechanisms that involve both cellular and humoral immune response.