Frailty does not affect prognostic markers in patients with acute coronary syndrome: results from a Brazilian university hospital

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate frailty and its relationship with prognostic markers in hospitalized patients with acute coronary syndrome. METHODS: This cross-sectional study with a prospective variable analysis (prognostic markers) involved adults of both sexes aged ≥ 50 years with acute coronary syndrome. Patients with ≥ 3 of the following criteria were considered frail: 1) unintentional weight loss; 2) exhaustion (assessed by self-reported fatigue); 3) low handgrip strength; 4) low physical activity level; and 5) low gait speed. The included prognostic markers were: metabolic changes (lipid and glycemic profile), changes in inflammatory status (C-reactive protein), thrombolysis in myocardial infarction risk score, troponin level, angioplasty or surgery, hospitalization in the intensive care unit, length of hospital stay, and hospital outcome. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 125 patients, whose mean age was 65.5 (SD, 8.7) years. The prevalence of frailty was 48.00%, which was higher in women (PR = 1.55; 95%CI 1.08­2.22; p = 0.018) and patients with systemic arterial hypertension (PR = 2.18; 95%CI 1.01­5.24; p = 0.030). Frailty was not associated with age, cardiac diagnosis, or prognostic markers (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Frailty was highly prevalent in patients with acute coronary syndrome, affecting almost half of the sample, particularly women and patients with hypertension, irrespective of age. However, despite its high prevalence, frailty was not associated with markers of metabolic change or poor prognosis.

O efeito da pandemia por covid-19 no atendimento da síndrome coronariana aguda: coorte retrospectiva / The impact of the covid-19 pandemic on the management of acute coronary syndrome: a retrospective cohort study

OBJETIVO: avaliar a contribuição da pandemia por COVID-19 sobre os tempos de atendimento e desfechos clínicos de admissões relacionadas à Síndrome Coronariana Aguda. MÉTODO: Coorte retrospectiva. Os dados foram analisados pelo SPSS, versão 20.0, empregados em testes paramétricos e não paramétricos para comparar os grupos. Aplicado o Modelo linear generalizado para análise multivariada. RESULTADOS: Incluídos 434 pacientes no período pré-pandemia e 430 durante a pandemia. Delta-t foi maior no período durante a pandemia (p=0,003). Não encontramos diferença nos tempos de atendimento e mortalidade. Admissão no período da pandemia (RR1,56; IC95%:1,30-1,87) e ter diagnóstico de cardiopatia isquêmica prévio (RR1,82; IC95%:1,50-2,20) foram associados ao aumento do Delta-t. CONCLUSÃO: Não houve diferença no número de pacientes que acessou a emergência por Síndrome Coronariana Aguda nos períodos analisados. Apesar do Delta-t ter sido maior durante a pandemia, não foram observados piores desfechos clínicos.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on response times and clinical outcomes of acute coronary syndrome admissions. METHOD: Retrospective cohort study. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 with parametric and non-parametric tests for group comparisons. Generalized linear modeling was used for multivariate analysis. RESULTS: 434 patients were included in the pre-pandemic period and 430 during the pandemic. Delta-t was higher during the pandemic period (p=0.003). There were no differences in response times and mortality. Admission during the pandemic period (RR 1.56; 95% CI: 1.30-1.87) and a previous diagnosis of ischemic heart disease (RR 1.82; 95% CI: 1.50-2.20) were associated with increased delta-t. CONCLUSIONS: There was no difference in the number of patients presenting to the emergency department with acute coronary syndrome during the periods analyzed. Despite longer Delta-t during the pandemic, no worse clinical outcomes were observed.

The acute coronary syndrome risk in medically managed subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus – Is the ASCVD risk score failing here? / Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies

Objectives@#Type 2 Diabetics have elevated risk for acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The current management algorithm focuses on atherosclerotic cardiovascular (ASCVD) risk score to stratify this risk. However, in medically managed subjects, this algorithm may not be accurate. This study compares the ASCVD risk score in an Indian population with T2DM under medical supervision and the actual incidence of ACS. It also compared the ASCVD risk scores in cases with T2DM who developed ACS to controls and tried to estimate whether the ASCVD risk score is different in the two subsets, evaluating the utility of the ASCVD risk score in predicting ACS.@*Methodology@#This is an electronic medical record (EMR) based case-control study. Only records of subjects with T2DM where details of age, sex, body mass index, blood pressure, duration of diabetes, family history of ACS, lipid profile, renal and liver function tests were included. The incidence of ACS was calculated in the selected records, and the records of subjects with ACS were compared with age and sex-matched subjects without ACS. Data are summarized as median and interquartile range (IQR). Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for checking differences in continuous variables and Pearson’s Chi-squared test for categorical data. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to check the effect of ASCVD scores and other variables on the occurrence of ACS. Statistical data analyses were performed using JASP, version 0.16.4 (JASP Team [2022]) for MS Windows. @*Results@#Of the 1226 EMRs included in the analysis, 207 had ACS. The actual incidence of ACS was 16.85% in 6 years, higher than the mean predicted 10-year incidence of 14.56 percent (p <0.05). The cases were age and sex-matched with controls and the ASCVD incidence was estimated in the two groups. The mean ASCVD score in the cases was 14.565 ± 8.709 (Min: 1.5, Max: 38.3) and controls 13.114 ± 8.247 (Min: 1.4, Max: 45). The chance of development of ACS increases with elevated systolic blood pressure (per mmHg rise OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.06; p <0.001), positive family history (OR: 5.70, 95% CI: 3.41, 9.77; p <0.001), statin use (OR: 2.26, 95% CI: 1.46, 3.52; p <0.001), and longer duration of diabetes (for every year increase OR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.13, 1.25; p <0.001)@*Conclusion@#The ASCVD risk score underestimates the ACS risk in subjects with T2DM under medical supervision and may not differ in those who developed and did not develop ACS. We also conclude that factors like a negative family history (30% less risk), longer duration of diabetes, and higher SBP are relevant in those who developed ACS.

The association between body mass index and in-hospital major adverse cardiovascular and cerebral events in patients with acute coronary syndrome / 中华心血管病杂志

Objective: To assess the association between body mass index (BMI) and major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) among patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods: This was a multicenter prospective cohort study, which was based on the Improving Care for Cardiovascular Disease in China (CCC) project. The hospitalized patients with ACS aged between 18 and 80 years, registered in CCC project from November 1, 2014 to December 31, 2019 were included. The included patients were categorized into four groups based on their BMI at the time of admission: underweight (BMI<18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m2), overweight (BMI between 25.0 and 29.9 kg/m2), and obese (BMI≥30.0 kg/m2). Multivariate logistic regression models was used to analyze the relationship between BMI and the risk of in-hospital MACCE. Results: A total of 71 681 ACS inpatients were included in the study. The age was (63.4±14.7) years, and 26.5% (18 979/71 681) were female. And the incidence of MACCE for the underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese groups were 14.9% (322/2 154), 9.5% (3 997/41 960), 7.9% (1 908/24 140) and 7.0% (240/3 427), respectively (P<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed a higher incidence of MACCE in the underweight group compared to the normal weight group (OR=1.30, 95%CI 1.13-1.49, P<0.001), while the overweight and obese groups exhibited no statistically significant difference in the incidence of MACCE compared to the normal weight group (both P>0.05). Conclusion: ACS patients with BMI below normal have a higher risk of in-hospital MACCE, suggesting that BMI may be an indicator for evaluating short-term prognosis in ACS patients.

The association between body mass index and in-hospital major adverse cardiovascular and cerebral events in patients with acute coronary syndrome / 中华心血管病杂志

Objective: To assess the association between body mass index (BMI) and major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) among patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods: This was a multicenter prospective cohort study, which was based on the Improving Care for Cardiovascular Disease in China (CCC) project. The hospitalized patients with ACS aged between 18 and 80 years, registered in CCC project from November 1, 2014 to December 31, 2019 were included. The included patients were categorized into four groups based on their BMI at the time of admission: underweight (BMI<18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m2), overweight (BMI between 25.0 and 29.9 kg/m2), and obese (BMI≥30.0 kg/m2). Multivariate logistic regression models was used to analyze the relationship between BMI and the risk of in-hospital MACCE. Results: A total of 71 681 ACS inpatients were included in the study. The age was (63.4±14.7) years, and 26.5% (18 979/71 681) were female. And the incidence of MACCE for the underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese groups were 14.9% (322/2 154), 9.5% (3 997/41 960), 7.9% (1 908/24 140) and 7.0% (240/3 427), respectively (P<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed a higher incidence of MACCE in the underweight group compared to the normal weight group (OR=1.30, 95%CI 1.13-1.49, P<0.001), while the overweight and obese groups exhibited no statistically significant difference in the incidence of MACCE compared to the normal weight group (both P>0.05). Conclusion: ACS patients with BMI below normal have a higher risk of in-hospital MACCE, suggesting that BMI may be an indicator for evaluating short-term prognosis in ACS patients.

A cross-sectional study on the association of red cell distribution width and Acute Coronary Syndrome among patients admitted to the Bataan General Hospital and Medical Center

Introduction@#Red cell distribution width (RDW) is a parameter that is readily available as part of a standard complete blood count (CBC). Studies have shown that an elevated RDW is associated with increased cardiovascular events including acute coronary syndrome (ACS). This cross- sectional retrospective study was conducted to determine the association of RDW in patients with ACS admitted to Bataan General Hospital and Medical Center (BGHMC).@*Methods@#A cross-sectional study was performed in a 500-bed tertiary care hospital in Bataan, Philippines. The clinical medical records of patients with ACS were analyzed retrospectively. A total of 811 patients was admitted as cases of ACS from January 2017 to December 2019. Using Slovin’s formula, the computed sample size was 261 patients. However, only 205 cases were included in the study in accordance to the eligibility criteria. The baseline RDW were recorded from the CBC obtained upon admission of patients with ACS.@*Results@#Based on the data collected from January 2017 to December 2019 from patients admitted to BGHMC, there was no significant association between RDW and in-house morbidity and mortality and classification of ACS.@*Conclusions@#There were no significant association between RDW and in-house morbidity and mortality and classification of ACS. The authors recommend to conduct the study for a longer duration to have more population included and to include other parameters such as cardiac enzymes, electrocardiogram (ECG) changes and presence of co-morbidities.

Quality of acute coronary syndrome care and in hospital outcome in a resource-poor setting in Northern Ghana

Introduction: African countries are facing an epidemic of cardiovascular diseases. Information on the quality of acute coronary syndrome care offered in underserved communities in Ghana is limited. Using objective criteria, we examined the quality of acute coronary syndrome care offered to patients presenting to a tertiary referral center in Northern Ghana. Methods: we conducted a retrospective review of patients ≥ 18 years old with acute coronary syndrome managed in Tamale Teaching Hospital. We assessed in-hospital outcomes and the extent of compliance to key performance and quality indicators as contained in the 2017 American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology guideline for adults with myocardial infarction. Results: sixty-two (62) patients with a mean age of 56.0 ± 16.1 years were recruited. The median delay to presentation was 24 hours (IQR 15-96 hours). 33.9% had ST-elevation myocardial infarction, of which only 14.3% received reperfusion therapy. About three-quarters of patients received dual antiplatelet therapy at discharge, with fewer patients receiving recommended high-intensity statin therapy (65.5%) or beta-blockers (69.1%). Only 38.2% of patients had their left ventricular ejection fraction documented. No cardiac rehabilitation program existed. Risk stratification of patients with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction or stress testing for conservatively managed patients was not part of routine practice. Conclusion: acute coronary syndrome management remains a challenging issue in Northern Ghana. Several gaps exist in the care quality, timeliness of interventions and rehabilitation of affected patients. There is an urgent need for measures to improve the delivery of acute coronary syndrome care alongside primary prevention strategies.

Disección coronaria espontánea, una entidad poco sospechada. Reporte de caso clínico / Spontaneous coronary artery dissection, a frequently under diagnosed entity. A case report

[RESUMEN]. La disección arterial coronaria espontánea es una causa frecuente de eventos coronarios agudos, mayoritariamente en mujeres. Dicha entidad no guarda relación con los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares tradicionales y frecuentemente se encuentra subdiagnosticada. Presentamos el caso de un paciente joven que se presenta con un síndrome coronario agudo.

[ABSTRACT]. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is a common cause of acute coronary events, most often seen in women. This entity is not related to traditional cardiovascular risk factors and is frequently underdiagnosed. We present the case of a young patient who presents with an acute coronary syndrome.

Adaptação cultural e validação do instrumento Acute Coronary Syndrome Response Index para uso no Brasil / Cultural adaptation and validation of the Acute Coronary Syndrome Response Index for use in Brazil

As doenças cardiovasculares, com destaque para a síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), representam a principal causa de mortalidade mundial. Essa síndrome é a manifestação clínica mais comum da doença arterial coronariana (DAC). O intervalo de tempo entre o início dos sintomas e a reperfusão do miocárdio é crucial para a sobrevivência dos pacientes. Contudo, a falta de conhecimento e a demora para reconhecer os sintomas isquêmicos são os principais fatores que influenciam no atraso do atendimento pré-hospitalar. Programas educativos e instrumentos de avaliação são importantes estratégias para educar a população e reduzir eventos recorrentes da SCA. Nossa revisão de literatura demonstrou que, no Brasil, não dispomos de um instrumento validado para avaliar o conhecimento dos indivíduos sobre esta síndrome. O Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) Response Index avalia a resposta do indivíduo à SCA, por meio de seu conhecimento, atitudes e crenças. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo metodológico foi adaptar culturalmente e verificar as propriedades de medida da versão adaptada para o Brasil do ACS Response Index, em pacientes com 18 anos ou mais, de ambos os sexos e diagnosticados com DAC. O processo de adaptação cultural transcorreu de acordo com as seguintes etapas: tradução inicial; obtenção do consenso das versões em português; comitê de especialistas; retrotradução; obtenção do consenso das versões em inglês; avaliação pelo autor da versão original; análise semântica; e pré-teste. As seguintes propriedades de medida foram avaliadas: consistência interna, validade de face e de conteúdo, validade de construto entre grupos conhecidos, validade de constructo convergente, validade estrutural e presença de efeitos teto e chão. O nível de significância adotado foi de 0,05. Participaram do estudo 244 indivíduos com DAC. As pontuações médias para as subescalas de conhecimento, atitudes e crenças foram, respectivamente: 12,75 (DP=2,6), 13,48 (DP=3,39) e 22,40 (DP=3,16). A consistência interna da subescala de conhecimento foi avaliada pelo KR-20, cujo valor foi de 0,399. Os resultados dos alfas de Cronbach para as subescalas de atitudes e de crenças foram 0,735 e 0,577, respectivamente. A estrutura original do instrumento foi testada mediante análise fatorial confirmatória, para a qual obteve-se índices de ajuste satisfatórios para as subescalas de conhecimento (SRMR=0,065; RMSEA=0,058; CFI=0,792; TLI=0,761), atitudes (SRMR=0,027; RMSEA=0,053; CFI=0,988; TLI=0,970) e crenças (SRMR=0,047; RMSEA=0,048; CFI=0,971; TLI=0,952). As hipóteses prévias sobre a validade de constructo por grupos conhecidos foram testadas para comparar os valores das três subescalas segundo a faixa etária, presença de orientação prévia sobre sua doença cardíaca e nível escolaridade. Apenas as seguintes hipóteses foram confirmadas: na subescala de conhecimento, os indivíduos com até 59 anos apresentaram melhores níveis de conhecimento quando comparados aos indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais (p=0,003); na subescala de crenças, maiores valores foram obtidos no grupo que relatou orientação prévia sobre sua doença (p=0,008) e naqueles com maior escolaridade (p=0,022). A avaliação da validade de constructo convergente mostrou correlação fraca e positiva entre as subescalas de conhecimento e crenças (r=0,217; p<0,05), e de conhecimento e atitudes (r=0,128; p<0,05). Não encontramos correlação entre os valores das demais subescalas. Constatamos a presença do efeito teto em todos os itens das subescalas de atitudes e de crenças. Os resultados mostraram que o ACS Response Index-BR manteve as equivalências, validade de face e de conteúdo, validade de constructo entre grupos conhecidos nas subescalas de conhecimentos e crenças, ajuste adequado ao modelo estrutural original e confiabilidade satisfatória para a subescala de atitudes. Entretanto, dadas as particularidades da amostra, sugerimos a realização de estudos adicion

As doenças cardiovasculares, com destaque para a síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), representam a principal causa de mortalidade mundial. Essa síndrome é a manifestação clínica mais comum da doença arterial coronariana (DAC). O intervalo de tempo entre o início dos sintomas e a reperfusão do miocárdio é crucial para a sobrevivência dos pacientes. Contudo, a falta de conhecimento e a demora para reconhecer os sintomas isquêmicos são os principais fatores que influenciam no atraso do atendimento pré-hospitalar. Programas educativos e instrumentos de avaliação são importantes estratégias para educar a população e reduzir eventos recorrentes da SCA. Nossa revisão de literatura demonstrou que, no Brasil, não dispomos de um instrumento validado para avaliar o conhecimento dos indivíduos sobre esta síndrome. O Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) Response Index avalia a resposta do indivíduo à SCA, por meio de seu conhecimento, atitudes e crenças. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo metodológico foi adaptar culturalmente e verificar as propriedades de medida da versão adaptada para o Brasil do ACS Response Index, em pacientes com 18 anos ou mais, de ambos os sexos e diagnosticados com DAC. O processo de adaptação cultural transcorreu de acordo com as seguintes etapas: tradução inicial; obtenção do consenso das versões em português; comitê de especialistas; retrotradução; obtenção do consenso das versões em inglês; avaliação pelo autor da versão original; análise semântica; e pré-teste. As seguintes propriedades de medida foram avaliadas: consistência interna, validade de face e de conteúdo, validade de construto entre grupos conhecidos, validade de constructo convergente, validade estrutural e presença de efeitos teto e chão. O nível de significância adotado foi de 0,05. Participaram do estudo 244 indivíduos com DAC. As pontuações médias para as subescalas de conhecimento, atitudes e crenças foram, respectivamente: 12,75 (DP=2,6), 13,48 (DP=3,39) e 22,40 (DP=3,16). A consistência interna da subescala de conhecimento foi avaliada pelo KR-20, cujo valor foi de 0,399. Os resultados dos alfas de Cronbach para as subescalas de atitudes e de crenças foram 0,735 e 0,577, respectivamente. A estrutura original do instrumento foi testada mediante análise fatorial confirmatória, para a qual obteve-se índices de ajuste satisfatórios para as subescalas de conhecimento (SRMR=0,065; RMSEA=0,058; CFI=0,792; TLI=0,761), atitudes (SRMR=0,027; RMSEA=0,053; CFI=0,988; TLI=0,970) e crenças (SRMR=0,047; RMSEA=0,048; CFI=0,971; TLI=0,952). As hipóteses prévias sobre a validade de constructo por grupos conhecidos foram testadas para comparar os valores das três subescalas segundo a faixa etária, presença de orientação prévia sobre sua doença cardíaca e nível escolaridade. Apenas as seguintes hipóteses foram confirmadas: na subescala de conhecimento, os indivíduos com até 59 anos apresentaram melhores níveis de conhecimento quando comparados aos indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais (p=0,003); na subescala de crenças, maiores valores foram obtidos no grupo que relatou orientação prévia sobre sua doença (p=0,008) e naqueles com maior escolaridade (p=0,022). A avaliação da validade de constructo convergente mostrou correlação fraca e positiva entre as subescalas de conhecimento e crenças (r=0,217; p<0,05), e de conhecimento e atitudes (r=0,128; p<0,05). Não encontramos correlação entre os valores das demais subescalas. Constatamos a presença do efeito teto em todos os itens das subescalas de atitudes e de crenças. Os resultados mostraram que o ACS Response Index-BR manteve as equivalências, validade de face e de conteúdo, validade de constructo entre grupos conhecidos nas subescalas de conhecimentos e crenças, ajuste adequado ao modelo estrutural original e confiabilidade satisfatória para a subescala de atitudes. Entretanto, dadas as particularidades da amostra, sugerimos a realização de estudos adicion

Adaptação cultural e validação do instrumento Acute Coronary Syndrome Response Index para uso no Brasil / Cultural adaptation and validation of the Acute Coronary Syndrome Response Index for use in Brazil

As doenças cardiovasculares, com destaque para a síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), representam a principal causa de mortalidade mundial. Essa síndrome é a manifestação clínica mais comum da doença arterial coronariana (DAC). O intervalo de tempo entre o início dos sintomas e a reperfusão do miocárdio é crucial para a sobrevivência dos pacientes. Contudo, a falta de conhecimento e a demora para reconhecer os sintomas isquêmicos são os principais fatores que influenciam no atraso do atendimento pré-hospitalar. Programas educativos e instrumentos de avaliação são importantes estratégias para educar a população e reduzir eventos recorrentes da SCA. Nossa revisão de literatura demonstrou que, no Brasil, não dispomos de um instrumento validado para avaliar o conhecimento dos indivíduos sobre esta síndrome. O Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) Response Index avalia a resposta do indivíduo à SCA, por meio de seu conhecimento, atitudes e crenças. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo metodológico foi adaptar culturalmente e verificar as propriedades de medida da versão adaptada para o Brasil do ACS Response Index, em pacientes com 18 anos ou mais, de ambos os sexos e diagnosticados com DAC. O processo de adaptação cultural transcorreu de acordo com as seguintes etapas: tradução inicial; obtenção do consenso das versões em português; comitê de especialistas; retrotradução; obtenção do consenso das versões em inglês; avaliação pelo autor da versão original; análise semântica; e pré-teste. As seguintes propriedades de medida foram avaliadas: consistência interna, validade de face e de conteúdo, validade de construto entre grupos conhecidos, validade de constructo convergente, validade estrutural e presença de efeitos teto e chão. O nível de significância adotado foi de 0,05. Participaram do estudo 244 indivíduos com DAC. As pontuações médias para as subescalas de conhecimento, atitudes e crenças foram, respectivamente: 12,75 (DP=2,6), 13,48 (DP=3,39) e 22,40 (DP=3,16). A consistência interna da subescala de conhecimento foi avaliada pelo KR-20, cujo valor foi de 0,399. Os resultados dos alfas de Cronbach para as subescalas de atitudes e de crenças foram 0,735 e 0,577, respectivamente. A estrutura original do instrumento foi testada mediante análise fatorial confirmatória, para a qual obteve-se índices de ajuste satisfatórios para as subescalas de conhecimento (SRMR=0,065; RMSEA=0,058; CFI=0,792; TLI=0,761), atitudes (SRMR=0,027; RMSEA=0,053; CFI=0,988; TLI=0,970) e crenças (SRMR=0,047; RMSEA=0,048; CFI=0,971; TLI=0,952). As hipóteses prévias sobre a validade de constructo por grupos conhecidos foram testadas para comparar os valores das três subescalas segundo a faixa etária, presença de orientação prévia sobre sua doença cardíaca e nível escolaridade. Apenas as seguintes hipóteses foram confirmadas: na subescala de conhecimento, os indivíduos com até 59 anos apresentaram melhores níveis de conhecimento quando comparados aos indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais (p=0,003); na subescala de crenças, maiores valores foram obtidos no grupo que relatou orientação prévia sobre sua doença (p=0,008) e naqueles com maior escolaridade (p=0,022). A avaliação da validade de constructo convergente mostrou correlação fraca e positiva entre as subescalas de conhecimento e crenças (r=0,217; p<0,05), e de conhecimento e atitudes (r=0,128; p<0,05). Não encontramos correlação entre os valores das demais subescalas. Constatamos a presença do efeito teto em todos os itens das subescalas de atitudes e de crenças. Os resultados mostraram que o ACS Response Index-BR manteve as equivalências, validade de face e de conteúdo, validade de constructo entre grupos conhecidos nas subescalas de conhecimentos e crenças, ajuste adequado ao modelo estrutural original e confiabilidade satisfatória para a subescala de atitudes. Entretanto, dadas as particularidades da amostra, sugerimos a realização de estudos adicionais com a versão adaptada em diferentes instituições de saúde, assim como, em amostras com características sociodemográficas distintas.

Cardiovascular diseases, especially Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS), represent the main cause of mortality worldwide. This syndrome is the most common clinical presentation of coronary artery disease (CAD). The time interval between the onset of symptoms and myocardial reperfusion is crucial for patient survival. However, lack of knowledge and delay in recognizing ischemic symptoms are the main factors that influence delays in pre-hospital care. Educational programs and assessment tools are important strategies to educate the population and reduce recurrent ACS events. Our literature review demonstrated that, in Brazil, we do not have a validated instrument to assess individuals' knowledge about this syndrome. The ACS Response Index assesses an individual's response to ACS, through their knowledge, attitudes and beliefs. Therefore, the objective of this methodological study was to culturally adapt and verify the measurement properties of the version adapted for Brazil of the ACS Response Index, in patients aged 18 or over, of both genders and diagnosed with CAD. The cultural adaptation process occurred according to the following stages: initial translation; obtaining consensus on the Portuguese versions; expert committee; back translation; obtaining consensus on English versions; evaluation by the author of the original version; semantic analysis; and pre-test. The following measurement properties were evaluated: internal consistency, face and content validity, construct validity by known groups, convergent construct validity, structural validity and ceiling and floor effects presence. The significance level adopted was 0.05. This study included 244 individuals with CAD. The mean scores for the knowledge, attitudes and beliefs subscales were, respectively: 12.75 (SD=2.6), 13.48 (SD=3.39) and 22.40 (SD=3.16). The internal consistency of the knowledge subscale was assessed using the KR-20, the value of which was 0.399. Cronbach's alpha results for the attitudes and beliefs subscales were 0.735 and 0.577, respectively. The original instrument's structure was tested using confirmatory factor analysis, for which satisfactory fit indices were obtained for the knowledge (SRMR=0.065; RMSEA=0.058; CFI=0.792; TLI=0.761), attitudes (SRMR=0.027; RMSEA =0.053; CFI=0.988; TLI=0.970) and beliefs subscales (SRMR=0.047; RMSEA=0.048; CFI=0.971; TLI=0.952). Previous hypotheses about construct validity by known groups were tested to compare the values of the three subscales according to age range, presence of previous guidance about heart disease and education level. Only the following hypotheses were confirmed: in the knowledge subscale, individuals aged 59 years or younger presented better levels of knowledge when compared to individuals aged 60 years or older (p=0.003); in the beliefs subscale, higher values were obtained in the group that reported previous guidance about their disease (p=0.008) and in those with higher education level (p=0.022). The evaluation of the convergent construct validity showed a weak and positive correlation between the knowledge and beliefs subscales (r=0.217; p<0.05), and knowledge and attitudes subscales (r=0,128; p<0,05). We did not find any correlation between the values of the other subscales. We found the presence of the ceiling effect in all items of the attitudes and beliefs subscales. The results showed that the ACS Response Index-BR maintained equivalences, face and content validity, construct validity by known groups in the knowledge and beliefs subscales, adequate fit to the original structural model, and satisfactory reliability for the attitudes subscale. However, given the particularities of the sample, we recommend conducting additional studies with the adapted version in different healthcare institutions, as well as in samples with different sociodemographic characteristics.

Caracterización clinicoepidemiológica, ecocardiográfica y terapéutica de pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio / Clinical, epidemiological, echocardiographic and therapeutic characterization of patients with acute myocardial infarction i: en

Introducción: Aunque la incidencia general de infarto agudo de miocardio ha disminuido en muchos países desarrollados en las últimas décadas, aún genera números elevados de morbilidad y mortalidad en los de bajos ingresos; mostrando cifras mayores en tiempos de la pandemia por coronavirus. Objetivo: Caracterizar a pacientes con diagnóstico de infarto agudo de miocardio según variables clinicoepidemiológicas, ecocardiográficas y terapéuticas. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva y retrospectiva, desde enero de 2018 hasta noviembre de 2022, de 263 pacientes con diagnóstico de infarto agudo de miocardio, atendidos en el Centro de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular de Santiago de Cuba. Entre las variables analizadas figuraron la edad, el sexo, la topografía del infarto, las complicaciones, las alteraciones ecocardiográficas y el tratamiento trombolítico. Resultados: En la serie predominaron el sexo masculino y el grupo etario menor o igual de 65 años. Se observó una mayor frecuencia del infarto en la topografía inferior (177, para 67,3 %); de estos afectados, 52,1 % tuvo complicaciones. Asimismo, la complicación de mayor frecuencia fue la fibrilación auricular paroxística, seguida del infarto de ventrículo derecho; mientras que la fracción de eyección menor de 45 %, el volumen de la aurícula izquierda y la motilidad parietal presentaron significación estadística. Conclusiones: Las características clinicoepidemiológicas, ecocardiográficas y terapéuticas de los pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba no difieren del contexto epidemiológico mundial.

Introduction: Although the general incidence of acute myocardial infarction has diminished in many developed countries in the last decades, it still generates high numbers of morbidity and mortality in those with low income; showing higher figures in times of coronavirus. Objective: To characterize patients with diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction according to clinical, epidemiological, echocardiographic and therapeutic variables. Methods: A descriptive and retrospective investigation was carried out from January, 2018 to November, 2022, of 835 patients with diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction, assisted in the Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery Center of Santiago de Cuba. Among the analyzed variables there were age, sex, topography of infarction, complications, echocardiographic disorders and thrombolytic treatment. Results: In the series there was a prevalence of the male sex and the 65 or less age group. A higher frequency of infarction in the lower topography (177, for 67.3 %) was observed; of these patients, 52.9 % had complications. Also, the complication of more frequency was the paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, followed by the infarction of the right ventricle; while the ejection fraction smaller than 45 %, the volume of the left auricle and the parietal motility presented statistical significance. Conclusions: Clinical, epidemiological, echocardiographic and therapeutic characteristics of patients with acute myocardial infarction in Santiago de Cuba province do not differ from the world epidemiological context.

Caracterización del síndrome coronario agudo en pacientes octogenarios / Characterization of the acute coronary syndrome in octogenarian patients

Introducción: La edad representa uno de los mayores predictores de riesgo de complicaciones cardiovasculares en pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo. La prevalencia de este síndrome en el grupo de los pacientes octogenarios es elevada. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo de cohortes analítico de todos los pacientes ingresados en la unidad de cuidados coronarios intensivos del Hospital Universitario Comandante Manuel Fajardo de la Habana, entre el año 2016 y el 2020. Objetivo: Caracterizar la población de pacientes octogenarios con síndrome coronario agudo y las posibles asociaciones entre la ocurrencia de complicaciones intrahospitalarias no letales y los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares. Resultados: Prevaleció el sexo femenino (64,2 por ciento), los antecedentes de hipertensión arterial (89,7 por ciento), cardiopatía isquémica (66,7 por ciento), y el tabaquismo (32 por ciento). Se encontraron asociaciones estadísticas significativas entre el tipo de síndrome coronario agudo y la presencia de complicaciones cardiovasculares de cualquier tipo (p=0,006); el aumento de la creatinina se asoció con la presencia de complicaciones hemodinámicas (Mdn=97; Rango=97,52; p=0,012), así como también la fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo mostró una asociación muy significativa con la presencia de complicaciones cardiovasculares de cualquier tipo (Mdn=59; Rango=63,3; p<0,001) y hemodinámicas (Rango=55,2; p<0,001). Conclusiones: Se caracterizó la población de pacientes octogenarios con síndrome coronario agudo con elevación del segmento ST se asoció con un aumento de las complicaciones cardiovasculares intrahospitalarias, de la misma manera que sucedió con el valor de la fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo(AU)

Introduction: Age represents one of the greatest predictors of risk of cardiovascular complications in patients with acute coronary syndrome. The prevalence of this syndrome in the group of octogenarian patients is high. Objective: To characterize the population of octogenarian patients with acute coronary syndrome and the possible associations between the occurrence of non-lethal intrahospital complications and cardiovascular risk factors. Methods: This is a prospective analytical cohort study of all patients admitted to the intensive coronary care unit of Manuel Fajardo University Hospital in Havana, from 2016 to 2020. Results: The female sex (64.2percent), a history of arterial hypertension (89.7percent), ischemic heart disease (66.7percent), and smoking habits (32percent) outweighed. Significant statistical associations were found between the type of acute coronary syndrome and the presence of cardiovascular complications of any type (p=0.006); the increase in creatinine was associated with the presence of hemodynamic complications (Mdn=97; Range=97.52; p=0.012), as well as the left ventricular ejection fraction showed a highly significant association with the presence of cardiovascular complications of any type (Mdn=59; Range=63.3; p<0.001) and hemodynamic (Range=55.2; p<0.001). Conclusions: The octogenarian population of patients with ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome was characterized and was associated with an increase in in-hospital cardiovascular complications, in the same way that it happened with the value of the left ventricular ejection fraction(AU)

Desenvolvimento da competência clínica por estudantes graduandos no ensino baseado em simulação: estudo quase experimental / Development of clinical competence by undergraduate students in simulation-based teaching: quasi-experimental study

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o ensino baseado em simulação no desenvolvimento da competência clínica de estudantes. MÉTODO: Estudo quase experimental realizado em uma universidade pública que participaram 62 estudantes. Para coleta de dados utilizou-se um Teste de Conhecimento e um Checklist. Os dados foram apresentados em percentual e comparados com a ANOVA. RESULTADOS: A média do percentual do conhecimento, antes, durante e após as estratégias teóricas (estudo de caso e aula teórica dialogada), foi 67,6%, 76,7% e 88,1% respectivamente e 87,6% após 30 dias. Na simulação, a habilidade "comunicou-se com fala nítida e tom de voz controlado" obteve 93,5% de acertos; "acoplou oxímetro de pulso" e "administrou o antiagregante plaquetário" 100%; 75% dos estudantes classificaram o paciente em um dos três grupos de síndrome coronariana e 83,7% relacionaram com o melhor tratamento. CONCLUSÃO: O ensino baseado em simulação possibilitou o desenvolvimento da competência clínica dos estudantes no atendimento de síndrome coronariana.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate simulation-based teaching in the development of students' clinical competence. METHOD: Quasi-experimental study carried out at a public university with the participation of 62 students. A Knowledge Test and a Checklist were used for data collection. Data were presented as percentages and compared using ANOVA. RESULTS: The average percentage of knowledge, before, during and after the theoretical strategies (case study and dialogued theoretical class), was 67.6%, 76.7% and 88.1% respectively and 87.6% after 30 days. In the simulation, the skill "communicated with clear speech and controlled tone of voice" obtained 93.5% of correct answers; "attached pulse oximeter" and "administered platelet antiaggregant" 100%; 75% of the students classified the patient in one of the three groups of coronary syndrome and 83.7% related it to the best treatment. CONCLUSION: Simulation-based teaching enabled the development of students' clinical competence in treating coronary syndromes.

The relationship between admission insulin resistance index (AIRI) and in-hospital outcome in non-diabetic acute coronary syndrome / Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies

Background@#Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a major cardiovascular problem due to its high hospitalization and mortality rates. One of the risk factors for atherosclerosis that leads to ACS is insulin resistance (IR) which plays a role in the pathogenesis and development of cardiovascular events. This study aims to determine the relationship between IR and in-hospital outcomes in non-diabetic patients with ACS.@*Methodology@#This was a cohort study conducted from January-June 2021. Insulin resistance was assessed using the Admission insulin resistance index (AIRI). This measurement was performed once during the patient's admission, and then the outcome was observed during hospitalization. The observed in-hospital outcomes were composite outcomes; namely, heart failure, arrhythmia, cardiogenic shock, and death. The statistical tests used were ANOVA, independent T and Chi-Square tests. Statistical test results were considered significant if p<0.05.@*Results@#This study included 60 subjects (51 males and 9 females). Analysis revealed that AIRI was higher in patients with composite outcomes (mean 9.97 ± 4.08) than in patients without composite outcomes (mean 7.71 ± 4.06) (p<0.05); AIRI was higher in patients with heart failure (mean 10.72 ± 3.83) than in patients without heart failure (mean 7.25 ± 3.84) (p<0.001). Patients with IR had a higher rate of heart failure complications [OR 5.5 95% CI (1.56-19.38) (p=0.005)].@*Conclusion@#There is an association between AIRI and composite outcomes. Patients with IR have 5.5 times the risk of developing heart failure.

Anticoagulation status and adherence in patients with atrial fibrillation hospitalized for ACS and the impact on 1-year prognosis: a multicenter cohort study / 中华心血管病杂志

Objective: For patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) complicated with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), both anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy should be applied, but the use of anticoagulation therapy is still poor in these patients in China. The purpose of this study was to explore the status and adherence of antithrombotic therapy in AF patients with ACS and the impact on 1 year clinical outcomes. Methods: Patients with AF hospitalized for ACS were retrospectively included from 6 tertiary hospitals in China between July 2015 and December 2020. According to the use of anticoagulant drugs at discharge, patients were divided into two groups: anticoagulant treatment group and non-anticoagulant treatment group. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the main factors influencing the use of anticoagulant drugs in patients with atrial fibrillation complicated with ACS. Major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) were defined as all-cause death, non-fatal myocardial infarction or coronary revascularization, and ischemic stroke and Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) 3 bleeding events were also collected at 1 year after discharge. After propensity score matching, Cox proportional hazards models and Kaplan-Meier analysis were used to evaluate the effect of anticoagulant treatment and non-anticoagulant treatment on 1-year prognosis. The patients were divided into different groups according to whether anticoagulation was performed at discharge and follow-up, and the sensitivity of the results was analyzed. Results: A total of 664 patients were enrolled, and 273 (41.1%) were treated with anticoagulant therapy, of whom 84 (30.8%) received triple antithrombotic therapy, 91 (33.3%) received double antithrombotic therapy (single antiplatelet combined with anticoagulant), and 98 (35.9%) received single anticoagulant therapy. Three hundred and ninety-one (58.9%) patients were treated with antiplatelet therapy, including 253 (64.7%) with dual antiplatelet therapy and 138 (35.3%) with single antiplatelet therapy. After 1∶1 propensity score matching between the anticoagulant group and the non-anticoagulant group, a total of 218 pairs were matched. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that history of diabetes, HAS-BLED score≥3, and percutaneous coronary intervention were predictors of the absence of anticoagulant therapy, while history of ischemic stroke and persistent atrial fibrillation were predictors of anticoagulant therapy. At 1-year follow-up, 218 patients (79.9%) in the anticoagulant group continued to receive anticoagulant therapy, and 333 patients (85.2%) in the antiplatelet group continued to receive antiplatelet therapy. At 1-year follow-up, 36 MACEs events (13.2%) occurred in the anticoagulant group, and 81 MACEs events (20.7%) in the non-anticoagulant group. HR values and confidence intervals were calculated by Cox proportional risk model. Patients in the non-anticoagulant group faced a higher risk of MACEs (HR=1.802, 95%CI 1.112-2.921, P=0.017), and the risk of bleeding events was similar between the two group (HR=0.825,95%CI 0.397-1.715, P=0.607). Conclusions: History of diabetes, HAS-BLED score≥3, and percutaneous coronary intervention are independent factors for the absence of anticoagulant therapy in patients with AF complicated with ACS. The incidence of MACEs, death and myocardial infarction is lower in the anticoagulant group, and the incidence of bleeding events is similar between the two groups. The risk of bleeding and ischemia/thrombosis should be dynamically assessed during follow-up and antithrombotic regiments should be adjusted accordingly.

Value of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c and apolipoprotein A-1 ratio on predicting outcome of patients with acute coronary syndrome / 中华心血管病杂志

Objective: To investigate the predictive value of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c/apolipoprotein A-1 (HbA1c/ApoA-1) ratio for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods: The present study is a retrospective cohort study. ACS patients who were hospitalized and underwent coronary angiography at Beijing Hospital from March 2017 to March 2019 were enrolled. Baseline information such as sex, age, previous history, Gensini score, HbA1c and ApoA-1 were analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups according to presence or absence of MACEs and the difference on HbA1c/ApoA-1 ratio was compared between the two groups. According to the tertiles of HbA1c/ApoA-1 levels, patients were divided into high (5.87-16.12), medium (4.50-5.83) and low (2.11-4.48) HbA1c/ApoA-1 groups. Cox proportional risk model was used to evaluate the differences in MACEs and all-cause mortality among the three groups. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to compare the differences of MACEs between the various HbA1c/ApoA-1 groups. Results: A total of 366 ACS patients were included in this study. The mean age of the patients was (65.9±10.3) years. There were 59 MACEs and 10 all-cause deaths during the mean of (22.3±4.4) months follow-up. After adjusting for age, systolic blood pressure, history of diabetes and Gensini score, the incidence of MACEs was 2.45 times higher in the high HbA1c/ApoA-1 group than in the low HbA1c/ApoA-1 group (95%CI 1.16-5.18, P=0.019). There was no significant difference in all-cause mortality between the high and low HbA1c/ApoA-1 groups (P=1.000). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that patients in the high HbA1c/ApoA-1 group had the highest risk of MACEs, while patients in the low HbA1c/ApoA-1 group had the lowest risk of MACEs (P<0.01). Spearman rank correlation analysis showed that HbA1/ApoA-1 ratio was positively correlated with Gensini score in ACS patients (r=0.274, P<0.01). Conclusion: High HbA1c/ApoA-1 ratio was an independent risk factor for MACEs in ACS patients. Patients with high HbA1c/ApoA-1 ratio had more severe coronary artery disease lesions. HbA1c/ApoA-1 ratio may be used as a potential risk stratification biomarker for ACS patients, it might be useful for the early identification of high-risk population and for predicting the incidence of MACEs among ACS patients.

Research Progress of High-intensity Interval Training in Cardiac Rehabilitation of Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome / 中国医学科学院学报

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS),with increasing mortality year by year,has become a major public health problem in China.Exercise rehabilitation as an important part of the out-of-hospital rehabilitation for the patients with heart diseases can further reduce the mortality of patients on the basis of drug treatment.The available studies have proved that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is more effective and efficient than moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) such as walking and jogging on chronic cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure,stable coronary heart disease,and hypertension and has high security.According to the latest research,HIIT can reduce the platelet response,mitigate myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury,and increase the exercise compliance of ACS patients more significantly than MICT.Moreover,it does not increase the risk of thrombotic adverse events or malignant arrhythmia.Therefore,HIIT is expected to become an important part of exercise prescription in out-of-hospital cardiac rehabilitation strategy for the patients with ACS.

Exploring the Feasibility of Machine Learning to Predict Risk Stratification Within 3 Months in Chest Pain Patients with Suspected NSTE-ACS / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

OBJECTIVE@#We aimed to assess the feasibility and superiority of machine learning (ML) methods to predict the risk of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACEs) in chest pain patients with NSTE-ACS.@*METHODS@#Enrolled chest pain patients were from two centers, Beijing Anzhen Emergency Chest Pain Center Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center. Five classifiers were used to develop ML models. Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F-Measure and AUC were used to assess the model performance and prediction effect compared with HEART risk scoring system. Ultimately, ML model constructed by Naïve Bayes was employed to predict the occurrence of MACEs.@*RESULTS@#According to learning metrics, ML models constructed by different classifiers were superior over HEART (History, ECG, Age, Risk factors, & Troponin) scoring system when predicting acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and all-cause death. However, according to ROC curves and AUC, ML model constructed by different classifiers performed better than HEART scoring system only in prediction for AMI. Among the five ML algorithms, Linear support vector machine (SVC), Naïve Bayes and Logistic regression classifiers stood out with all Accuracy, Precision, Recall and F-Measure from 0.8 to 1.0 for predicting any event, AMI, revascularization and all-cause death ( vs. HEART ≤ 0.78), with AUC from 0.88 to 0.98 for predicting any event, AMI and revascularization ( vs. HEART ≤ 0.85). ML model developed by Naïve Bayes predicted that suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS), abnormal electrocardiogram (ECG), elevated hs-cTn I, sex and smoking were risk factors of MACEs.@*CONCLUSION@#Compared with HEART risk scoring system, the superiority of ML method was demonstrated when employing Linear SVC classifier, Naïve Bayes and Logistic. ML method could be a promising method to predict MACEs in chest pain patients with NSTE-ACS.

Connotation of distal bleeding based on modern pathophysiological mechanism and application of Huangtu Decoction for acute coronary syndrome complicated with acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in critical care medicine / 中国中药杂志

Huangtu Decoction, first recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet(Jin Kui Yao Lue) from ZHANG Zhong-jing in Han dynasty, is used to treat distal bleeding. It is mainly treated for the syndrome of failing to control blood with spleen-yang deficiency. The connotation of distal bleeding is more extensive, including not only upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the traditional sense such as peptic ulcer bleeding, gastrointestinal tumors, gastric mucosal lesions, vascular dysplasia, esophagogastric variceal bleeding, and pancreatic and biliary tract injury, but also other anorectal diseases such as part colon and rectal cancer swelling or polyps, hemorrhoids, and anal fissure and other parts of bleeding such as epistaxis, thrombocytopenia, functional uterine bleeding, threatened abortion, and unexplained hematuria. Distal bleeding also involves syndromes of failing to keep part deficient and cold fluids in interior, such as nocturia, enuresis, clear nose, sweating, cold tears, and leucorrhea, and excessive gastrointestinal bleeding caused by anti-plate and anticoagulant drugs, unexplained positive in the fecal occult blood test, and other modern clinical new problems. The indications of Huangtu Decoction include not only lower blood, defecation before blood, distant blood, hematemesis, epistaxis, and other diseases in traditional Chinese medicine, but also three types of clinical manifestations including bleeding, deficiency syndrome, and stagnant heat syndrome. In the clinic, Huangtu Decoction can be used to treat acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding, acute coronary syndrome complicated with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding, bleeding events caused by excessive antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs, unexplained positive in the fecal occult blood test, gastrointestinal tumor with bleeding, thrombocytopenia, and other acute and critical diseases. The dosage of Cooking Stove Earthkey, Rehmanniae Radix, and Asini Corii Colla in Huangtu Decoction is the key to hemostasis.

Anti-inflammatory Therapy Progress in Major Adverse Cardiac Events after PCI: Chinese and Western Medicine / 中国结合医学杂志

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is one of the leading causes of death in cardiovascular disease. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is an important method for the treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD), and it has greatly reduced the mortality of ACS patients since its application. However, a series of new problems may occur after PCI, such as in-stent restenosis, no-reflow phenomenon, in-stent neoatherosclerosis, late stent thrombosis, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, and malignant ventricular arrhythmias, which result in the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) that seriously reduce the postoperative benefit for patients. The inflammatory response is a key mechanism of MACE after PCI. Therefore, examining effective anti-inflammatory therapies after PCI in patients with ACS is a current research focus to reduce the incidence of MACE. The pharmacological mechanism and clinical efficacy of routine Western medicine treatment for the anti-inflammatory treatment of CHD have been verified. Many Chinese medicine (CM) preparations have been widely used in the treatment of CHD. Basic and clinical studies showed that effectiveness of the combination of CM and Western medicine treatments in reducing incidence of MACE after PCI was better than Western medicine treatment alone. The current paper reviewed the potential mechanism of the inflammatory response and occurrence of MACE after PCI in patients with ACS and the research progress of combined Chinese and Western medicine treatments in reducing incidence of MACE. The results provide a theoretical basis for further research and clinical treatment.