Etiologia da anemia em pessoas infectadas com HIV / Anemia etiology in HIV-infected people

O HIV é o causador da AIDS, doença que representa um dos grandes problemas de saúde pública em todo o mundo. Apesar de avanços na terapia antirretroviral no sentido de aumentar a expectativa de vida dos indivíduos infectados, as alterações hematológicas, como a anemia, acompanham o curso clínico da doença. Essa condição, normalmente multifatorial, pode estar presente em qualquer fase da doença e afeta diretamente o prognóstico e a qualidade de vida do indivíduo infectado. Este artigo apresenta informações do surgimento do processo anêmico com base nas principais causas encontradas na literatura.

The human immunodeficiency virus is the cause of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, a disease that represents one of the major public health problems worldwide. In spite of advances in antiretroviral therapy that increase patients' life expectancy, hematological changes, such as anemia, follow the clinical course of the disease. This commonly multifactorial condition can be found in any phase of the disease and directly affects the prognosis and quality of life of patients. This article presents information on the emergence of the anemic process based on the main causes found in the literature.

Classification of clinical risk in people with AIDS followed up in specialized care / Clasificación de riesgo clínico en personas con SIDA acompañadas de la atención especializada / Classificação de risco clínico em pessoas com aids acompanhadas na atenção especializada

ABSTRACT Aim: To develop a clinical risk stratification score for people living with AIDS and to analyze its association with clinical and sociodemographic aspects. Method: Cross-sectional study involving 150 adults with AIDS, in outpatient follow-up. A structured instrument was applied and, sequentially, inferential statistical techniques on the developed score. Results: 45.3% of the participants were classified as in high clinical risk. TL-CD4+ <500cel/mm3 count, detectable viral load, presence of opportunistic diseases, chronic diseases and clinical manifestations were associated with high clinical risk. There was a significant difference in the mean risk between the categories of variables employment status (p = 0.003) and economic class (p = 0.035). There was a higher risk for brown people (OR = 5.55), unemployed status (OR = 16,51) and belonging to classes C (OR = 20.07) and D (OR = 53,32), and a lower risk for individuals with higher schooling (OR = 0.02). Conclusion: The proposed score quantifies clinical situations and points out sociodemographic aspects that predispose to instability and aggravation of AIDS, supporting the qualification of care.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Elaborar una puntuación para estratificación de riesgo clínico de personas viviendo con sida y analizar su asociación con aspectos clínicos y sociodemográficos. Método: Estudio transversal que involucra a 150 adultos con sida, en seguimiento de ambulatorio. Se aplicó instrumento estructurado y, secuencialmente, técnicas estadísticas que interfieren en la puntuación elaborada. Resultados: El 45,3% de los participantes fueron clasificados en el riesgo clínico alto. La cuenta de LT−CD4+<500cel/mm3, la carga viral detectable, la presencia de enfermedades oportunistas, las enfermedades crónicas y manifestaciones clínicas se asociaron al riesgo clínico elevado. Se verificó una diferencia significativa en el riesgo medio entre las categorías de variables de empleo (p=0,003) y la clase económica (p=0,035). Se constató un mayor riesgo para las personas pardas (OR=5,55), alejadas del empleo (OR=16,51) y pertenecientes a las clases C (OR=20,07) y D (OR=53,32), y menor riesgo entre los individuos con mayor escolaridad (OR=0,02). Conclusión: La puntuación propuesta cuantifica situaciones clínicas y apunta aspectos sociodemográficos que predisponen a la inestabilidad y agudización del sida, subsidiando la calificación del cuidado.

RESUMO Objetivo: Elaborar um escore para estratificação de risco clínico de pessoas vivendo co.m Aids e analisar sua associação com aspectos clínicos e sociodemográficos. Método: Estudo transversal envolvendo 150 adultos com aids, em acompanhamento ambulatorial. Aplicou-se instrumento estruturado e, sequencialmente, técnicas estatísticas inferenciais sobre o escore elaborado. Resultados: 45,3% dos participantes foram classificados no risco clínico alto. A contagem de LT-CD4+<500cel/mm3, carga viral detectável, presença de doenças oportunistas, doenças crônicas e manifestações clínicas associaram-se ao risco clínico elevado. Verificou-se diferença significativa no risco médio entre as categorias das variáveis situação empregatícia (p = 0,003) e classe econômica (p = 0,035). Constatou-se maior risco para pessoas pardas (OR = 5,55), afastadas do emprego (OR = 16,51) e pertencentes às classes C (OR = 20,07) e D (OR = 53,32), e menor risco entre os indivíduos com maior escolaridade (OR = 0,02). Conclusão: O escore proposto quantifica situações clínicas e aponta aspectos sociodemográficos que predispõem a instabilidade e agudização da aids, subsidiando a qualificação do cuidado.

Reduction of relative handgrip strength and cardiometabolic risk in individuals with HIV/AIDS

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Low handgrip strength (HS) is associated with cardiometabolic alterations that have affected people with HIV/AIDS. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study performed in adults receiving antiretroviral treatment. HS was evaluated using a dynamometer and divided by body weight to obtain the relative strength. The association between relative HS and overweight, increased waist circumference (WC), high body fat percentage, glycemia, and lipid ratios were assessed using logistic regression. RESULTS: Low relative HS was identified in 35% of participants and associated with increased WC (odds ratio = 9.7; 95% confidence interval = 2.8-33.0). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of low HS was high and associated with increased WC.

Prevalence of hypoalbuminemia in outpatients with HIV/AIDS

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Hypoalbuminemia may predict progression of disease and mortality in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). This study was conducted to investigate the risk factors associated with hypoalbuminemia in outpatients with HIV/AIDS. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed in 196 outpatients with HIV/AIDS. RESULTS: The prevalence of hypoalbuminemia was 11.7%. The only risk factor associated with hypoalbuminemia was current antiretroviral therapy (no exposure: odds ratio=3.46, 95% confidence interval=1.20-10.02). CONCLUSIONS: The monitoring of plasma albumin is key to determine when antiretroviral therapy should be initiated in individuals not exposed to antiretroviral medicines.

Influence of comorbidities on CD4+/CD8+ proportion in HIV-positive patients in Blumenau, State of Santa Catarina: a retrospective study

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The objective was to identify comorbidities related to HIV-positive patients in Blumenau, State of Santa Catarina. METHODS: A retrospective, descriptive observational design study which analyzed data from 424 patients assisted by the sexually transmitted disease/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (STD/AIDS) Specialized Care Service (SCS). RESULTS: Of 424 medical records analyzed, 388 patients presented CD4+/CD8+ ratios lower than 1. The most prevalent comorbidities were smoking, depression, alcoholism, and herpes zoster infection, in males and females. CONCLUSIONS: The most relevant comorbidity in both genders was herpes zoster, an important marker of immunity in patients. The lowest mean was observed among patients with neurotoxoplasmosis.

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) detected by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in HIV patients with or without Kaposi's sarcoma. An analytic cross-sectional study / Herpesvírus humano 8 (HHV-8) detectado por reação da polimerase em cadeia do tipo nested PCR em pacientes HIV-positivos com ou sem sarcoma de Kaposi. Um estudo transversal analítico

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a common neoplastic disease in AIDS patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, with or without KS manifestations and correlate HHV-8 detection with KS staging. DESIGN AND SETTING: Analytic cross-sectional study conducted in a public tertiary-level university hospital in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Antibodies against HHV-8 lytic-phase antigens were detected by means of the immunofluorescence assay. HHV-8 DNA was detected in the patient samples through a nested polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR) that amplified a region of open reading frame (ORF)-26 of HHV-8. RESULTS: Anti-HHV-8 antibodies were detected in 30% of non-KS patients and 100% of patients with KS. Furthermore, the HHV-8 DNA detection rates observed in HIV-positive patients with KS were 42.8% in serum, 95.4% in blood samples and 100% in skin biopsies; and in patients without KS, the detection rate was 4% in serum. Out of the 16 serum samples from patients with KS-AIDS who were classified as stage II, two were positive (12.5%); and out of the 33 samples from patients in stage IV, 19 (57.6%) were positive. CONCLUSION: We observed an association between HHV-8 detection and disease staging, which was higher in the serum of patients in stage IV. This suggests that detection of HHV-8 DNA in serum could be very useful for clinical assessment of patients with KS and for monitoring disease progression.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Sarcoma de Kaposi (SK) é uma doença neoplásica comum em pacientes com aids. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a frequência da infecção por herpesvírus humano 8 (HHV-8) em pacientes infectados por HIV, com ou sem SK e associar a detecção do HHV-8 com o estadiamento do SK. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal analítico realizado em hospital universitário público terciário de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Anticorpos contra antígenos de fase lítica do HHV-8 foram detectados por imunofluorescência. O DNA viral de HHV-8 foi detectado em amostras de pacientes pela reação em cadeia da polimerase do tipo nested (nested PCR), que amplificou uma região do fragmento de leitura aberta (ORF)-26 do HHV-8. RESULTADOS: Anticorpos anti-HHV-8 foram detectados em 30% dos pacientes sem SK e 100% dos com SK. Além disso, a detecção de HHV-8 DNA observada em pacientes HIV-positivos com SK foi de 42,8% no soro, 95,4% em amostras de sangue e 100% em biópsias de pele, e em pacientes sem SK foi de 4% no soro. Das 16 amostras de soro de pacientes com SK-AIDS classificados como estádio II, duas foram positivas (12,5%) e, das 33 amostras de pacientes no estádio IV, 19 (57,6%) foram positivas. CONCLUSÃO: Observamos associação entre a detecção do HHV-8 e o estadiamento da doença, que foi maior no soro de pacientes no estágio IV. Isso sugere que a detecção do HHV-8 no soro poderia ser muito útil para a avaliação clínica de pacientes com SK e para o monitoramento da progressão da doença.

Toxoplasmic encephalitis: role of Human Leucocyte Antigens/alleles associated with rapid progression to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Abstract Background/aims The frequency of Human Leucocyte Antigens/alleles associated with rapid progression from Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome was evaluated in Brazilian patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome with and without Toxoplasmic Encephalitis. Methods 114 patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (41 with Toxoplasmic Encephalitis, 43 with anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies, without Toxoplasmic Eencephalitis, and 30 without anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies circulating and without Toxoplasmic Encephalitis) were studied. Results Human Leucocyte Antigens/alleles associated with rapid progression to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, particularly HLA-B35, -DR3, and -DR1 allele group, were significantly less represented in patients with Toxoplasmic Encephalitis and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Conclusion The presence of these Human Leucocyte Antigens/Alleles that predispose to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome progression was associated with resistance to Toxoplasmic Encephalitis among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 carriers.

Association between antiretrovirals and thyroid diseases: a cross-sectional study

Objective This study aims to estimate the prevalence of thyroid diseases and anti-TPO status. We searched for an association among presence of immune reconstitution and use of stavudine, didanosine and protease inhibitors with thyroid diseases. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study was performed to analyze the records of 117 HIV-infected patients who had their CD4+ cell count, viral load, anti-TPO, TSH and free T4 levels collected on the same day. Immune reconstitution was considered in those whose T CD4+ count was below 200 cells/mm3, but these values increased above 200 cells/mm3 after the use of antiretrovirals. The odds ratio obtained by a 2x2 contingency table and a chi-square test were used to measure the association between categorical variables. Results The prevalence of thyroid disease was 34.18%; of these, 4.34% were positive for anti-TPO. There was an association of risk between stavudine use and subclinical hypothyroidism (OR = 4.19, 95% CI: 1.29 to 13.59, X2 = 6.37, p = 0.01). Immune reconstitution achieved protection associated with thyroid disease that was near statistical significance OR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.19 to 1.04, X2 = 3.55, p = 0.059. Conclusion The prevalence of thyroid disease in the sample studied was higher than what had been found in the literature, with a low positive anti-TPO frequency. The historical use of stavudine has an association of risk for the presence of subclinical hypothyroidism, and immune reconstitution has trends towards protection for the presence of thyroid diseases. .

The effects of a diet formulation with oats, soybeans, and flax on lipid profiles and uricemia in patients with AIDS and dyslipidemia

Introduction Although the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is accompanied by an attenuation of viral load, metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and lipodystrophy are often observed in patients under this treatment. Certain foods, such as oat bran, soy protein, and flaxseed, have been shown to improve a patient's lipid profile despite possible increases in uricemia. Thus, a bioactive compound was formulated using these foods to help patients with HIV/AIDS control metabolic disorders resulting from HAART. Methods An uncontrolled before and after study was performed. The total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and uric acid before and after 3 months of consuming the formulation were compared in patients. The compound was formulated such that 40g (the recommended daily intake) contained approximately 10g of flaxseed, 20g of oat bran, and 10g of textured soy protein. Results The study population consisted of 139 patients, 31 of whom were included in the final analysis. There were no significant variations between the laboratory results obtained before and after consumption of the compound. Conclusions The regular consumption of the formulation together with individualized dietary guidance did not reduce lipid levels and did not contribute to an increase in uricemia in the study group. However, new studies with higher doses of the foods that compose the formulation should be encouraged to investigate whether these foods can positively influence the lipid profiles of these patients. .

Hematological particularities and co-infections in injected drug users with AIDS

HIV patients infected through injected drug use have poorer prognosis than other groups. We evaluated the hematological alterations and rates of co-infections in injected drug use patients with AIDS. Injected drug use patients were younger, predominantly of male gender, and presented lower CD4, total lymphocyte, and platelet counts, but not neutrophil count, than control group. Injected drug use patients had a higher rate of hepatitis C and mycobacteria infection. Furthermore, all injected drug use patients with hemoglobin <10.0 g dL-1 and lymphocyte <1000 µL-1 had CD4 count lower than 100 µL-1. In conclusion, HIV-infected injected drug use patients constitute a special group of patients, and hemoglobin concentration and lymphocyte count can be used as surrogate markers for disease severity.

Avaliação da implementação da investigação de casos de AIDS associados à transfusão sanguínea / Evaluation of the implementation of investigating cases of AIDS associated with blood transfusion

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a implementação da investigação dos casos de aids associados à transfusão sanguínea em três Unidades Federadas (UF) do Brasil – Distrito Federal, Mato Grosso e Paraná. A partir de levantamentos realizados nascoordenações de vigilância epidemiológica (VE) das DST/Aids estaduais e municipais (capitais) dessas UF foram analisadas as investigações dos casos de aids associados àtransfusão e notificados entre 2002 e 2008, que constavam nos bancos de dados do SINAN estadual e nacional do Departamento de DST, Aids e Hepatites Virais (versões Windows e Net). Uma avaliação normativa foi conduzida, por meio de um estudo de casos múltiplos, para estimar o grau de implementação da investigação dos casos de aids associados à transfusão sanguínea nos serviços de VE desses locais. Foi utilizada uma matriz de julgamento explorando o conceito de qualidade como dimensão da avaliação categorizada em índices de conformidade, disponibilidade e qualidade técnico-científica. Pontuações específicas foram atribuídas às categorias, classificando aintervenção nas UF selecionadas em: implementada; parcialmente implementada e não implementada. A investigação dos casos de aids associados à transfusão revelou-separcialmente implementada no DF, e não implementada em Mato Grosso e Paraná. Índices com maior pontuação foram obtidos pelo DF, considerando conformidade do processo e disponibilidade de recursos que atingiram uma pontuação máxima de 88,2 por cento e 75por cento, respectivamente.

O índice mais problemático foi o da qualidade técnicocientífica,pois a maior pontuação foi a do DF com 37,5% da pontuação esperada. Porenglobar atividades prioritárias para a implantação da intervenção e devido ao seu grande peso político-organizacional, a conformidade constituiu a essência do processo. Dessa forma, tornou-se necessária a revisão das estratégias técnicas e operacionais nointuito de melhorar a implementação na VE, principalmente em relação às atividades ligadas à obtenção de dados mais consistentes. Recomenda-se para os serviços de VE o monitoramento oportuno por meio de indicadores e maior cuidado com a coletasistemática de informações, principalmente por se tratar de um evento raro que tem exigido a integração das Vigilâncias Epidemiológica e Sanitária, possibilitando uma hemovigilância plenamente atuante.

Qualidade de vida de portadores de HIV/AIDS e sua relação com linfócitos CD4+, carga viral e tempo de diagnóstico / Quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS and its relationship with CD4+ lymphocytes, viral load and time of diagnosis

A qualidade de vida (QV) acompanha o tratamento dos pacientes com AIDS, juntamente com as inovações farmacológicas, que permitiram prolongar a vida do paciente e a manutenção de seu bem-estar. O presente estudo objetivou verificar a QV desses pacientes e correlacionar com dados clínicos e laboratoriais. Participaram 205 pacientes HIV/AIDS, os quais responderam ao questionário WHOQOL-120-HIV e tiveram coletados seus dados sociodemográficos, clínicos e laboratoriais. A média etária foi de 40,59 ± 11,81 anos; contagem de linfócitos CD4+ de 397,97 ± 232,84 mm³ e 5,23 ± 3,94 anos de diagnóstico do HIV. A carga viral era <50 cópias/ml em 115 pacientes; em 61, entre 50 e 10.000; e em 29 acima de 10.000 cópias. Os domínios atingiram bons escores médios, sendo que o melhor foi o psicológico (14,5 ± 2,7), seguido de relações sociais (13,7 ± 2,2), físico (12,7 ± 3,5), nível de independência (12,6 ± 2,5), crenças pessoais (12,4 ± 2,4) e meio ambiente (12,4 ± 1,8). Os melhores escores nas facetas dor, lazer, apoio social, ambiente físico e crenças pessoais foram os com maiores níveis de CD4 (p < 0,05). Já nas facetas finanças, lazer, preocupações sobre o futuro e QV geral e percepção de saúde foram em pacientes com carga viral <50 (p < 0,05). Os melhores índices nas facetas energia e fadiga, atividade sexual, informação e transporte, sintomas da doença, cuidados e preocupações sobre o futuro foram verificados em pacientes com menor tempo de diagnóstico (p < 0,05). Os pacientes com HIV/AIDS do estudo apresentam QV de nível intermediário e associação com os níveis de CD4, CV e tempo de diagnóstico.

Quality of life (QOL) has accompanied the treatment of AIDS patients, along with pharmacological innovations that have allowed patients to live longer and maintain their well-being. The present study aimed at evaluating the QOL of these patients and correlate it with clinical and laboratory data. The study included 205 patients with HIV/AIDS, who answered the WHOQOL-120-HIV; and whose socio-demographic data, clinical and laboratory findings were collected. The average age was 40.59 ± 11.81 years; CD4+ lymphocyte count, 397.9 ± 232.84 mm³; and years of diagnosis of HIV, 5.23 ± 3.94. Viral load was <50 copies/ml in 115 patients; 50 to 10.000 in 61; and above 10.000 copies in 29 patients. Domains achieved satisfactory average scores, and the best were the psychological (14.5 ± 2.7), followed by social relationships (13.7 ± 2.2), physical (12.7 ± 3.5), independence (12.6 ± 2.5), personal beliefs (12.4 ± 2.4), and environment (12.4 ± 1.8). The best scores on pain, pleasure, social support, physical environment, and personal belief facets were observed for those with higher CD4 levels (p < 0.05). The best scores for the finance, leisure, concerns about the future, overall QOL, and perceived health facets were observed for patients with viral load <50 (p < 0.05). The highest rates for energy, fatigue, sexual activity, information, transportation, symptoms, care, and concerns about the future facets were seen in patients with less time of diagnosis (p < 0.05). HIV/AIDS patients in the study had an intermediate QOL correlating to CD4 levels, VL, and time of diagnosis.

Malnutrición en niños colombianos con infección por VIH/SIDA / Malnutrition in Colombian children with HIV/AIDS infection

Introducción: La desnutrición (DNT) es una de las complicaciones más tempranas que se presenta en niños con infección por VIH/SIDA, asociada a su morbimortalidad. Igualmente como consecuencia de la terapia antriretroviral y otros medicamentos utilizados, se han encontrado problemas de resistencia a la insulina y obesidad. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de malnutrición (MNT) en niños con infección por VIH/SIDA por carga viral de la Clínica de VIH/SIDA del Hospital Universitario del Valle de Cali, Colombia (HUV) y su posible asociación con algunos factores de riesgo. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo, observacional de corte transversal, con análisis de casos y controles, a quienes se les tomaron datos como carga viral, %CD4, peso y talla. Se categorizó la carga viral (copias/ml) en: <400, ≥400-<300000, ≥30000-<1 millón y ≥1 millón; y el %CD4 en: <15%, ≥15%-<25% y ≥25%. Se consideró DNT global (déficit P/E≥10%), DNT crónica (déficit T/E≥5%), DNT aguda (déficit P/T≥10%) y sobrepeso (exceso P/T≥10%). Resultados: Fueron incluidos 111 niños entre 0 meses y 15 años de edad, con predominio del género masculino (51,3%), con modo de transmisión vertical en 91,8%. El 58.5% tenían entre ≥400-<300000 copias/ml de carga viral; y el 59% presentaron %CD4 ≥25%. La valoración nutricional evidenció DNT global en 64%, DNT aguda en 58%, DNT crónica en 22% y sobrepeso en 18%. Hubo riesgo de 1.7, 1.5 y 2.0 veces más de presentar DNT global, aguda y crónica, respectivamente, si la carga viral era ≥400 copias/ml. Conclusión: En niños con infección por VIH/SIDA por carga viral de la Clínica Pediátrica de VIH/SIDA del HUV de Cali, Colombia, la prevalencia de MNT fue superior al 18%, con una relación positiva superior a 1.5 veces entre carga viral y los diferentes tipos de DNT.

Introduction: Undernutrition (UNT) is a complication that occurs earlier in children with HIV/AIDS associated morbidity and mortality. Also as a result of anti-retroviral therapies and other drugs used, have encountered problems of insulin resistance and obesity. Objective: To determine the prevalence of malnutrition (MNT) in children diagnosed with HIV/AIDS by viral load in the Pediatric Clinic HIV/AIDS at the Hospital Universitario del Valle in Cali, Colombia (HUV) and its possible association with certain risk factors. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study, with case-control analysis, whose data were taken as viral load, CD4%, weight and height. Were categorized viral load (copies / ml): <400, ≥ 400 - <300000, ≥ 30000 - <1 million and ≥ 1 million, and the %CD4 <15%, ≥ 15% - <25% ≥ 25%. UNT is considered global (low W/A≥10%), chronic (low H/A≥5%), acute (low W/H≥10%) and overweight (excess W/H≥10%). Results: We included 111 children from 0 months to 15 years old with male predominance (51.3%), mode of transmission in 91.8%. 58.5% were aged ≥ 400 - <300,000 copies/ml viral load, and 59% had CD4% ≥25%. Nutritional assessment showed 64% global UNT, 58% acute UNT, 22% chronic UNT and 18% overweight. Risk was 1.7, 1.5 and 2.0 times the present global, acute and chronic UNT, respectively, if the viral load was ≥ 400 copies / ml. Conclusion: In children diagnosed with HIV/AIDS by viral load of Pediatric Clinic HIV/AIDS at the HUV in Cali, Colombia, the prevalence of MNT was higher than 18%, with a positive relationship more than 1.5 times between viral load and the different types of UNT.

Diagnostico sobre salud, dignidad y prevencion positicas en personas viviendo con VIH y sida en Bolivia / Diagnostic health, dignity and prevention in people living with HIV and AIDS in Bolivia

La red Nacioanl de personas viviendo con VIH y sida en Bolivia ( REDBOL) el population council, la red mundila de personas viviendo con VIH( GNP+) y el programa conjunto de naciones unidas para VIH y sida ( ONUSIDA) estan orgullosos de presentar el diagnostico sobre salud y prevencion positivas en personas viviendo con VIH y sida en Bolivia.

Lipodistrofia em crianças e adolescentes com síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida e sua relação com a terapia antirretroviral empregada / Lipodystrophy in children and adolescents with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and its relationship with the antiretroviral therapy employed

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a presença de lipodistrofia clínica em crianças com síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida e relacioná-la com o esquema antirretroviral utilizado, alterações do perfil lipídico e resistência insulínica. MÉTODOS: Por meio de estudo transversal, foram avaliadas 30 crianças e adolescentes (mediana de idade = 9,1 anos) com síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida, no período entre 2004 e 2005. As avaliações clínico-laboratoriais incluíram: classificação da infecção pelo HIV, medidas antropométricas (peso e estatura), glicemia e insulina séricas e perfil lipídico (LDL-c, HDL-c, triglicérides). A lipodistrofia foi definida por parâmetros clínicos. O teste do qui-quadrado foi utilizado na análise estatística. RESULTADOS: Todos os pacientes recebiam terapia antirretroviral regularmente (mediana de tempo de uso = 28,4 meses), 80 por cento utilizavam três drogas em associação (terapia fortemente ativa) e 30 por cento usavam inibidores de protease. Lipodistrofia e dislipidemia foram observadas em 53,3 e 60 por cento dos pacientes, respectivamente. Crianças que utilizavam terapia fortemente ativa com inibidor de protease apresentaram maior percentual de lipodistrofia mista, com diferença estatisticamente significante em relação ao grupo com terapia fortemente ativa sem inibidor de protease e ao grupo sem terapia fortemente ativa (44,4 versus 16,7 por cento; p = 0,004). Não se observou diferença estatisticamente significante entre presença de lipodistrofia e gênero, idade (> 10 anos), alterações do perfil lipídico e resistência insulínica. CONCLUSÕES: A elevada prevalência de dislipidemia e lipodistrofia verificada nas crianças com síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida, mostrando relação com o esquema antirretroviral empregado, pode significar um risco elevado para o desenvolvimento futuro de complicações, especialmente as cardiovasculares.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the presence of clinical lipodystrophy in children with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and to relate it to the antiretroviral regimen employed, to changes in lipid profile and to insulin resistance. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study that evaluated 30 children and adolescents (median age = 9.1 years) with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome during 2004 and 2005. The following clinical and laboratory evaluations were performed: classification of HIV infection, anthropometric measurements (weight and height), serum glycemia, serum insulin and lipid profile (LDL-c, HDL-c, triglycerides). Lipodystrophy was diagnosed using clinical parameters. The chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: All of the patients were taking antiretroviral therapy regularly (median duration of 28.4 months); 80 percent were on three drugs in combination (highly active therapy) and 30 percent were on protease inhibitors. Lipodystrophy and dyslipidemia were observed in 53.3 and 60 percent of the patients, respectively. Children on a highly active therapy regimen with protease inhibitors exhibited a higher percentage of mixed lipodystrophy; the difference between these children and the group on highly active therapy without protease inhibitors and the group not on a highly active therapy was statistically significant (44.4 vs. 16.7 percent; p = 0.004). There was no statistically significant association between the presence of lipodystrophy and sex, age (> 10 years), changes to the lipid profile or insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS: The elevated prevalence of dyslipidemia and lipodystrophy observed among children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, which exhibited a relationship with the antiretroviral regimen employed, may represent an increased risk for future complications, in particular cardiovascular problems.

Perfil lipídico, fatores de risco cardiovascular e síndrome metabólica em um grupo de pacientes com AIDS / Perfil lipídico, factores de riesgo cardiovascular y síndrome metabólico en un grupo de pacientes con SID / Lipid profile, cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome in a group of AIDS patients

FUNDAMENTO: Desde o advento da AIDS, a terapia antiretroviral desenvolveu-se significantemente, incluindo a terapia antiretroviral altamente ativa (HAART) e a doença adquiriu uma característica crônica. Entretanto, após a introdução da HAART, várias alterações metabólicas foram observadas, principalmente relacionadas ao perfil lipídico. OBJETIVO: Avaliar e comparar os perfis lipídicos, analisar o risco cardiovascular, e descrever a prevalência da síndrome metabólica em pacientes com AIDS tratados ou não com HAART. MÉTODOS: Durante um período de 18 meses, 319 pacientes tratados em ambulatórios na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, foram selecionados. RESULTADOS: A amostra final incluiu 215 pacientes tratados com HAART e 69 pacientes virgens de tratamento com HAART. A idade média era 39,5 anos, e 60,9 por cento eram do sexo masculino. Os principais fatores de risco cardiovascular eram o fumo (27 por cento), hipertensão (18 por cento) e histórico familiar de aterosclerose (40 por cento). Os valores médios de colesterol total, HDL-colesterol, triglicérides e glicose foram mais altos no grupo HAART do que no grupo não-HAART (205 vs 180 mg/dl, 51 vs 43 mg/dl, 219 vs 164 mg/dl e 101 vs 93 mg/dl respectivamente; p < 0,001 para todos). De acordo com o escore de risco de Framingham, o risco cardiovascular era moderado a alto em 11 por cento dos pacientes tratados com HAART e 4 por cento dos pacientes não-HAART. De acordo com a definição do Adult Treatment Panel III, a síndrome metabólica foi observada em 13 por cento e 12 por cento dos pacientes, respectivamente, com e sem HAART. CONCLUSÃO: Embora os valores médios do colesterol total, HDL-c e triglicérides tenham sido mais altos no grupo HAART, um maior risco cardiovascular não foi identificado no primeiro grupo. A prevalência de síndrome metabólica foi comparável em ambos os grupos.

BACKGROUND: Since the advent of AIDS, the anti-HIV therapy has developed significantly, including the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and the disease acquired a chronic characteristic. However, after the introduction of HAART, several metabolic alterations were observed, mainly related to the lipid profile. OBJECTIVES: to evaluate and compare lipid profiles, analyze cardiovascular risk, describe the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in AIDS patients with or without HAART. METHODS: Over an 18-month period, 319 patients treated at outpatient clinics in the city of São Paulo, Brazil were selected. RESULTS: The final sample included 215 patients receiving HAART and 69 HAART-naive patients. The mean age was 39.5 years, and 60.9 percent were males. The main cardiovascular risk factors were smoking (27 percent), hypertension (18 percent) and family history of atherosclerosis (40 percent). Mean total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose were higher in the HAART group than in the non-HAART group (205 vs 180 mg/dl, 51 vs 43 mg/dl, 219 vs 164 mg/dl and 101 vs 93 mg/dl respectively; p < 0.001 for all). According to the Framingham risk score, the cardiovascular risk was moderate to high in 11 percent of the patients receiving HAART and 4 percent of the HAART-naïve patients. According to the Adult Treatment Panel III definition, the metabolic syndrome was observed in 13 percent and 12 percent of the patients with or without HAART, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Although the mean values for total cholesterol, HDL-c and triglycerides were higher in the HAART group, a higher cardiovascular risk was not identified in the former. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was comparable in both groups.

FUNDAMENTO: Desde el surgimiento del SIDA, la terapia antiretroviral se desarrolló significantemente. Al incluir la terapia antiretroviral altamente activa (HAART), la enfermedad adquirió una característica crónica. Sin embargo, tras la introducción de HAART, diversas alteraciones metabólicas se observaron, principalmente relacionadas al perfil lipídico. OBJETIVO: Evaluar y comparar los perfiles lipídicos, analizar el riesgo cardiovascular, y describir la prevalencia del síndrome metabólico en pacientes con SIDA tratados o no con HAART. MÉTODOS: Durante un período de 18 meses, se seleccionaron a 319 pacientes tratados en ambulatorios en la ciudad de São Paulo, Brasil. RESULTADOS: La muestra final incluyó a 215 pacientes tratados con HAART y a 69 pacientes vírgenes de tratamiento con HAART. La edad promedio era de 39,5 años, y el 60,9 por ciento eran del sexo masculino. Los principales factores de riesgo cardiovascular eran el fumo (27 por ciento), hipertensión (18 por ciento) e histórico familiar de aterosclerosis (40 por ciento). Los valores promedios de colesterol total, HDL-colesterol, triglicéridos y glucosa fueron más altos en el Grupo HAART que en el Grupo no-HAART (205 vs. 180 mg/dL, 51 vs. 43 mg/dL, 219 vs. 164 mg/dL, 101 vs. 93 mg/dL respectivamente; p < 0,001 para todos). De conformidad con el score de riesgo de Framingham, el riesgo cardiovascular era moderado y alto en el 11 por ciento de los pacientes tratados con HAART y el 4 por ciento de los pacientes no-HAART. Según la definición del Adult Treatment Panel III, el síndrome metabólico se observó en el 13 por ciento y el 12 por ciento de los pacientes, respectivamente, con y sin HAART. CONCLUSIÓN: Aunque los valores promedios del colesterol total, HDL-c y triglicéridos fueron más altos en el Grupo HAART, un mayor riesgo cardiovascular no se identificó en el primer grupo. La prevalencia de síndrome metabólico fue comparable en ambos grupos.

Terapia de ressincronização cardíaca na miocardiopatia dilatada chagásica / Cardiac resynchronization therapy in dilated cardiomiopathy in Chagas disease

A terapia de ressincronização cardíaca (TRC) ainda é pouco utilizada no tratamento da miocardiopatia dilatada chagásica. As referências na literatura são escassas e as evidências disponíveis ainda são insuficientes. Neste estudo, são analisadas as indicações clássicas para a TRC, comuns em muitos pacientes portadores da Doença de Chagas, como o bloqueio de ramo direito associado a bloqueio divisional ântero-superior do ramo esquerdo...

AIDS in childhood: cardiac involvement with and without triple combination antiretroviral therapy / AIDS na infância: acometimento cardíaco com e sem a terapia anti-retroviral tríplice combinada

OBJETIVO: Descrever a prevalência de alterações cardíacas ao ecocardiograma em crianças com AIDS acompanhadas em serviço de referência aos 18±6 meses do diagnóstico confirmado de AIDS. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, com corte aos 18±6 meses do diagnóstico de AIDS. Incluídas 93 crianças com diagnóstico confirmado de AIDS por transmissão vertical, sem doença maligna, que, na avaliação cardiológica, realizaram ecocardiograma (eco). De forma exploratória avaliaram-se as alterações cardíacas nos pacientes sem uso (G1) e com uso (G2) de terapia combinada anti-retroviral. RESULTADOS: Quando do diagnóstico de AIDS, as crianças tinham em média 3,07 anos e 50,50 por cento eram do sexo feminino. Esquema de terapia combinado com anti-retrovirais foi utilizado por 47 pacientes (G2). O acometimento cardíaco esteve presente em 40 crianças (43,00 por cento). A presença de disfunção ventricular esquerda (G1:39,10 por cento;G2:10,60 por cento) e o aumento isolado de ventrículo esquerdo (G1:6,60 por cento;G2:14,90 por cento) foram os achados mais freqüentes. Observou-se associação significativa entre os grupos sem e com terapia anti-retroviral combinada quanto à presença de disfunção ventricular esquerda (RP=3,42; [1,41-8,26]; p =0,02) e de desnutrição (RP=1,79; [1,00-3,20]; p=0,04). CONCLUSÃO: O acometimento cardíaco foi freqüente nas crianças com AIDS, sendo a disfunção ventricular esquerda a alteração mais observada ao ecocardiograma. Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos com e sem tratamento tríplice combinado quanto à presença de disfunção ventricular esquerda e de desnutrição.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of cardiac abnormalities in the echocardiogram of children with AIDS followed up in a reference service at 18±6 months of AIDS confirmed diagnosis. METHODS: A cross-section study with a cohort after 18±6 months of AIDS diagnosis. The study included a total of 93 children with a confirmed diagnosis of AIDS with vertical transmission, with no malignancies and who underwent echocardiogram (echo) during cardiologic evaluation. Cardiac abnormalities were assessed in patients who were not treated (G1) and patients who were treated (G2) with combination antiretroviral therapy. RESULTS: When diagnosed with AIDS, the children were on average 3.07 years old and 50.50 percent were female. The combination regimen with antiretroviral agents was used by 47 patients (G2). Cardiac involvement was present in 40 children (43.00 percent). The presence of left ventricular dysfunction (G1: 39.10 percent; G2: 10.60 percent) and the isolated enlargement of left ventricle (G1: 6.60 percent; G2: 14.90 percent) were the most frequent findings. We observed a significant association between the groups without and with combination antiretroviral therapy asregards the presence of left ventricular dysfunction (PR= 3.42; [1.41-8.26]; p = 0.02) and malnutrition (PR = 1.79; [1.00-3.20]; p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Cardiac involvement was frequent in children with AIDS and left ventricular dysfunction was the most common abnormality on echocardiogram. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups with and without triple combination treatment as regards the presence of left ventricular dysfunction and malnutrition.

Survival time of AIDS patients in Bamrasnaradura Institute.

A retrospective cohort study compared the survival time of AIDS patients, or HIV infected patients who had a CD4 count less than 200 cell/mm3, who had Thailands local triple anti-retroviral drugs regimen (GPO-VIR) with original triple anti-retroviral therapy without protease inhibitor in Bamrasnaradura Institute. The result proved that survival time in patients who had local anti-retroviral drugs was the same as patients who had original triple anti-retroviral therapy without protease inhibitor (log rank p-value = 0.9617). In conclusion, local anti-retroviral drugs can be used to prolong patients' survival time as much as original triple anti-retroviral therapy without protease inhibitor