Síndrome de opsoclonus mioclonus secundario a neuroblastoma abdominal. Presentación de un caso clínico pediátrico / Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome secondary to abdominal neuroblastoma. Presentation of a pediatric clinical case

El síndrome de opsoclonus mioclonus es un trastorno poco frecuente en pediatría. El diagnóstico es clínico y se caracteriza por la presencia de, al menos, tres de los siguientes: opsoclonus, mioclonías, ataxia, irritabilidad y trastornos del sueño. En más del 50 % de los casos, se asocia con la presencia de neuroblastoma. Es un trastorno de origen inmunitario y su tratamiento es a base de inmunosupresores, inmunomoduladores y resección tumoral en los casos secundarios a neuroblastoma. Entre el 70 % y el 80 % de los casos pueden tener secuelas neurológicas, dependiendo de la causa, la gravedad inicial de los síntomas y la velocidad de instauración del tratamiento.Se presenta el caso de un varón de 2 años con diagnóstico de síndrome de opsoclonus mioclonus secundario a un neuroblastoma suprarrenal izquierdo, en el que se realizó la resección tumoral y el tratamiento con corticoides, inmunoglobulina y rituximab.

Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome is a rare disorder among pediatric patients.The diagnosis is clinical and is characterized by the presence of at least three of the following: opsoclonus, myoclonus, ataxia, irritability and sleep disorders. In over 50 % of cases it is associated with the presence of Neuroblastoma. It is a disorder of immune origin and its treatment is based on immunosuppressants, immunomodulators and tumor resection in cases secondary to Neuroblastoma. Up to 70 % to 80 % of cases may present neurological sequelae, depending on the cause, the initial severity of symptoms and the delay of proper treatment. We present the case of a 2-year-old male with diagnosis of opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome secondary to a left adrenal Neuroblastoma. Tumor resection and treatment with corticosteroids, immunoglobulin and rituximab were performed.

Opsoclonus mioclonus en lactante debido a ganglioneuroblastoma: reporte de caso y revisión de literatura / Opsoclonus myoclonus due to ganglioneuroblastoma: case report and literature review

El síndrome de Opsoclonus mioclonus ataxia (SOMA) es una entidad infrecuente en niños, caracterizada por Opsoclonus, mioclonías / ataxia y alteraciones de conducta o de sueño. En la actualidad representa una gran morbilidad dada su naturaleza paraneoplásica y autoinmune; destaca su asociación frecuente con tumores neuroblásticos y su tendencia hacia la cronicidad, recaídas y secuelas en el neurodesarrollo. Se revisa el caso de lactante de 13 meses, uno de los casos reportados a más temprana edad en Colombia, cuyo motivo de consulta fue irritabilidad, temblor distal, opsoclonía, con pruebas negativas para neuroinfección. Posteriormente a estudios se describieron dos masas en ápice torácico izquierdo, una de ellas entre carótida interna y yugular externa. La masa más grande fue de manejo quirúrgico; la patología reportó ganglioneuroblastoma de patrón nodular. No se logró resección quirúrgica completa y tuvo recaída de síntomas; como complicación posquirúrgica se presentó síndrome de Horner incompleto. Al tener difícil acceso quirúrgico se optó por manejo con poliquimioterapia protocolo de riesgo intermedio del COG (Children Oncology Group), que recibió por un año con resolución completa del cuadro clínico. Se presenta el caso de lactante con SOMA de difícil manejo, en el cual el abordaje quirúrgico falló y se requirió terapia complementaria. La quimioterapia se convierte en una opción de manejo cuando la resección quirúrgica no sea completa.

SUMMARY The opsoclonus myoclonus ataxia syndrome (OMA) is an infrequent entity in children, characterized opsoclonus, myoclonus/ataxia, sleep pattern or behavioral alterations. It represents great morbidity given its paraneoplastic and autoimmune nature; it is frequently associated with neuroblastic tumors and its tendency towards chronicity, relapses and neurodevelopmental sequels. We examine the case of a previously healthy thirteen months toddler, one of the earliest age reported cases in Colombia, who consulted for irritability, distal tremor, opsoclonus, and had negative neuroinfection tests. It was reported, after additional studies, the presence of 2 masses in the left pulmonary apex; one of them between the internal carotid artery and the external jugular vein. The bigger mass was surgically removed; pathology reported a ganglioneuroblastoma with nodular pattern. It was not possible to make full surgical resection and the patient experienced a relapse; as a postsurgical complication the patient had transient incomplete Horner syndrome. Due to difficult surgical access, chemotherapy was used for a whole year following the intermediate risk protocol developed by the COG (Children Oncology Group) with full resolution of the symptoms. We present the case of a toddler with difficult surgical approach where the surgical treatment failed, and complementary chemotherapy was needed. Chemotherapy turns into a therapeuthic option when surgical resection is not complete.

Two Cases of Seronegative Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndrome with Opsoclonus Nystagmus / 대한이비인후과학회지

The dizziness associated with paraneoplastic neurologic syndrome is hard to diagnose clinically because the prevalence of disease is rare, and radiologic and serologic examination result may come out normal. Opsoclonus-myoclonus symdrome is a representative of classical paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes. In this paper, we report 2 cases of paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes with negative serologic auto-antibody test and no brain lesion on MRI. Both cases were eventually diagnosed through PET. Patients with opsoclonus-myoclonus type nystagmus should be evaluated for paraneoplastic neurologic syndrome even if their radiologic and serologic findings are normal.

Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome Associated with Scrub Typhus / 대한평형의학회지

Scrub typhus is an infective acute febrile disorder caused by the intracellular parasite Orientia tsutsugamushi. Neurological manifestations of scrub typhus are meningoencephalitis, cerebellitis, transverse myelitis, papilledema, and cranial nerve palsy. However, opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome associated with scrub typhus has been rarely reported. A 59-year-old man developed vertigo, nausea, vomiting, and imbalance following scrub typhus infection for eight days. Examination showed eschar at the axilla, decreased mentality, and opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. Video-oculography disclosed opsoclonus with an amplitude of 15°–20° and a frequency of 6–8 Hz. The serum antibody titers to Orientia tsutsugamushi were 1:5,120, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed pleocytosis. Brain magnetic resonance imaging was normal. Neurological symptoms and signs completely improved by systemic steroid and antibiotics treatment. Various mechanisms including direct disseminating inflammation or indirect immune modulation may give rise to neurological complications following scrub typhus.

Síndrome de Kinsbourne por neuroblastoma de localización mediastinal: a propósito de un caso infantil / Kinsbourne syndrome due to neuroblastoma of mediastinal location: a child case report

Se presenta el caso de un niño de un año de edad con neuroblastoma de localización en el mediastino posterior, que debutó con manifestaciones de Síndrome de Kinsbourne (opsoclonus, mioclonus), y que mejoró ostensiblemente después de la extracción quirúrgica del tumor. Se discute la frecuencia, localización, forma de presentación y tratamiento del síndrome.

The case of a 1-year old child with a neuroblastoma of posterior mediastinal location is presented. The initial manifestations were those of the Kinsbourne Syndrome (opsoclonus, myoclonus), which improved significantly after the surgical removal of the tumor. The frequency, location, form of presentation and treatment of the Kinsbourne Syndrome are discussed.

Síndrome opsoclonus mioclonus paraneoplásico en pediatría: reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Paraneoplastic opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome in children: case report and literature review

El síndrome opsoclonus mioclonus (SOM) es una entidad poco frecuente en pediatría que por consenso de expertos se define como aquel que cumple tres de cuatro criterios: opsoclonus, ataxia, mioclonus, alteraciones de la conducta o del sueño y diagnóstico de neuroblastoma. Frecuentemente el SOM en niños se presenta asociado a tumores de la cresta neural, siendo el neuroblastoma el más prevalente, seguido por ganglioneuroblastoma, ganglioneuroma y hepatoblastoma. La asociación SOM y neuroblastoma tiene su pico de incidencia entre los 6 y 36 meses de edad y la posibilidad de que un niño con SOM tenga un neuroblastoma es de cerca del 50%. Si bien el SOM no es una patología frecuente en pediatría, su asociación con enfermedades neoplásicas sí lo es y desconocer su existencia y la presentación clínica puede llevar a demoras o subdiagnóstico del tumor con impacto negativo en el pronóstico tanto de la entidad de base como del futuro neurológico del paciente. Se presenta el caso de una niña de 15 meses con SOM asociado a ganglioneuroblastoma retroperitoneal que mejoró luego de la resección del tumor y el tratamiento con corticoides e inmunoglobulina.

Opsoclonus Myoclonus Syndrome (OMS) is a rare condition in children, that for expert consensus is defined to be met three of the four criteria: opsoclonus, ataxia, myoclonus, behavioral disorders or sleep and diagnosis of neuroblastoma. OMS frequently occurs in children associated with neural crest tumors, the most prevalent being neuroblastoma, followed by ganglioneuroblastoma, ganglioneuroma, and hepatoblastoma. The OMS association and neuroblastoma has a peak incidence between 6 and 36 months of age and the possibility that a child with neuroblastoma have a OMS is about 50%. While the OMS is not a common pediatric pathology, its association with neoplastic disease is very strong and ignore its existence and clinical presentation may lead to delays or underdiagnosis of the tumor with negative impact on the prognosis of the entity base and the future neurological patient. Here we present the case of a girl of 15 months with OMS associated with retroperitoneal ganglioneuroblastoma that improved after tumor resection and treatment with corticosteroids and immunoglobulin.

Cortical Hypometabolism in Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome

Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome (OMS) is characterized by opsoclonus and arrhythmic myoclonic jerks predominantly involving the trunk, limbs, and head. We present two patients with OMS after respiratory tract infection who exhibited diffuse cerebral hypometabolism, particularly in the parieto-occipital cortex on 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography (F-FDG PET). This metabolic change might be a consequence rather than a direct cause of motor symptoms, which may be attributable to brainstem or cerebellar pathology.

Comprehensive treatment of neuroblastoma in children associated with opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the efficacy of combined modality therapy for neuroblastoma in children associated with opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome (OMS-NB).</p><p><b>METHOD</b>From May 2011 to December 2013, 6 consecutive patients (4 boys and 2 girls) diagnosed as OMS-NB underwent surgery and chemotherapy in the First Hospital, Peking University. The median age of onset was 19.5 months (range 13-24 months) and misdiagnosis occurred 7.5 months (range 2-14 months) ago. A retrospective analysis for the location, stage, pathological type, treatment way and outcome of neuroblastoma was done.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>(1) All patients were misdiagnosed as simply opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome (OMS) at the time of onset. They had been receiving treatment with adrenocorticotropic hormone and intravenous immunoglobulin within 1-13 months.OMS-NB was diagnosed by means of enhanced abdominal CT image which was delayed to be given after the poor efficacy or relapse. (2) The primary tumors were almost all small, stage I-II, located in adrenal, retroperitoneal or pelvis. The pathology of tumors included ganglioneuroblastoma (5/6) and neuroblastoma (1/6). (3) All these cases underwent surgery, 4/6 cases with complete tumor resection, 2/6 cases with tumor around the aorta and induced local residue. Preoperative and postoperative chemotherapy was given to 2 and 5 cases, respectively. (4) The patients were followed up for 3-31 months, except 1 patient lost, the other 5 are currently surviving disease-free (3 having been at the end of chemotherapy, 1 still in chemotherapy, and another had local recurrence and is receiving radiotherapy and chemotherapy after the second operation and now also stopped taking the medicine). The symptoms of nervous system have been significantly improved during postoperative chemotherapy.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>To reduce the misdiagnosis, regular CT imaging of the abdomen or pelvic should be ordered for all cases with OMS. The children with OMS-NB need to be actively treated with the combined modality therapy including surgery, chemotherapy or radiotherapy, to reduce recurrence and reduce the symptoms of nervous system.</p>

Anesthesia in a young adult with opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome / 대한마취과학회지

No abstract available.

Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome Associated with Mumps Virus Infection

BACKGROUND: Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome (OMS) is a rare neurological disorder that is characterized by involuntary eye movements and myoclonus. OMS exhibits various etiologies, including paraneoplastic, parainfectious, toxic-metabolic, and idiopathic causes. The exact immunopathogenesis and pathophysiology of OMS are uncertain. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a 19-year-old male who developed opsoclonus and myoclonus several days after a flu-like illness. Serological tests revealed acute mumps infection. The findings of cerebrospinal fluid examinations and brain magnetic resonance imaging were normal. During the early phase of the illness, he suffered from opsoclonus and myoclonus that was so severe as to cause acute renal failure due to rhabdomyolysis. After therapies including intravenous immunoglobulin, the patient gradually improved and had fully recovered 2 months later. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of OMS associated with mumps infection in Korea. Mumps infection should be considered in patients with OMS.

Síndrome de opsoclonia-mioclonia-ataxia em paciente com AIDS / Opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome in an AIDS patient

É relatado aqui o caso de uma mulher de 38 anos com AIDS que desenvolveu a síndrome de opsoclonia-mioclonia-ataxia em um período diferente dos outros casos já relatados na literatura. A síndrome de opsoclonia-mioclonia-ataxia já tinha sido relatada como manifestação inicial de AIDS, assim como no momento da soroconversão de HIV e na síndrome de reconstituição imune. Este caso é único, uma vez que a paciente tinha contagem elevada de CD4 e carga viral negativa no momento em que a síndrome de opsoclonia-mioclonia-ataxia ocorreu.

We report the case of a 38-year-old woman with AIDS who developed opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome during a period different from other cases reported in literature. Opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome had already been reported as the initial neurological presentation of AIDS, as well as at the time of HIV-seroconversion and immune reconstitution syndrome. Our case is unique since the patient had an elevated CD4 count and negative viral load in the period when the opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome occurred.

Síndrome de kinsbourne / Kinsbourne syndrome

Antecedentes: El Síndrome Kinsbourne es un desorden neurológico raro caracterizado por movimientos oculares irregulares, involuntarios y multidireccionales (opsoclonos), polimioclonias difusas y ataxia. Puede ser de etiología paraneoplásica (neuroblastoma) en el 50% de pacientes, pero existen múltiples causas dentro de ellas, las para y post infecciosas. Caso clínico: Masculino de 1 año de edad, con inestabilidad de la marcha. Como único antecedente proceso respiratorio y gastrointestinal (rinorrea hialina, tos productiva así como diarrea) una semana previa al inicio del padecimiento. A la exploración física presentaba ataxia a la bipedestación que imposibilitaba la marcha. Ante la ausencia de otra sintomatología es considerado inicialmente como una cerebelitis postinfecciosa, posteriormente se agregan al cuadro clínico polimioclonias y opsoclonos, con estos datos se hace el diagnóstico de síndrome de Kinsbourne. La Imagen de resonancia magnética cerebral, electroencefalograma, citoquímica y cultivo de líquido cefalorraquídeo no mostraron alteraciones. Se realizó tomografía axial abdominal y catecolaminas en orina en busca de neuroblastoma, ambos estudios normales. Se dio manejo con prednisolona a dosis de 2 mg/kg/día. Al mes de tratamiento el paciente estaba asintomático Conclusión: el síndrome opsoclonos mioclonos es una entidad rara que debe ser considerada como diagnóstico diferencial en los casos de ataxia aguda...

Síndrome de Kinsbourne: relato de caso / Kinsbourne syndrome: case report / Síndrome de Kinsbourne: relato de caso

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A síndrome de Kinsbourne é uma doença neurológica rara que afeta, principalmente, crianças previamente hígidas, na faixa etária entre seis e trinta e seis meses, caracterizada pela presença de opsoclonia (movimentos oculares rápidos, irregulares, horizontais e verticais), mioclonias que podem afetar tronco, extremidades ou face e ataxia cerebelar. Pode ser considerada uma síndrome paraneoplásica pela associação com neuroblastomas, ganglioneuroma e raramente hepatoblastomas. Foi objetivo deste artigo apresentar os aspectos mais relevantes da síndrome de Kinsbourne, bem como a técnica anestésica usada para ressecção de tumor de mediastino em uma criança portadora desta síndrome. RELATO DO CASO: Criança de um ano e cinco meses com diagnóstico de tumor do mediastino posterior portadora de síndrome de Kinsbourne. Pré-medicação com midazolam oral. Indução da anestesia com sevoflurano, óxido nitroso, fentanil e rocurônio. Manutenção da anestesia com sevoflurano, óxido nitroso, fentanil e rocurônio. Reversão do bloqueio neuromuscular com neostigmina associado à atropina. Analgesia pós-operatória com o uso de dipirona, cetoprofeno e morfina. Levada para a Unidade de Terapia Intensiva extubada, com parâmetros hemodinâmicos e respiratórios estáveis. Alta da UTI quatro dias após a cirurgia e alta hospitalar no sétimo dia de pós-operatório sem intercorrências. Anátomo-patológico evidenciou para ganglioneuroblastoma. CONCLUSÕES: A síndrome de Kinsbourne é uma doença neurológica rara. As drogas usadas em nosso paciente mostraram ser seguras e permitiram uma anestesia sem intercorrências. Drogas que desencadeiam ou agravam opsoclonia e mioclonias, como cetamina e etomidato, deverão ser evitadas nesses pacientes.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Kinsbourne syndrome is a rare neurological disorder that primarily affects children previously healthy and aged between 6 and 36 months. It is characterized by opsoclonus (rapid, irregular, horizontal and vertical eye movements) and myoclonus that may affect trunk, limbs or face, and cerebellar ataxia. It may be considered a paraneoplastic syndrome by association with neuroblastomas, hepatoblastomas and, rarely, ganglioneuromas. The aim of this paper was to present the most relevant aspects of Kinsbourne syndrome, as well as the technique used for resection of mediastinal tumor in a child with this syndrome. CASE REPORT: Child, 1 year and 5 months, with a diagnosis of posterior mediastinal tumor and Kinsbourne syndrome. Premedicated with oral midazolam. Anesthesia induced with sevoflurane, nitrous oxide, fentanyl, and rocuronium. Maintenance of anesthesia with sevoflurane, nitrous oxide, fentanyl, and rocuronium. Neuromuscular block reversal with neostigmine combined with atropine. Postoperative analgesia with the use of dipyrone, morphine, and ketoprofen. Taken to the intensive care unit extubated, with stable hemodynamic and respiratory parameters. ICU discharge four days after surgery and hospital discharged on the seventh postoperative day without complications. Anatomopathological examination revealed ganglioneuroblastoma. CONCLUSIONS: Kinsbourne syndrome is a rare neurological disorder. The drugs used in our patient proved safe and allowed an uneventful anesthesia. Drugs that trigger or aggravate opsoclonus and myoclonus, such as ketamine and etomidate, should be avoided in these patients.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: El síndrome de Kinsbourne es una enfermedad neurológica rara que afecta principalmente a los niños anteriormente sanos, en una franja etaria entre los 6 y los 36 meses, y que se caracteriza por la presencia de opsoclonia (movimientos oculares rápidos, irregulares, horizontales y verticales), mioclonias que pueden afectar el tronco, las extremidades o la cara, y por la ataxia cerebelar. Puede ser considerado un síndrome paraneoplásico por la asociación con los neuroblastomas, ganglioneroma y raramente hepatoblastomas. El objetivo de este artículo, fue presentar los aspectos más relevantes del síndrome de Kinsbourne, como también la técnica anestésica usada para la resección del tumor del mediastino en un niño portador de ese síndrome. RELATO DEL CASO: Niño de 1 año y 5 meses con diagnóstico de tumor del mediastino posterior, portador del síndrome de Kinsbourne. Premedicación con midazolam oral. Inducción de la anestesia con sevoflurano, óxido nitroso, fentanilo y rocuronio. Mantenimiento de la anestesia con sevoflurano, óxido nitroso, fentanilo y rocuronio. Reversión del bloqueo neuromuscular con neostigmina asociado a la atropina. Analgesia postoperatoria con el uso de dipirona, cetoprofeno y morfina. Fue derivado a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos y desentubado con parámetros hemodinámicos y respiratorios estables. El alta de la UCI fue cuatro días después de la cirugía y el alta hospitalaria fue al séptimo día del postoperatorio sin intercurrencias. La anatomo-patología arrojó un ganglioneuroblastoma. CONCLUSIONES: El síndrome de Kinsbourne es una enfermedad neurológica rara. Los fármacos usados en nuestro paciente, mostraron ser seguros permitiendo una anestesia sin intercurrencias. Los fármacos que desencadenan o que agravan la opsoclonia y mioclonias, como la cetamina y el etomidato, deberán ser evitados en esos pacientes.

Síndrome de opsoclonus-mioclonus secundario a neuroblastoma torácico. Presentación de un caso clínico y discusión de nuevas estrategias terapéuticas / Syndrome thoracic neuroblastoma secondary to opsoclonus-myoclonus. Presentation of a case and discussion of new therapeutic strategies

El síndrome de opsoclonus-mioclonus o síndrome de Kinsbourne es un trastorno poco frecuente. El diagnóstico es clínico y se caracteriza por la presencia de opsoclonus, mioclonías, ataxia, irritabilidad y trastornos del sueño. En 45% de los casos se asocia con la presencia de neuroblastoma. Es un trastorno de origen inmunitario y sutratamiento es en base a inmunosupresores, inmunomoduladores y resección tumoral en los casos secundarios a neuroblastoma. Durante años los corticoides han sido el tratamiento gold standard, asociándose posteriormente la inmunoglobulina endovenosa. Sinembargo, dada la alta prevalencia de corticodependencia y de sus efectos adversos, así como el mal pronóstico neurológico (entre 70% y 80% de los casos pueden tener secuelas neurológicas: déficit cognitivo, alteraciones visuales, motoras, práxicas, del lenguaje y conductuales), las investigaciones en los últimos años se han centrado en la utilización de nuevos fármacos. Los últimos estudios publicados avalan el uso de la terapia multimodal con el agregado de un tercer fármaco como el rituximab o laciclofosfamida. Se presenta el caso clínico de un varón de 2 años y 4 meses con diagnóstico de síndrome deopsoclonus-mioclonus se cundario a un neuroblastomatorácico en el que se realizó la resección tumoral y tratamiento con corticoides, inmunoglobulina y ciclofosfamida. Presentó una recaída frente al descenso de los corticoides y, actualmente, al año y seis meses del diagnóstico bajo dosis bajas de corticoides tiene un retraso en la adquisición del lenguaje sin otros síntomas acompañantes...

Paraneoplastic neurological syndrome in 12 children / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the basic clinical characteristics of paraneoplastic neurological syndrome (PNS) in children.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>To retrospectively analyze the clinical data of 12 PNS children who were hospitalized in neurology department in Beijing Children's Hospital from 2010 to 2011. Some patients were followed up after surgery.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>In 12 patients with PNS, 11 were male and 1 was female. The mean onset age were (30.5 ± 15.3) months. The mean duration from neurological symptom onset to finding out of tumor was (112.7 ± 154.4) days. The onset of the disease in 2 patients was acute, in 3 was subacute and in the other 7 was chronic (2 of 7 had 2 to 3 relapses). Of 12 patients, 11 had symptoms of ataxia (3 patients also had opsoclonus and myoclonus, OMS), 1 had weakness of limbs at onset and then had ataxia. Nine of 12 patients had surgery, and pathologic diagnosis was neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroma. Six patients were followed-up for 8 to 21 months. One patient had a little improvement and 5 almost recovered.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The PNS children can have neurological symptoms only at the onset and there were no particular evidence of tumor. It is prone to misdiagnosis. The prognosis of PNS in children was poor.</p>

Síndrome de Kinsbourne manifestando-se com quadro de encefalite pós-viral / Kinsbourne syndrome manifesting with signs of post-viral encephalitis

OBJETIVO: Descrever um caso de síndrome de Kinsbourne manifestando-se com quadro de encefalite pós-viral e rever a da literatura. DESCRIÇÃO DO CASO: Criança do sexo feminino, dois anos e seis meses, encaminhada de outro serviço com história de ataxia, irritabilidade e dificuldades articulatórias na fala após episódio prodrômico de febre, lesões de pele e mucosa. Com hipótese de encefalite pós-viral, a avaliação clínica evidenciou quadro de síndrome opsoclônus-mioclonia-ataxia ou síndrome de Kinsbourne. Foi afastada a associação de neuroðblastoma oculto e iniciada terapêutica com corticosteroide. Durante internação e acompanhamento ambulatorial, houve regressão progressiva e normalização do quadro clínico e neurológico inicial. COMENTÁRIOS: Apesar de se tratar de uma doença rara, o diagnóstico de síndrome de Kinsbourne deve ser reconhecido pelos pediatras e intensivistas, com objetivo de instituir traðtamento específico precoce, embora com resultados variáveis, sendo fundamental a exclusão de neuroblastoma oculto.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a case of Kinsbourne syndrome manifesting with signs of post-viral encephalitis, and to review the literature. CASE DESCRIPTION: Female child, aged two years and six months. She was referred from another hospital with a history of ataxia, irritability, and dysphasia after a prodromal episode of fever, skin and mucosa lesions. Referred with suspected post-viral encephalitis, the child was diagnosed with the opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome (Kinsbourne syndrome). The association of occult neuroblastoma was dismissed and therapy with corticosteroids was initiated. During hospitalization and outpatient treatment, there was a progressive regression and normalization of the clinical and neurological original condition. COMMENTS: Albeit a rare disease, the diagnosis of Kinsðbourne syndrome should be recognized by pediatricians and intensivists in order to start an early specific treatment, being important to exclude occult neuroblastomas. The results of the treatment are variable.

Opsoclonus-mioclonus: uma manifestação clínica aguda de neuroblastoma / Opsoclonus-myoclonus: an acute clinical neuroblastoma's manifestation

Objetivo: Descrever o caso de uma criança do sexo masculino que apresenta sintomas de forma súbita de Opsoclonus-mioclonus associada a tumor da crista neural. Descrição: Os autores relatam um caso de uma criança do sexo masculino de 1 ano e 10 meses que apresenta, subitamente, instabilidade de tronco e membros, tremores e ataxia. Três dias depois aparece opsoclonus, caracterizando a Síndrome de Opsoclonus-mioclonus. Uma massa tumoral retroperitoneal compatível com neuroblastoma foi encontrada em tomografia computadorizada de abdome. Discussão: Quando é feito o diagnóstico de Opsoclonus-mioclonus, a pesquisa de tumores deve periodicamente ser pesquisada, uma vez que estes podem se manifestar agudamente ou tardiamente...

Objective: To describe the case of a male child who presents sudden symptoms of Opsoclonus-myoclonus associated to a neural crest tumor. Description: The authors report a case of a 22-month-old male child that suddenly presents instability from trunk and limbs, trembling and ataxia. Three days later, the opsoclonus appeared and opsoclonus-myoclonus Syndrome was diagnosed. A retroperitoneal tumor, compatible with neuroblastoma was found through an abdominal computed tomography scan. Discussion: When the Opsoclonus-myoclonus is diagnosed, the search for tumors must persist periodically, since these tumors can present acute or late manifestation...

Enterovirus 71 infection: An experience in Korea, 2009 / 소아과

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) has been recognized as a frequent cause of epidemics of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) associated with severe neurological symptoms. In the spring of 2009, HFMD was epidemic in Korea. Severe cases with complication, including death, have been reported and it has become a public health issue. Most symptomatic EV71 infections commonly result in HFMD or herpangina. These clinical manifestations can be associated with neurologic syndromes frequently. Neurologic syndromes observed in EV71 include meningitis, meningoencephalomyelitis, poliomyelitis-like paralytic disease, Guillain-Barre syndrome, transverse myelitis, cerebellar ataxia, opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, benign intracranial hypertension, and brainstem encephalitis. Examinations for EV 71 were performed from the stools, respiratory secretion or CSF of the children by realtime PCR. Gene analysis showed that most of them were caused by EV71 subgenotype C4a which was prevalent in China, 2008. Public health measures including personal and environmental hygiene, must to target daycare centers, kindergartens, and schools where highly susceptible children congregate. To prevent the spread of infection, preschools where transmission persists for more than 2 incubation periods, have been recommended for closure, and trigger criteria for voluntary closure was instituted. During closure, operators are to thoroughly clean the centers before they are allowed to reopen. In addition, parents are advised to ensure that their children adopt a high standard of personal hygiene and to keep the infected child at home until full recovery. Because the outbreaks occur in a cyclical pattern, surveillance system to predict next outbreaks and adequate public health measures to control need to be planned for future. Control of EV71 epidemics through surveillance and public health intervention needs to be maintained in Korea. Future research should focus on understanding of EV71 virulence, identification of the receptor(s) for EV71, development of antiviral agents and development of vaccine.

Mumps-induced Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome: A Case Report

Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome (OMS) is a rare neurologic disorder characterized by progressive opsoclonus (irregular, rapid, horizontal and vertical eye movements), myoclonus, cerebellar dysfunction and severe hypotonia. Here we present the case of a 19-year-old man with OMS induced by mumps virus infection. Emergency physicians should know about the typical presentation of OMS and make a proper response.