Angiomatosis bacilar y sarcoma de Kaposi en lesión cutánea de paciente VIH positivo / Bacillary angiomatosis and Kaposi's sarcoma in skin lesion of HIV positive patient

La angiomatosis bacilar (AB) es una enfermedad infec-ciosa poco frecuente, causada por bacterias del género Bartonella spp. transmitidas por vectores como pulgas, piojos y mosquitos. En el ser humano provoca diferentes síndromes clínicos. En pacientes con infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) con recuento de LT CD4 + <100 cél/µL se asocia a lesiones angiomatosas con neovascularización que comprometen la piel y, en menor medida, mucosas, hígado, bazo y huesos.El sarcoma de Kaposi (SK) es una neoplasia caracteriza-da por hiperplasia vascular multifocal de origen endotelial relacionada con el herpes virus humano 8. También puede afectar piel, mucosas y vísceras, siendo la variante epidé-mica una enfermedad marcadora de la infección avanzada por VIH. El principal diagnóstico diferencial clínico para las lesiones cutáneas y mucosas del SK es la AB.Presentamos un paciente con enfermedad VIH/sida que desarrolló AB y SK en forma concomitante en la misma lesión cutánea

Bacillary angiomatosis (BA) is a rare infectious disease, caused by bacteria of the genus Bartonella spp, transmitted by vectors such as fleas, lice and mosquitoes. It causes different clinical syndromes in humans. In patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection with an LT CD4 + <100 cell/µL count, it is associated with the development of angiomatous lesions with neovascularization involving the skin and, with less frequency, mucous membranes, liver, spleen and bones. Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a neoplasm characterized by multifocal vascular hyperplasia of endothelial origin related to human herpes virus 8. It can also compromiso the skin, mucous membranes and viscera, with the epidemic variant being a marker disease of advanced HIV infection. The main clinical differential diagnosis for KS skin and mucosal lesions is the BA.Herein we present a patient with HIV/AIDS disease that developed BA and KS concomitantly in the same skin lesion

Características clínicas, métodos diagnósticos y evolución de la criptococosis extrameníngea en personas viviendo con VIH / Clinical features, diagnosis methods and evolution in non meningeal cryptococcosis in people living with VIH

La criptococosis es una micosis grave que se manifiesta, en el 90% de los casos, como una meningoencefalitis, especialmente en las personas con VIH. El objetivo de este estudio es describir los casos de criptococosis extrameníngea en personas viviendo con VIH y conocer cuántas de estas padecen compromiso meníngeo concomitante. Además, determinar la relación con el título de antígeno polisacárido capsular de Cryptococcus en suero. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, observacional y analítico. Se incluyeron personas viviendo con VIH cuyo diagnóstico inicial de criptococosis se había realizado a partir de muestras extrameníngeas en el período comprendido entre 2012 y 2019. Los pacientes se dividieron en dos grupos. Grupo 1, pacientes sin compromiso meníngeo; Grupo 2, aquellos que finalmente tenían compromiso del SNC. De un total de 531 criptococosis registradas en ese período, se incluyeron 113 pacientes (21%), de los cuales en 58 se comprobó el compromiso meníngeo. No se observaron diferencias significativas en cuanto a la mortalidad entre ambos grupos.Ninguno de los pacientes con antigenemia por LFA (antígeno capsular en suero por inmunocromatografía) positiva, pero con antigenemia por aglutinación de partículas de látex (AL) negativa, tuvo compromiso meníngeo. Se observó que títulos de antígeno para Cryptococcus en suero por AL mayor o igual a 1/100 se correlacionaron con un aumento de 30 veces en la posibilidad de padecer meningitis. En todos los casos se debe descartar el compromiso del SNC. La AL sigue siendo una prueba útil y complementaria, debido a que en los casos con AL negativa no se observó compromiso meníngeo

Cryptococcosis is a serious mycosis that manifests itself, in 90% of cases, as meningoencephalitis, especially in AIDS patients. The objective of this study is to describe the extra-meningeal cases of cryptococcosis in people living with HIV and to know how many of them suffer from concomitant meningeal involvement. Also, to determine its relationship with the Cryptococcus capsular polysaccharide antigen titer in serum.A retrospective, observational and analytical study was carried out. HIV-positive patients whose initial diagnosis had been made from extrameningeal samples in the period between 2012 and 2019 were included. The patients were divided into 2 groups. Group 1: patients without meningeal involvement; group 2: those who finally had CNS involvement.Of a total of 531 cryptococcosis registered in this period, 113 patients (21%) were included, of whom meningeal involvement was confirmed in 58. No significant differences were observed in terms of mortality in both groups.None of the patients with positive LFA antigenemia (Capsular antigen detection by lateral Flow assay) but negative latex particle agglutination (LA) antigenemia had meningeal involvement. LFA was found to be highly sensitive and allows early diagnosis, but it does not replace other diagnostic procedures.Serum Cryptococcus antigen titers for by LA greater than or equal to 1/100 were found to correlate with a 30-fold increase in the likelihood of meningitis.In all cases, CNS involvement must be ruled out. LA continues to be a useful and complementary test, because in cases with negative LA, no meningeal involvement was observed

Association between Genitourinary and Congenital Heart Defects: A 52-year Case-Control Study of the Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECLAMC) / Asociación entre cardiopatías congénitas y malformaciones congénitas urinarias: Un estudio de casos y controles de 52 años del Estudio Colaborativo Latino Americano de Malformaciones Congénit

Background Congenital urological anomalies are present in 4.3/10 thousand newborns, and their association with other anomalies may increase the overall mortality and disability. The present study establishes the risk of having congenital urological anomalies presenting associated cardiopathies. Methods We conducted a retrospective case-control study using the Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (Estudio Colaborativo Latino Americano de Malformaciones Congénitas, ECLAMC, in Spanish). The analysis included all registered cases of congenital urological malformation from 1967 to 2019. Patients with or without associated heart defects were included for the statistical analysis. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). We compared the variables with the Chi-squared test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, United States) software, version 27.0. Values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results A total of 7,767,161 newborns were evaluated, and 17,834 genital and upper urinary tract malformations were identified. Of these, 64.2% were genital anomalies, and 35.8% were abnormalities of the upper urinary tract. Genitourinary malformations and concomitant congenital heart defects (GU + C) were observed in 3.5% of the cases. Subjects with GU + C had a higher number of malformations (4.59 ± 2.3) than patients without heart defects (1.53 ± 1.58) (p < 0.000). The OR was of 3.61 (range: 1.86­7.00) for cloacal exstrophy, of 4.01 (range: 3.14­5.12) for imperforate anus, of 5.52 (range: 3.92­7.78) for horseshoe kidney, and of 13.7 (range: 6.65­28.22) for trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) with malformations of the upper urinary tract. Conclusion The association of congenital heart defects with urological anomalies is higher for complex congenital anomalies such as imperforate anus, cloacal exstrophy, and ho

Introducción Las malformaciones congénitas urológicas están presentes en 4,3/10 mil, y su asociación con otros defectos puede aumentar la mortalidad global y la discapacidad. Este estudio analiza la presentación de las malformaciones congénitas urológicas asociadas a las cardiopatías congénitas. Métodos Este es un estudio retrospectivo de casos y controles que usa el Estudio Colaborativo Latinoamericano de Malformaciones Congénitas (ECLAMC). Se incluyeron todos los casos registrados de malformaciones congénitas urológicas de 1967 a 2019, y todos los casos con y sin defectos cardiacos. Se calculó la razón de disparidad (RD) usando un intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC 95%). Se probó la hipótesis con el Chi-cuadrado y análisis de la varianza (analysis of variance, ANOVA, en inglés). Se realizó el análisis estadístico por medio del programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, Estados Unidos), versión 27.0. Se consideró la significancia estadística con valores de p < 0,05. Resultados Se evaluaron 7.767.161 recién nacidos, y se identificaron 17.834 malformaciones genitales y del tracto urinario superior. De estas, 64,2% fueron genitales, y 35,8%, de vías urinarias superiores. El 3,5% de los casos tenían malformaciones genitourinarias y defectos cardiacos congénitos concomitantes (GU + C). Aquellos con GU + C tenían mayor número de malformaciones (4,59 ± 2,3) que los pacientes sin defectos cardiacos (1,53 ± 1,58) (p < 0,000). La RD fue de 3.61 (rango: 1,86­700) para la extrofia cloacal, de 4,01 (3,14­5,12) para el ano imperforado, de 5,52 (3,92­7,78) para el riñón en herradura, y de 13,7 (6,65­28,22) para la trisomía 21 (síndrome de Down) con malformaciones del tracto urinario superior. Conclusión La asociación entre defectos cardiacos congénitos y anomalías urológicas es significativa en malformaciones congénitas complejas como el ano imperforado, la extrofia cloacal, y el riñón en herradura. Los pacientes con síndrome de Down y malformaciones urológicas tienen la mayor probabilidad.

Symptom cluster: management and advanced practices in oncology nursing / Clúster de síntomas: manejo y prácticas avanzadas en enfermería oncológica / Cluster de sintomas: manejo e práticas avançadas em enfermagem oncológica

ABSTRACT Objective: To present the definition of "symptom cluster" in cancer patients and to reflect on the theory, assessment, outcomes, and interventions for symptom management, based on the perspective of advanced practices in oncology nursing. Method: Theoretical-reflective study that presents and discusses possibilities for managing "symptom clusters" through advanced practices in oncology nursing. Results: The term "symptom cluster" can be defined as a set of two or more related symptoms. The theoretical concepts and models that can help in its understanding are: Theory of Unpleasant Symptoms, Theory of Symptom Management, concept of self-efficacy and Theory of symptom self-management. Advanced practice nurses have the skills to manage "symptom clusters," optimizing outcomes and positively influencing the quality of life of cancer patients. Conclusion: Advanced practice nurses have the essential characteristics to design, to implement and to evaluate intervention protocols aimed at the management of "symptom clusters" in cancer patients.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Presentar la definición de "clúster de síntomas" en pacientes oncológicos y reflexionar sobre los modelos teóricos, evaluación, resultados e intervenciones para el manejo de los síntomas desde la perspectiva de la enfermería de práctica avanzada oncológica. Método: Estudio teórico-reflexivo que presenta y discute posibilidades para el manejo de "clústeres de síntomas" a través de prácticas avanzadas en enfermería oncológica. Resultados: El término "clúster de síntomas" se caracteriza por un conjunto de dos o más síntomas relacionados entre sí. Los siguientes conceptos y modelos teóricos pueden auxiliar su comprensión: Teoría de los Síntomas Desagradables, Teoría del Manejo de los Síntomas, concepto de autoeficacia y teoría del autocontrol de los síntomas. Los enfermeros de práctica avanzada tienen habilidades para manejar los "clústeres de síntomas", que optimiza los resultados e influye positivamente en la calidad de vida de los pacientes con cáncer. Conclusión: Los profesionales de la enfermería de práctica avanzada reúnen las características fundamentales para elaborar, diseñar, aplicar y evaluar protocolos de intervención dirigidos al manejo de "clústeres de síntomas" en pacientes con cáncer.

RESUMO Objetivo: Apresentar a definição de "cluster de sintomas" em pacientes com câncer e refletir sobre modelos teóricos, avaliação, desfechos e intervenções para manejo de sintomas, na perspectiva das práticas avançadas em enfermagem oncológica. Método: Estudo teórico-reflexivo que apresenta e discute possibilidades de manejo de "clusters de sintomas" por meio das práticas avançadas em enfermagem oncológica. Resultados: O termo "cluster de sintomas" pode ser definido como um conjunto de dois ou mais sintomas relacionados entre si. Os conceitos e modelos teóricos que podem ajudar na sua compreensão são: Teoria dos Sintomas Desagradáveis, Teoria do Manejo de Sintomas, conceito de autoeficácia e teoria do autocontrole dos sintomas. Os enfermeiros de prática avançada têm habilidades para realizar o manejo dos "clusters de sintomas", otimizando os desfechos e influenciando positivamente a qualidade de vida de pacientes com câncer. Conclusão: Os enfermeiros de prática avançada reúnem as características essenciais para elaborar, implementar e avaliar protocolos de intervenções direcionadas ao manejo de "clusters de sintomas" em pacientes com câncer.

Clinical profile of human T-lymphotropic virus type I: a forgotten infection in pediatrics / Perfil clínico del virus linfotrópico humano tipo I: una infección olvidada en pediatría

Summary The Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), a retrovirus with oncogenic properties, affects around ten to twenty million people worldwide. The most common disorders associated with HTLV-1 infection are T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ALT) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Studies have reported other clinical manifestations in HTLV-1 seropositive patients, including inflammatory disorders, co-infections with opportunistic agents, and pulmonary diseases. Objective: Here, we aim to describe a cohort of juvenile patients with confirmed HTLV-1 infection that showed clinical manifestations other than neurological symptoms. Methodology and patients: Retrospective analysis of clinical data describing background and clinical findings of 12 juvenile patients with confirmed HTLV-1 infection, attended during January 2018 to February 2020 in a pediatric referral hospital in Cali, Colombia. Results: 11 out 12 patients were from Colombia´s Pacific coast, 10 suffered from significant nutritional deficiencies. Six exhibited dermatological findings, 3 compatible with infective dermatitis. None of the cases exhibited clinical or laboratory findings suggesting ALT or HAM/TPS. Eight patients had structural lung disease assessed by chest Computed Tomography (CT) scans; 4 of them tested positive for galactomannan antigen in bronchoalveolar fluid suggesting pulmonary aspergillosis, and 2 others exhibited a positive PCR testing for tuberculosis. Three patients were diagnosed with autoimmune disorders; 1 patient with Crohn´s Diseases, 1 case of autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, and a patient with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome (non-granulomatous uveitis). Conclusions: There is a broad range of clinical manifestations in pediatric HTLV-1 patients, and the clinician should consider structural pulmonary disease, opportunistic co-infections and autoimmune disorders in the diagnostic algorithm.

Resumen El Virus Linfotrópico de células T humanas tipo 1 (HTLV-1), retrovirus con propiedades oncogénicas, afecta alrededor de 10-20 millones de personas mundialmente. Las manifestaciónes más comúnmente asociadas a HTLV-1 incluyen leucemia/linfoma de células T (ALT) y mielopatía asociada a HTLV-1/ paraparesia espástica tropical (HAM/TSP). Estudios han reportado otras manifestaciones clínicas en pacientes positivos para HTLV-1, incluyendo enfermedades inflamatorias, coinfecciones con gérmenes oportunistas y enfermedad pulmonar. Objetivo: es describir clínicamente una cohorte de pacientes pediátricos con infección por HTLV-1 confirmada que presentan manifestaciones clínicas diferentes a síntomas neurológicos. Metogolodía y pacientes: Análisis retrospectivo de historia clínica describiendo procedencia y hallazgos clínicos en 12 pacientes con infección por HTLV-1 confirmada, atendidos durante el periodo de Enero de 2018 a Febrero de 2020 en un hospital pediátrico de referencia en Cali, Colombia. Resultados: Once de 12 pacientes procedían de la costa Pacífica Colombiana, 10 con deficiencias nutricionales significativas. Seis mostraron compromiso dermatológico, 3 compatibles con dermatitis infectiva. Ningún paciente presentó hallazgos clínicos o paraclínicos sugestivos de ALT o HAM/TPS. Ocho pacientes presentaron enfermedad pulmonar estructural evidenciada por TAC de tórax; 4 de ellos con antígeno galactomanan positivo en lavado broncoalveolar, sugiriendo aspergilosis pulmonar, y otros 2 resultaron con PCR positiva para tuberculosis. Tres pacientes presentaron enfermedades autoinmunes concomitantes: uno con Enfermedad de Crohn, uno con Púrpura Trombocitopénica Autoinmune, y un paciente con Síndrome de Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada. Conclusiones: Existe un amplio rango de manifestaciones clínicas en pacientes pediátricos con HTLV-1, considerando enfermedad pulmonar estructural, coinfecciones oportunistas y enfermedades autoinmunes dentro del algoritmo diagnóstico.

Psychoneuroimmunology and oncology nursing: a theoretical study / Psiconeuroinmunología y la enfermería oncológica: estudio teórico / Psiconeuroimunologia e a enfermagem oncológica: estudo teórico

ABSTRACT Objective: To discuss the evolution of research in cancer psychoneuroimmunology, the advances in the management of neuropsychological symptom clusters and their interface with mid-range theories, and practical applications in Nursing. Method: This is a theoretical-reflective study anchored in recent literature, as well as in the critical analysis of the authors. Results: This is a promising field of investigation, which emphasizes the complexity and interaction of symptoms, the interrelationships among them, the factors influencing them, and their consequences. Subsidized by mid-range theories in Nursing, such as the Theory of Unpleasant Symptoms and the Theory of Symptom Management, analyses of these interrelationships support Oncology Nursing diagnoses and interventions. Conclusion: An innovative approach is proposed to qualify Oncology Nursing care based on the integration of recent advances in cancer psychoneuroimmunology, Nursing mid-range theories, and practical tools such as health coaching. The approach proposed may strengthen clinical nursing practice in the management of neuropsychological symptom clusters in oncology and shall be integrated into decision-making during cancer treatment, favoring person-centered care.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Discutir la evolución de las investigaciones en psiconeuroinmunología del cáncer, los avances en el manejo de los clusters de síntomas neuropsicológicos y su interface con teorías de rango medio y aplicaciones prácticas por la Enfermería. Método: Estudio teórico-reflexivo ancorado en literatura reciente, así como en el análisis crítico de los autores. Resultados: Este es un campo promisor de investigación, que tiene énfasis en la complejidad y la interacción de los síntomas, las interrelaciones entre ellos, los factores que los influyen y sus consecuencias. Subsidiadas por teorías de rango medio en Enfermería, como la Teoría de los Síntomas Desagradables y la Teoría del Manejo de Síntomas, análisis de estas interrelaciones corroboran los diagnósticos y las intervenciones de Enfermería en Oncología. Consideraciones Finales: Se ha propuesto un abordaje innovador para calificar el cuidado de Enfermería Oncológica a partir de la integración de avances recientes en psiconeuroinmunología del cáncer, teorías de rango medio de Enfermería y herramientas prácticas como coaching de salud. El abordaje propuesto puede fortalecer la práctica clínica de Enfermería en la gestión de los clusters de síntomas neuropsicológicos en oncología y debe ser integrado en las acciones y decisiones durante el tratamiento oncológico que favorezcan el cuidado centrado en las personas.

RESUMO Objetivo: Discutir a evolução das pesquisas em psiconeuroimunologia do câncer, os avanços no manejo dos clusters de sintomas neuropsicológicos e sua interface com teorias de médio alcance e aplicações práticas pela Enfermagem. Método: Estudo teórico-reflexivo ancorado em literatura recente, bem como na análise crítica dos autores. Resultados: Este é um campo promissor de investigação, que enfatiza a complexidade e a interação dos sintomas, as inter-relações entre os mesmos, os fatores que os influenciam e suas consequências. Subsidiadas por teorias de médio alcance em Enfermagem, como a Teoria dos Sintomas Desagradáveis e a Teoria de Gerenciamento de Sintomas, análises destas inter-relações corroboram os diagnósticos e as intervenções de Enfermagem em Oncologia. Conclusão: Propõe-se uma abordagem inovadora para qualificar o cuidado de Enfermagem Oncológica a partir da integração de avanços recentes em psiconeuroimunologia do câncer, teorias de médio alcance de Enfermagem, e ferramentas práticas como coaching de saúde. A abordagem proposta pode fortalecer a prática clínica da Enfermagem no manejo dos clusters de sintomas neuropsicológicos em oncologia e deve ser integrada na tomada de decisões durante o tratamento oncológico, favorecendo o cuidado centrado na pessoa.

Fundamentos moleculares de la exclusión competitiva durante la coinfección de virus respiratorios: a propósito del COVID-19 / Molecular foundations of competitive exclusion during coinfection of respiratory viruses: about COVID-19

Introducción: La idea de exclusión competitiva es indiscutible cuando se trata de animales y bacterias que intentan ocupar el mismo nicho ecológico, pero su aplicación a la coinfección viral no es tan sencilla de interpretar. La interferencia viral es un fenómeno en el que un virus suprime competitivamente la replicación de otros virus coinfectantes y es el resultado más común de las coinfecciones virales. Objetivo: Comprender mejor el comportamiento de las infecciones respiratorias concomitantes en escenarios de brotes comunitarios y de forma individual en entornos hospitalarios e individuos con comorbilidades. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda de información en las bases de datos MEDLINE / PubMed, SciELO y LILACS. También se consideraron artículos publicados en el repositorio de preimpresión medRxiv y los informes de los Centros para el Control y Prevención de enfermedades de los Estados Unidos de América. Mediante el gestor de referencias Mendeley, se eliminaron los duplicados y aquellos que no se ajustaban al objetivo del estudio, seleccionando 48 artículos para la revisión. Análisis y síntesis de la in formación: En la literatura científica se encontró evidencia que sustenta la exclusión competitiva viral entre virus relacionados que comparten células susceptibles y permisivas. Conclusión: La exclusión competitiva impide que dos virus que comparten rutas de transmisión similares y el mismo órgano diana, infecten no sólo al mismo tiempo, sino que también se propaguen con éxito. Por lo tanto, la sindemia producida por virus que comparten estas características podría ser un evento improbable(AU)

Introduction: The idea of competitive exclusion is undisputed when it comes to animals and bacteria trying to occupy the same ecological niche, but its application to viral coinfection is not so simple to interpret. Viral interference is a phenomenon in which one virus competitively suppresses the replication of other co-infecting viruses and is the most common outcome of viral co-infections. Objective: To better understand the behavior of concomitant respiratory infections in community outbreak settings and individually in hospital settings and individuals with comorbidities. Methods: A search for information was performed in the MEDLINE / PubMed, SciELO and LILACS databases. Articles published in the preprint repository medRxiv and reports from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were also considered. Using the Mendeley reference manager, duplicates and those that did not fit the study objective were eliminated, selecting 48 articles for the review. Analysis and synthesis of information: Evidence supporting viral competitive exclusion between related viruses sharing susceptible and permissive cells was found in the scientific literature. Conclusion: Competitive exclusion prevents two viruses that share similar transmission routes and the same target organ from infecting not only at the same time, but also from spreading successfully. Therefore, syndemia produced by viruses sharing these characteristics could be an unlikely event(AU)

El Linfogranuloma venéreo rectal: presentación clínica emergente / Rectal lymphogranuloma venereum: an emergent clinical presentation

El linfogranuloma venéreo (LGV) es una enfermedad de transmisión sexual (ETS) poco frecuente causada por los serotipos L1, L2 y L3 de Chlamydia trachomatis.Desde hace más de una década se produjo un aumento de la incidencia de proctitis por LGV casi exclusivamente en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres con prácticas sexuales de riesgo para ETS.Se presentan cuatro casos con LGV rectal

Lymphogranuloma venereum is a rare sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by serotypes L1, L2 and L3 of Chlamydia trachomatis.For over a decade, there has been a considerable increase in the incidence of LGV proctitis in almost exclusively men who have sex with men with STI risk behaviors.Four cases of rectal LGV are reported

Sobrevida e características ecocardiográficas de gatos com e sem cardiomiopatias / Survival and echocardiographic characteristics of cats with and without cardiomyopathies

Cardiopatias felinas apresentam importante relevância na rotina veterinária, todavia os seus aspectos epidemiológicos em gatos não são conhecidos regionalmente. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever a frequência das cardiopatias na região Norte e Vale do Itajaí no estado de Santa Catarina e determinar a sobrevida de pacientes cardiopatas e não cardiopatas. O estudo contou com a análise retrospectiva de 74 laudos ecocardiográficos e prontuários médicos de gatos oriundos de estabelecimentos veterinários da região, de janeiro de 2017 a dezembro de 2019. Tutores ou veterinários responsáveis foram contatados para averiguar a sobrevida dos animais. Os animais do estudo em sua maioria eram machos (n=40/74) e sem raça definida (n=47/74). Cardiomiopatia foi o diagnóstico mais comum (n=21/74), com destaque para o fenótipo hipertrófica (n=13/21). As cardiomiopatias foram diagnosticadas mais comumente em gatos acima de oito anos de idade. Os principais sinais clínicos nos gatos sintomáticos (n=41/74) foram sopro (n=15/41) e dispneia (n=6/41). Os principais achados ecocardiográficos foram hipertrofia concêntrica da parede livre do ventrículo esquerdo (n=18/41) e dilatação do átrio esquerdo (n=12/41). A mediana de sobrevida dos 74 gatos foi de 303±209.8 dias, estando altamente relacionado com a classe do estadiamento clínico (P=0,006). Gatos com fenótipo dilatada tiveram menor média de sobrevida (180.5 dias). As doenças concomitantes mais observadas foram doença renal crônica (n=7/15), hipertensão (n=5/15) e/ou hipertireoidismo (n=3/15). Gatos com cardiomiopatias, sintomáticos e com estágios mais avançados de remodelamento cardíaco, demostraram viver menos se comparados com aqueles em estágio inicial da cardiopatia. Bem como pacientes com doenças de base associada apresentaram menor expectativa de vida.

Feline cardiopathies are relevant on veterinary practice although lack of regional epidemiogical description. The purpose of this study is to determine cardiopathy prevalence and survival of cardiac and non-cardiac patients on Santa Catarina's northern and Itajai valley regions. The retrospective study included 74 echocardiographic exams and medical records from January 2017 to December 2019. Veterinarians and owners were contacted to check survival on cardiac and non-cardiac patients. The animals were most male (n=40/74) and mongrel (n=47/74). Cardiomyopathies were the most common diagnosis (n=21/74), specially the hypertrophic phenotype (n=13/21). The cardiomyopathy diagnosis was evidenced in cats above eight years old. The most usual clinical findings on symptomatic patients (n=41/74) were cardiac murmur (n=15/41) and dyspnea (n=6/41). Left ventricular free wall concentric hypertrophy (n=18/41) and left atrium dilation (n=12/41) were the main echocardiographic findings. Median survival from 74 cats was 303±209,8 days and related to clinical staging (p=0,006). Cats with dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype presented lower mean survival (180,5 days). Concomitant diseases included chronic renal disease (n=7/15), systemic arterial hypertension (n=5/15) and/or hyperthyroidism (n=3/15). In conclusion, cats with cardiomyopathies, symptomatic and with more advanced stages of cardiac remodeling, have shown to live less than those in early stage of heart disease. As well as patients with associated concomitant diseases, they had a lower life expectancy.

Análise da ocorrência dos critérios de Favrot e das comorbidades apresentadas por cães com dermatite atópica atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal Fluminense / Analysis of the occurrence of Favrot's criteria and comorbidities presented by dogs with atopic dermatitis treated at the Veterinary Hospital of Universidade Federal Fluminense

O objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar a ocorrência dos critérios de Favrot em cães diagnosticados com Dermatite Atópica Canina (DAC) no Hospital Veterinário Professor Firmino Mársico Filho da Universidade Federal Fluminense, bem como sua associação com doenças concomitantes. Foram analisadas 2199 fichas propedêuticas com queixas dermatológicas, dos anos de 2016 e 2017. Do total, 165 (7,5%) animais foram diagnosticados com DACdos quais 94 (57%) eram fêmeas e 71 (43%) machos. Embora os cães mestiços fossem a maioria dos casos (22,4%), a raça pura mais frequentemente acometida foi a Poodle (12,5%). Foram identificados 134 (81,2%) cães com cinco ou mais critérios de Favrot, sendo 32,7% animais com seis critérios, 26,7% com cinco critérios, 17,0% com sete critérios e 4,8% com oito critérios. Enfatiza-se o aparecimento em mais de 90% dos casos os critérios intradomiciliado, com prurido primário, responsivo à corticoterapia e com bordas das pinas não acometidas. Dos 165 animais avaliados, 115 (69,7%) eram portadores de uma ou mais afecções concomitantes à DAC, sendo a otite externa a principal (73%). Considera-se que os critérios de Favrot podem ser aplicados para a triagem dos pacientes com suspeita de dermatite atópica canina atendidos no HUVET-UFF.

The objective of this study was to analyze the occurrence of Favrot criteria in dogs diagnosed with Canine Atopic Dermatitis (CAD) at the Veterinary Hospital Professor Firmino Mársico Filho of Universidade Federal Fluminense, as well as its association with concomitant diseases. A total of 2199 propaedeutic records with dermatological complaints from 2016 and 2017 were analyzed. Of the total, 165 (7.5%) animals were diagnosed with CAD. Among those diagnosed with CAD, 94 (57%) were females and 71 (43%) males. Although crossbreed dogs were the majority of cases (22.4%), the purebred dog most frequently affected by CAD was the Poodle (12.5%). One hundred and thirty four (81.2%) animals were identified with five or more Favrot criteria, 32.7% animals with six criteria, 26.7% with five criteria, 17.0% with seven criteria and 4.8% with eight criteria. It emphasizes the appearance in more than 90% of criteria, dog living mostly indoors,alesional pruritus, glucocorticoid-responsive pruritus and nonaffected ear margins. Of the 165 animals evaluated, 115 (69.7%) had one or more conditions concomitant with CAD, with otitis externa being the main one (73%). It is considered that the Favrot criteria can be applied for the screening of patients with suspected canine atopic dermatitis treated at HUVET-UFF.

Problemas gastrointestinales, nutricionales, endocrinológicos y de microbiota en el trastorno del espectro autista / Gastrointestinal, nutritional, endocrine, and microbiota conditions in autism spectrum disorder

Los problemas médicos gastrointestinales, nutricionales, metabólicos, endocrinológicos y de microbiota en los pacientes pediátricos con diagnóstico de trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) son parte de los problemas médicos concomitantes al diagnóstico. La prevalencia alcanza a más del 91 % en el caso de los problemas gastrointestinales, hasta el 89 % para los nutricionales y metabólicos, más del 50 % de disfunción tiroidea y hasta el 100 % para los relacionados con la microbiota.Es urgente actualizar la práctica médica para incluir la evaluación, testeo, diagnóstico y tratamiento de estos problemas médicos concomitantes al diagnóstico de TEA en la población pediátrica, adolescente y adulta. El tratamiento riguroso de dichos problemas genera cambios positivos en la calidad de vida y en la sintomatología bajo la cual el TEA se diagnostica en muchos casos. Debe basarse en evidencia científica de alta calidad, con control y cuidado médico adecuado

Gastrointestinal, nutritional, metabolic, endocrine, and microbiota medical problems in pediatric patients diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are some of the coexisting medical conditions in ASD diagnosis. Their prevalence reaches more than 91 % for gastrointestinal problems, up to 89 % for nutritional and metabolic disorders, more than 50 % for thyroid dysfunction, and up to 100 % for microbiota-related conditions.There is an urgency for medical practice to be updated and to include the assessment, testing, diagnosis, and treatment of these coexisting medical conditions in ASD diagnosis in the pediatric, adolescent, and adult population. A strict management of such conditions results in positive changes in the quality of life and symptoms based on which ASD is diagnosed many times. It should be based on high-quality scientific evidence with an adequate medical care and control

Exantema asociado a COVID-19 / COVID-19 skin rash

A partir de marzo de 2020 se han empezado a describir lesiones cutáneas asociadas a COVID-19 que fueron agrupadas en patrones y se relacionaron con la severidad y la temporalidad de la enfermedad. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con COVID-19 leve y lesiones cutáneas que pueden atribuirse a la infección. Se realiza una revisión de las manifestaciones cutáneas asociadas a COVID-19 y la interpretación de los diagnósticos diferenciales que se pensaron en el paciente

Since March 2020, skin lesions associated with COVID-19 have begun to be described. These were grouped into patterns, and were related to the severity and temporality of the disease. A patient with mild COVID-19 and skin lesions that can be attributed to the infection is presented. A review of the cutaneous manifestations associated with COVID-19 and the interpretation of the differential diagnoses that were thought of in the patient is carried out.

Percepción de carga de la enfermedad en la persona con enfermedad crónica / Percepção de carga da doença na pessoa com doença crónica / Perception of cost of illness among chronically ill people

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir el perfil y la Percepción de carga de la enfermedad en personas con enfermedad crónica e identificar correlaciones entre la Percepción de carga reportada y las variables sociodemográficas y de cuidado de la persona. Material y Método: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo correlacional de corte transversal realizado con una muestra de 240 personas con enfermedad crónica en tres instituciones de salud. Se midió la Percepción de carga de la enfermedad con el instrumento Carga de la Enfermedad Crónica para el Paciente GCPC-UN y las variables sociodemográficas de los participantes con una encuesta de caracterización. Para el análisis de los datos se usó estadística descriptiva y para identificar las correlaciones se usó el estadístico Rho de Spearman. Resultados: Sobre la Percepción de carga se encontró que hay mayor impacto de la enfermedad en el Disconfort físico del paciente, seguido del impacto en los Aspectos socioculturales y familiares y, finalmente, en el Sufrimiento emocional y espiritual. La Percepción de carga de la enfermedad se relacionó con la edad (r= -,173; p= 0,007), el tiempo con la enfermedad (r= -,182; p= 0,005) y el número de horas de cuidado diario (r= ,357; p= 0,000). Conclusión: Las personas con enfermedad crónica perciben carga por la enfermedad principalmente en lo relacionado con el Disconfort físico que esta genera. Existe una asociación entre la Percepción de carga de la enfermedad con variables sociodemográficas como la edad, el tiempo con la enfermedad y las horas de cuidado diario. En este caso los profesionales de la salud deben prestar atención a la atención integral de los pacientes con enfermedad crónica en todas sus dimensiones.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the profile and Perception of cost of illness among people with chronic disease and to identify the correlations between the reported cost and the socio-demographic and care variables of the patient. Material and Method: A quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive, correlational study conducted with a sample of 240 people with chronic disease in three healthcare institutions. The Cost of illness perception was measured using the instrument Chronic Disease Burden for the Patient GCPC-UN and a characterization survey for the socio-demographic variables of the participants. For the data analysis, descriptive statistics were used and the Spearman's Rho to identify correlations. Results: Regarding perception of cost, it was found that there is a greater impact on the disease in the Physical discomfort of the patient, followed by the impact on Sociocultural and family aspects and, finally, on Emotional and spiritual suffering. Cost of illness was related to age (r = -.173; p = 0.007), time with disease (r = -.182; p = 0.005) and the number of hours of daily care (r = .357; p = 0.000). Conclusion: People with chronic disease show Cost of illness mainly related to the Physical discomfort that it generates. There is a relationship between Cost of illness and socio-demographic variables such as age, time with disease and hours of daily care. Healthcare professionals should thus pay attention to the comprehensive care of patients with chronic disease in all its dimensions.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever o perfil e a Percepção de carga da doença em pessoas com doença crónica e identificar a correlação entre os efeitos reportados e as variáveis sociodemográficas e de cuidado das pessoas. Material e Método: Estudo quantitativo, descritivo correlacional, de corte transversal realizado com uma amostra de 240 pessoas com doença crónica, em três instituições de saúde. A Percepção de carga da doença foi medida com o instrumento Carga da Doença para o Paciente GCPC-UN e as variáveis sociodemográficas dos participantes com uma pesquisa de caracterização. Para analisar os dados foi utilizada a estadística descritiva e para identificar a correlação utilizou-se o estadístico de Rho de Spearman. Resultados: Em relação à Percepção de carga da doença, identificou-se que existe maior impacto na doença no Desconforto físico do paciente, seguido do impacto nos Aspectos socioculturais e familiares e, finalmente, no Sofrimento emocional e espiritual. A Percepção de carga da doença teve relação com idade (r= -,173; p= 0,007), tempo com a doença (r= -,182; p= 0,005) e o número de horas de cuidado por dia (r= ,357; p= 0,000). Conclusão: As pessoas com doença crónica apresentam Carga da doença relacionada, principalmente, com o Desconforto físico que produz. Existe uma relação entre a Percepção de carga da doença e as variáveis sociodemográficas como idade, tempo com a doença e horas de cuidado por dia. Os profissionais da saúde, neste caso, devem prestar atenção ao cuidado integral dos pacientes com doença crónica em todas suas dimensões.

Alta concomitância de doenças autoimunes em um paciente com síndrome de Down / High concomitance of autoimmune diseases in a patient with Down syndrome

Objetivo: Pacientes com síndrome de Down (SD) apresentam maior prevalência de doenças autoimunes (DAI). No caso apresentado, chama atenção a elevada concomitância de DAI, a apresentação clínica das mesmas e a influência na saúde mental do paciente. Descrição do caso: Relatamos o caso de paciente masculino, 25 anos, cariótipo 47,XY+21, acompanhado pelo ambulatório de SD do HC/UFPR desde o nascimento, que até o presente momento apresentou cinco DAI associadas: vitiligo generalizado, alopecia areata, doença de Hashimoto, doença celíaca e psoríase. Nesse paciente, chama atenção as cinco doenças autoimunes concomitantes e a gravidade das doenças de pele. Foi realizada a fenotipagem da sua população linfocitária, obtendose numericamente: contagem normal de linfócitos T (CD3+) e de linfócitos T (CD8+); e contagem diminuída de linfócitos T (CD4+), células natural killer e linfócitos B. Foi realizada a sua tipagem HLA e observou-se a presença de alelos HLA-DQ2 e HLA-DR3 que, de acordo com a literatura, estão associados com o aparecimento de DAI. Aos 14 anos o paciente começou a apresentar sintomas da síndrome do pânico e episódios de transtorno obsessivo compulsivo. Comentários: A associação de fatores imunológicos e genéticos faz com que pacientes com SD possam ter concomitância de DAI. Profissionais de saúde que atendem pacientes Down devem estar atentos para tais doenças.

Objective: Patients with Down syndrome (DS) show a higher prevalence of autoimmune diseases (AIDs). In the case here described, the high concomitance of AIDs stands out, as does their clinical presentation and influence on the patient's mental health. Case description: We report the case of a male patient aged 25 years, karyotype 47,XY+21, followed from birth at the DS outpatient clinic at Hospital de Clínicas ­ Universidade Federal do Paraná. Up to the present moment, the patient presented five associated AIDs: generalized vitiligo, alopecia areata, Hashimoto's disease, celiac disease and psoriasis. In this patient, attention is drawn to the five concomitant AIDs and the severity of skin diseases. Phenotypic analysis of lymphocyte populations was obtained numerically, resulting in normal counts for T (CD3+) and T (CD8+) lymphocytes, and decreased counts for T lymphocytes (CD4+), natural killer cells and B lymphocytes. HLA typing was performed and the presence of HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DR3 alleles was observed ­according to the literature, these alleles are associated with the development of AIDs. At 14 years of age, the patient started to present symptoms of panic disorder and episodes of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Comments: The association of immunological and genetic factors leads patients with DS to have concomitant AIDs. Healthcare professionals who treat patients with DS should be aware of these diseases.

Identificación de citomegalovirus y varicela zoster virus en lesiones cutáneas en una paciente con sida Presentación de un caso y revisión de la bibliografía / CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INVOLVEMENT DUE TO HERPESVIRUS REACTIVATION IN AIDS PATIENTS

Las reactivaciones de las infecciones latentes por virus de la familia Herpes originan variadas y graves manifestaciones clínicas en los enfermos con sida. Las lesiones mucocutáneas son comunes en las infecciones por Herpes simple 1 y 2 y por varicela-zóster (VZV). En cambio, son infrecuentes en infecciones por citomegalovirus (CMV). La coexistencia de más de un patógeno en la misma lesión ha sido escasamente referida en la literatura. Presentamos una paciente con enfermedad VIH/sida avanzada que desarrolló lesiones cutáneas diseminadas, en una de las cuales se identificó por técnica de PCR el genoma de VZV y CMV. El diagnóstico precoz seguido del tratamiento antiherpético y la reconstitución inmunológica alcanzada con la TARGA pueden mejorar el pronóstico de esta clase de pacientes

The reactivation of latent infections due to Herpesviridae is associated with a serious compromise in HIV/AIDS patients. Mucocutaneous lesions are frequent in disseminated infections due to Herpes simple 1 and 2 and varicella-zoster virus (VZV). However, cutaneous involvement is rare in cytomegalovirus infections. The coexistence of VZV and CMV in the same lesion has been little reported in the literature. Here, we describe a female with advanced HIV/AIDS disease who developed disseminated cutaneous lesions, in one of yhem we detected VZV and CMV by PCR. Early diagnosis followed by specific antiherpetic therapy and the immune reconstitution associated with HAART can improve the prognosis of these kind of patients.

Casos clínicos de uveítis del Hospital México, 2010-2013 / Clinical cases of uveitis, Hospital México, 2010-2013

Justificación: la uveítis es un proceso de inflamación intraocular de etiologías muy diferentes, que representa una importante causa de pérdida visual a nivel mundial. Es fundamental para el personal médico reconocer síntomas y signos clínicos de inflamación del tracto uveal, pues la pronta referencia al especialista en Oftalmología es un factor determinante en la evolución y el pronóstico de la enfermedad. En Costa Rica no se había publicado hasta la fecha ningún registro de pacientes con uveítis y la casuística nacional se desconoce.Objetivos:describir las características y cuadros clínicos de los pacientes con uveítis no infecciosas referidos a la Clínica de Uveítis del Hospital México, entre 2010 y 2013.Métodos:estudio retrospectivo de 58 pacientes referidos desde enero de 2010 hasta septiembre de 2013, a la Clínica de Uveítis de dicho centro médico.Resultados:los adultos jóvenes constituyeron el grupo más afectado, con una media de edad de presentación de 42,6 años. Fueron referidos alrededor de 14 casos nuevos por año. La relación hombre/mujer fue de 1: 1,32. El diagnóstico de uveítis anterior fue establecido en 63.8% de loscasos. Predominaron los síndromes de etiología idiopática.Conclusión:la investigación brinda una perspectiva acerca de las principales causas de uveítis en Costa Rica, aunque la pequeña muestra de casos analizados y la naturaleza retrospectiva del estudio limitan sus aportes epidemiológicos.

Introduction: Uveitis is a major cause of vision loss worldwide. It is essential for medical personnel to recognize early clinical symptoms and signs of uveal tract inflammation, for a timely referral to an ophtalmologist for an early assessment, which is of crucial importance in the evolution and prognosis of the disease. There ir no published data about uveitis in Costa Rica and the number of patients with this condition is not knwon either.Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics of patients with uveitis referred to the Uveitis Clinic, Hospital Mexico, Costa Rica, between 2010 and 2013.Methods: Retrospective analysis of data obtained from 58 patients referred between January 1, 2010 to September 30, 2013 to the Uveitis Clinic, Hospital Mexico, Costa Rica.Results: Young adults were the largest group with uveitis with a mean age of onset at 42.6 years. A mean of 14 new cases per year were referred to the clinic. The male/female ratio for uveitis was of 1:1.32. Anterior uveitis was the most frequent condition, being diagnosed in 63.8% of cases. Mostof the cases had an idiopatic ethiology.Conclusion: This research provides a perspective on the most frequent types of uveitis in Costa Rica. Both, the small size of the sample analyzed and the retrospective nature of the study are somewhat limitation in its epidemiological value.

Concomitant infection of Neospora caninum and Bovine Herpesvirus type 5 in spontaneous bovine abortions / Infecção simultânea de Neospora caninum e Herpesvirus bovino tipo 5 em casos espontâneos de aborto bovino

Bovine Herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5) has not been conclusively demonstrated to cause bovine abortion. Brain lesions produced by Neospora caninum and Bovine Herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) exhibit common features. Therefore, careful microscopic evaluation and additional diagnostic procedures are required to achieve an accurate final etiological diagnosis. The aim of the present work was to investigate the occurrence of infections due to BoHV-1, BoHV-5 and N. caninum in 68 cases of spontaneous bovine abortions which showed microscopic lesions in the fetal central nervous system. This study allowed the identification of 4 (5.9%) fetuses with dual infection by BoHV-5 and N. caninum and 33 (48.5%) cases in which N. caninum was the sole pathogen identified. All cases were negative to BoHV-1. The results of this study provide evidence that dual infection by BoHV-5 and N. caninum occur during pregnancy in cattle; however, the role of BoHV-5 as a primary cause of bovine abortion needs further research. Molecular diagnosis of BoHV-5 and N. caninum confirmed the importance of applying complementary assays to improve the sensitivity of diagnosing bovine abortion.

Não está demonstrado até ao momento, que o Herpesvírus bovino tipo 5 (BoHV-5) seja um agente causal de aborto bovino. Uma vez que as lesões cerebrais tanto de Neospora caninum como de Herpesvírus bovino tipo 1(BoHV-1) têm características similares, é necessária uma avaliação microscópica cuidadosa, bem como exames laboratoriais adicionais, para obter um diagnóstico final preciso. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar a presença de infeções por BoHV-1, BoHV-5 e N. caninum em 68 casos de aborto espontâneo, nos quais se verificaram lesões microscópicas no sistema nervoso central. Foram encontrados 4 (5,9%) fetos com infeção simultânea de BoHV-5 e N. caninum e 33 (48,5%) casos com infeção exclusiva de N. caninum. Todos os casos foram negativos a BoHV-1. Os resultados deste estudo demonstram que a infeção dual por BoHV-5 y N. caninum está presente durante a gestçao dos bovinos. Apesar disso, o papel de BoHV-5 como agente primário causal de aborto, carece de mais investigaçao. O diagnóstico molecular de BoHV-5 e N. caninum confirmou a importância de se aplicar ensaios complementares para melhorar a sensibilidade do diagnóstico de aborto bovino.

Qué síntomas presentan los niños con cáncer avanzado en cuidados paliativos? / Symptoms in childrens with advanced cancer who were attended by the palliative care

El dolor es el síntoma más frecuente y que genera más temor en los pacientes y sus cuidadores en la etapa avanzada de la enfermedad oncológica. Estos niños también presentan otros síntomas que pueden provocar importante malestar y empeorar la sensación dolorosa. En nuestro medio no contamos con información en este ámbito, que permita optimizar el tratamiento de estos pacientes. Objetivo. Caracterizar síntomas distintos del dolor en pacientes con cáncer avanzado, controlados por el equipo de cuidado paliativo (CP) del Hospital Roberto del Río. Pacientes y método. Se revisaron 71 fichas clínicas de pacientes ingresados a CP entre abril de 2002 y diciembre de 2010. Se registraron las características demográficas y los diagnósticos fueron clasificados en leucemia aguda, tumores sólidos y tumores del sistema nervioso central (SNC). Se evaluó un listado de síntomas y sus frecuencias. Resultados. El síntoma más frecuente en los pacientes con leucemia aguda fue fiebre (15 por ciento), al igual que los pacientes con tumores sólidos (16 por ciento). En los pacientes con tumores SNC la alteración de conciencia fue el más frecuente (19 por ciento). Sobre el 70 por ciento de los pacientes tuvieron hasta cuatro síntomas y la evaluación de intensidad en la mayoría fue cualitativa. Conclusiones. Síntomas distintos del dolor son frecuentes y pueden producir gran incomodidad. Evaluarlos objetivamente permitiría un mejor manejo, favoreciendo con esto el control del dolor.

Pain is the most common symptom which generates most fear in patients and their caregivers in the advanced stage of cancer. These children also have other symptoms that can cause significant discomfort and exacerbate the sensation of pain. In Chile, there has been no evaluation of the intensity of these symptoms and their effect on pain, and relevant knowledge could improve patient treatment. Objective: Describe symptoms other than pain in patients with advanced cancer who were attended by the palliative care (PC) team at the Roberto del Rio Hospital. Patients and methods: We reviewed medical records of 71 patients admitted to PC between April 2002 and December 2010. We recorded demographic characteristics and diagnoses were classified into acute leukemia, solid tumors and tumors of the central nervous system (CNS). We evaluated a list of symptoms and their frequencies. Results: The most common symptom in patients with acute leukemia was fever (15 percent) as well as in patients with solid tumors (16 percent). In patients with CNS tumors alteration of consciousness was the most frequent (19 percent). Over 70 percent of patients had four or more symptoms and intensity assessment was mostly qualitative. Conclusions: Besides pain, other symptoms are common and can cause great discomfort. Objective assessment of these symptoms would allow better management of children and also optimize pain control.

Situación de la tuberculosis en Colombia, 2007-2008, con énfasis en los casos pediátricos y su asociación con VIH / Tuberculosis situation in Colombia 2007 - 2008 with emphasis in pediatric cases and coinfection TB-VIH

Objetivo: Describir la situación de la tuberculosis en Colombia durante los años 2007 y 2008, enfatizando en el comportamiento de la infección concomitante con virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) y de la tuberculosis pediátrica. Materiales y métodos: Se trató de un estudio descriptivo. La fuente de información fue el Programa Nacional de Control de la Tuberculosis. Los datos se recolectaron de los informes trimestrales de casos y actividades, y del análisis de cohortes que tiene implementado el programa en los departamentos y distritos del país. Resultados: Entre los años 2007 y 2008, se presentó un leve aumento en el reporte global de casos de tuberculosis en el país, pasando de 11.051 a 11.573; el grupo de edad más afectado fue el comprendido entre los 25 y los 34 años, y se reportaron más casos en hombres que en mujeres. Los casos de tuberculosis en menores de 15 años pasaron de 347 a 419. El número de pacientes con tuberculosis e infección concomitante por VIH reportados al Programa Nacional de Control de la Tuberculosis se duplicó, pasando de 218 casos a 457 entre 2007 y 2008; el mayor número de estos casos se presentó en hombres y en el grupo de edad entre los 25 y 44 años. Conclusiones: Se observa una mejora en la notificación, un aumento en el número de casos de tuberculosis en la población general y en la pediátr8ica, y de infección concomitante tuberculosis y VIH, al comparar los años 2007 y 2008. En cuanto a los indicadores programáticos generales, durante estos años el país no alcanzó las metas de captación, detección y curación.

Objective: To describe the status of Tuberculosis in Colombia during 2007 and 2008, emphasizing TB-HIV co-infection and pediatric TB behavior. Materials and Methods:ºThis is a descriptive study. The information source was the National TB Control Program (PNCT in Spanish). Data were collected from the cases and activities quarterly reports and the cohort analysis the national program has implemented in the departments and districts of the country. Outcomes: In 2007 and 2008 a slight increase, from 11,051 to 11,573 cases, in reporting tuberculosis cases of in the country was documented. The most affected age group included patients 25 to 34 years old, and there were more men than women among the reported cases. TB cases in 15 year olds and younger increased from 347 to 419, and the number of patients with TB-HIV coinfection reported to the NTCP doubled; that is, the number of cases went from 218 to 457 from 2007 to 2008. The largest number of cases occurred among men and the 25 to 44 year old group. Conclusions: An improvement in reporting cases has been observed, as well as an increase in the number of TB cases within the general, pediatric, and TB/HIV populations when comparing 2007 and 2008. In relation to general programmatic indicators, the country did not reach the detection and treatment goals during those years.

Concomitant production of protease and lipase by Bacillus licheniformis VSG1: production, purification and characterization

This study was aimed at producing protease and lipase simultaneously on a common medium by Bacillus licheniformis VSG1, which was isolated from a tannery effluent. The effect of media composition with respect to protein source, lipid source and emulsifier on the production of protease and lipase was analysed. Both those enzymes were produced under optimized conditions like pH, temperature and incubation time. The enzyme mixture comprising of both protease and lipase was purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation, dialysis and gel filtration chromatography to obtain 20-fold pure enzymes. The purified enzyme mixture was characterized to determine the optimum pH and temperature of protease and lipase, the response of the enzymes to inhibitors, additives and solvents. The molecular weight of both the enzymes was determined as 40 kDa on SDS-PAGE. The concomitant production of protease and lipase and the purification of both the enzymes in a single mixture have industrial significance, as many industrial processes use both protease and lipase together.