Aferição da circunferência da panturrilha no rastreio da sarcopenia em idosos / Assessment of the scope circumference in the screening of sarcopenia in elderly people / Medición de la circunferencia de la pantorrilla en el cribado de sarcopenia en ancianos

Objetivo: Analisar a prática do enfermeiro da atenção primária à saúde acerca da aferição da circunferência da panturrilha no rastreio da sarcopenia em idosos. Métodos: Estudo descritivo de abordagem qualitativa, realizado com enfermeiros que atuam na atenção primária à saúde. As entrevistas foram realizadas mediante utilização de roteiro semiestruturado, nos meses de maio a julho de 2019. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 24 enfermeiros com idade média de 31,4 anos, predominantemente do sexo feminino. O tempo de formação dos participantes variou de cinco meses a 15 anos e, a maioria dos entrevistados relatou possuir pós-graduação (n=18), principalmente nas áreas de saúde da família e urgência e emergência. A maioria não utilizava em sua prática diária a avaliação da circunferência da panturrilha e alguns a realizavam apenas em idosos hipertensos e diabéticos. Conclusão: Há uma escassa utilização da aferição da circunferência da panturrilha na prática clínica do enfermeiro, o que compromete o rastreio da sarcopenia, e consequentemente dificulta a realização de ações que minimizam as complicações desta doença. (AU)

Objective: To analyze the practice of nurses in primary health care about measuring the circumference of the calf in screening for sarcopenia in the elderly. Methods: Descriptive study with a qualitative approach, carried out with nurses who work in primary health care. The interviews were conducted using a semi-structured script, from May to July 2019. Results: 24 nurses with a mean age of 31.4 years, predominantly female, participated in the study. Participants' training time ranged from five months to 15 years, and most respondents reported having a postgraduate degree (n=18), mainly in the areas of family health and urgency and emergency. Most did not use calf circumference assessment in their daily practice and some performed it only in hypertensive and diabetic elderly. Conclusion: There is little use of calf circumference measurement in clinical nursing practice, which compromises sarcopenia screening and, consequently, makes it difficult to carry out actions that minimize the complications of this disease. (AU)

Objetivo: Analizar la práctica de enfermeras de atención primaria de salud sobre la medición de la circunferencia de la pantorrilla en el cribado de sarcopenia en el anciano. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo con abordaje cualitativo, realizado con enfermeras que laboran en la atención primaria de salud. Las entrevistas se realizaron mediante un guión semiestructurado, de mayo a julio de 2019. Resultados: Participaron del estudio 24 enfermeras con una edad promedio de 31,4 años, predominantemente mujeres. El tiempo de formación de los participantes osciló entre cinco meses y 15 años, y la mayoría de los encuestados informó tener un título de posgrado (n = 18), principalmente en las áreas de salud familiar y urgencia y emergencia. La mayoría no utilizó la evaluación de la circunferencia de la pantorrilla en su práctica diaria y algunos la realizaron solo en ancianos hipertensos y diabéticos. Conclusión: La medición del perímetro de la pantorrilla es escasa en la práctica clínica de enfermería, lo que compromete el cribado de sarcopenia y, en consecuencia, dificulta la realización de acciones que minimicen las complicaciones de esta enfermedad. (AU)

Deep learning-based radiomics allows for a more accurate assessment of sarcopenia as a prognostic factor in hepatocellular carcinoma / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies and is a major cause of cancer-related mortalities worldwide (Forner et al., 2018; He et al., 2023). Sarcopenia is a syndrome characterized by an accelerated loss of skeletal muscle (SM) mass that may be age-related or the result of malnutrition in cancer patients (Cruz-Jentoft and Sayer, 2019). Preoperative sarcopenia in HCC patients treated with hepatectomy or liver transplantation is an independent risk factor for poor survival (Voron et al., 2015; van Vugt et al., 2016). Previous studies have used various criteria to define sarcopenia, including muscle area and density. However, the lack of standardized diagnostic methods for sarcopenia limits their clinical use. In 2018, the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) renewed a consensus on the definition of sarcopenia: low muscle strength, loss of muscle quantity, and poor physical performance (Cruz-Jentoft et al., 2019). Radiological imaging-based measurement of muscle quantity or mass is most commonly used to evaluate the degree of sarcopenia. The gold standard is to measure the SM and/or psoas muscle (PM) area using abdominal computed tomography (CT) at the third lumbar vertebra (L3), as it is linearly correlated to whole-body SM mass (van Vugt et al., 2016). According to a "North American Expert Opinion Statement on Sarcopenia," SM index (SMI) is the preferred measure of sarcopenia (Carey et al., 2019). The variability between morphometric muscle indexes revealed that they have different clinical relevance and are generally not applicable to broader populations (Esser et al., 2019).

Application of Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition criteria in patients with liver cirrhosis / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#The Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria were published to build a global consensus on nutritional diagnosis. Reduced muscle mass is a phenotypic criterion with strong evidence to support its inclusion in the GLIM consensus criteria. However, there is no consensus regarding how to accurately measure and define reduced muscle mass in clinical settings. This study aimed to investigate the optimal reference values of skeletal muscle mass index for diagnosing sarcopenia and GLIM-defined malnutrition, as well as the prevalence of GLIM-defined malnutrition in hospitalized cirrhotic patients.@*METHODS@#This retrospective study was conducted on 1002 adult patients with liver cirrhosis between January 1, 2018, and February 28, 2022, at Beijing You-An Hospital, Capital Medical University. Adult patients with a clinical diagnosis of liver cirrhosis and who underwent an abdominal computed tomography (CT) examination during hospitalization were included in the study. These patients were randomly divided into a modeling group (cohort 1, 667 patients) and a validation group (cohort 2, 335 patients). In cohort 1, optimal cut-off values of skeletal muscle index at the third lumbar skeletal muscle index (L3-SMI) were determined using receiver operating characteristic analyses against in-hospital mortality in different gender groups. Next, patients in cohort 2 were screened for nutritional risk using the Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS-2002), and malnutrition was diagnosed by GLIM criteria. Additionally, the reference values of reduced muscle mass in GLIM criteria were derived from the L3-SMI values from cohort 1. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the association between GLIM-defined malnutrition and clinical outcomes.@*RESULTS@#The optimal cut-off values of L3-SMI were 39.50 cm 2 /m 2 for male patients and 33.06 cm 2 /m 2 for female patients. Based on the cut-off values, 31.63% (68/215) of the male patients and 23.3% (28/120) of the female patients had CT-determined sarcopenia in cohort 2. The prevalence of GLIM-defined malnutrition in cirrhotic patients was 34.3% (115/335) and GLIM-defined malnutrition was an independent risk factor for in-hospital mortality in patients with liver cirrhosis ( Wald = 6.347, P  = 0.012).@*CONCLUSIONS@#This study provided reference values for skeletal muscle mass index and the prevalence of GLIM-defined malnutrition in hospitalized patients with liver cirrhosis. These reference values will contribute to applying the GLIM criteria in cirrhotic patients.

Avaliação do risco de sarcopenia em pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 / Assessment of the risk of sarcopenia in individuals with type 2 diabetes

Introdução: Diabéticos podem apresentar perda de força e massa muscular de forma acentuada. Assim, as triagens SARC-F e SARC-CALF são úteis na investigação do risco de sarcopenia. Objetivo: Associar o risco de sarcopenia em pacientes diabéticos com as variáveis sociodemográficas, econômicas, clínicas, antropométricas e de estilo de vida. Método: Estudo do tipo série de casos realizado com adultos diabéticos tipo 2, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 20 e 59 anos. A avaliação do risco de sarcopenia se deu pela aplicação dos questionários SARC-F e SARC-CALF. Para caracterização da amostra e associação com o risco de sarcopenia, foram coletados dados sociodemográficos e econômicos, medidas antropométricas, condições clínicas e estilo de vida. Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 69 pacientes, com média de idade de 53±7,5 anos e maior proporção de mulheres (63,8%; IC95%: 50,7-75,4). A frequência do risco positivo para sarcopenia segundo o SARC-F e o SARC-CALF foi de 43,48% e 46,38%, respectivamente. O SARC-F não mostrou associação significativa com as variáveis estudadas; já o SARC-CALF associou-se com índice de massa corporal (p <0,001), circunferência da cintura (p <0,001) e hábito de fumar (p = 0,027). Conclusão: O risco de sarcopenia foi observado em aproximadamente metade dos pacientes avaliados. O instrumento SARC-CALF apresentou associação com as variáveis antropométricas e o hábito de fumar, podendo ser considerado satisfatório para avaliar o risco de sarcopenia e intervir de forma precoce e efetiva.

Introduction: Individuals with diabetes often experience an accentuated loss of muscle mass and strength. Thus, the SARC-F and SARC-CALF screening tools are useful for the investigation of the risk of sarcopenia. Objective: Associate the risk of sarcopenia with sociodemographic, economic, clinical, anthropometric and lifestyle variables in individuals with diabetes. Methods: A case-series study was conducted involving male and female adults with type 2 diabetes between 20 and 59 years of age. The assessment of the risk of diabetes was performed using the SARC-F and SARC-CALF instruments. Data were collected on sociodemographic-economic variables, anthropometric measures, clinical conditions and lifestyle for the characterization of the sample and to test associations with the risk of sarcopenia. Results: The sample was composed of 69 patients, with a mean age of 53 ± 7.5 years and a predominance of women (63.8%; 95%CI: 50.7-75.4). The prevalence of risk of sarcopenia was 43.48% and 46.38% based on the SARC-F and SARC-CALF, respectively. Using the SARC-F, no significant associations were found with the variables of interest. Using the SARC-CALF, however, the risk of sarcopenia was associated with body mass index (p < 0.001), waist circumference (p < 0.001) and smoking habit (p = 0.027). Conclusion: Approximately half of the individuals analyzed were at risk of sarcopenia. The SARC-CALF questionnaire was associated with anthropometric variables and the smoking habit and can be considered adequate for the assessment of the risk of sarcopenia, enabling early, effective interventions.

Síndrome de la Fragilidad y sarcopenia en ancianos con y sin diabetes mellitus tipo 2 del municipio de Sinop, Mato Grosso: un estudio epidemiológico / Frailty Syndrome and sarcopenia in older adults with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus in the municipality of Sinop, Mato Grosso: an epidemiological study / Síndrome da Fragilidade e sarcopenia em idosos com e sem diabetes mellitus tipo 2 do município de Sinop, Mato Grosso: um estudo epidemiológico

Objetivo: relacionar el Síndrome de la Fragilidad y la sarcopenia en ancianos con y sin diabetes mellitus tipo 2; e identificar los potenciales factores de riesgo para la fragilidad y sarcopenia. Método: estudio epidemiológico descriptivo realizado en 140 ancianos del municipio de Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brasil. Para evaluar el Síndrome de la Fragilidad se utilizó el fenotipo de fragilidad y para la evaluación de la sarcopenia el cuestionario de evaluación física con medida de la circunferencia de la pantorrilla. Resultados: en lo que se refiere al Síndrome de la Fragilidad se obtuvo un mayor porcentaje para ancianos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, cuando comparados con aquellos sin la enfermedad (p = 0,00). En relación a la presencia de sarcopenia, los ancianos con y sin diabetes mellitus tipo 2 presentaron valores semejantes, sin significación estadística (p = 0,74). El Síndrome de la Fragilidad presentó asociación con: inactividad física (IC95%: 3,29-56,55); intervalo etario superior a 75 años (IC95%: 3,30-27,82); baja renta familiar (IC95%: 1,80-50,98); y, comorbilidades (IC95%: 4,9-5,4). Entre tanto, la sarcopenia fue asociada a la presencia de la inactividad física (IC95%: 1,26-10,44), al bajo peso/eutrófico (IC95%: 3,32- 26,76) y a la desnutrición/riesgo nutricional (IC95%: 1,30-7,70), en los ancianos con y sin diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Conclusión: los ancianos diabéticos tienen mayor vulnerabilidad para desarrollar el Síndrome de Fragilidad, lo que requiere la adopción de medidas preventivas en la atención primaria a la salud.

Objective: to relate Frailty Syndrome and sarcopenia in older adults with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus and identify potential risk factors for frailty and sarcopenia. Method: this descriptive epidemiological study was conducted with 140 older adults in the municipality of Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil. The frailty phenotype was used for the assessment of Frailty Syndrome, and a physical assessment questionnaire with calf circumference measurement was used for the assessment of sarcopenia. Results: regarding Frailty Syndrome, a higher percentage was observed in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus compared to those without the disease (p = 0.00). Concerning the presence of sarcopenia, older adults with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus showed similar values, with no statistical significance (p = .74). Frailty Syndrome was associated with physical inactivity (95%CI: 3.29-56.55), age over 75 years (95%CI: 3.30- 27.82), low family income (95%CI: 1.80-50.98), and comorbidities (95%CI: 4.90-5.40). However, sarcopenia was associated with the presence of physical inactivity (95%CI: 1.26-10.44), low weight/ eutrophic (95%CI: 3.32-26.76), and malnutrition/nutritional risk (95%CI: 1.30-7.70) for older adults with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: older adults with diabetes have a higher vulnerability to develop Frailty Syndrome, necessitating the adoption of preventive measures in primary healthcare.

Objetivo: relacionar a Síndrome da Fragilidade e a sarcopenia em idosos com e sem diabetes mellitus tipo 2; e identificar os potenciais fatores de risco para fragilidade e sarcopenia. Método: estudo epidemiológico descritivo realizado com 140 idosos do município de Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brasil. Para a avaliação da Síndrome da Fragilidade, utilizou-se o fenótipo de fragilidade, e, para a avaliação da sarcopenia, o questionário de avaliação física com medida de circunferência da panturrilha. Resultados: quanto à Síndrome da Fragilidade, obteve-se maior percentual para idosos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 quando comparado àqueles sem a doença (p = 0,00). Em relação à presença de sarcopenia, os idosos com e sem diabetes mellitus tipo 2 apresentaram valores semelhantes, sem significância estatística (p = 0,74). Síndrome da Fragilidade apresentou associação com inatividade física (IC95%: 3,29-56,55), faixa etária superior a 75 anos (IC95%: 3,30-27,82), baixa renda familiar (IC95%: 1,80-50,98) e comorbidades (IC95%: 4,9-5,4). Entretanto, a sarcopenia foi associada à presença da inatividade física (IC95%: 1,26-10,44), baixo peso/eutrófico (IC95%: 3,32-26,76) e desnutrição/risco nutricional (IC95%: 1,30-7,70) para os idosos com e sem diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Conclusão: os idosos diabéticos têm maior vulnerabilidade para desenvolver a Síndrome de Fragilidade, requerendo a adoção de medidas preventivas na atenção primária à saúde.

Marcadores bioquímicos propuestos para el estudio de la sarcopenia / Proposed biochemical markers for the study of sarcopenia

La sarcopenia asociada a la edad es una condición clínica caracterizada por una disminución en la fuerza, calidad y cantidad de masa muscular así como también en la función muscular. Un biomarcador se define como una característica que es medible objetivamente y evaluable como indicador de un proceso biológico normal, patológico o respuesta terapéutica a una intervención farmacológica. Los marcadores bioquímicos propuestos para el estudio de la sarcopenia pueden ser categorizados en dos grupos. El primero de ellos evalúa el estatus musculoesquelético; este panel de marcadores está formado por miostatina/folistatina, procolágeno aminoterminal tipo III e índice de sarcopenia. El segundo grupo de marcadores bioquímicos evalúa factores causales, para lo cual se sugiere medir el factor de crecimiento insulino-símil tipo 1 (IGF-1), dehidroepiandrosterona (DHEAS), cortisol, facto-res inflamatorios [proteína C reactiva (PCR), interleuquina 6 (IL-6) y factor de necrosis tu-moral (TNF-a)]. Las recomendaciones realiza-das están basadas en la evidencia científica disponible en la actualidad y la disponibilidad de la metodología apropiada para cada uno de los biomarcadores. (AU)

Sarcopenia is a progressive and generalized skeletal muscle disorder defined by decrease in the strength, quality and quantity of muscle mass as well as in muscle function. A biomarker is defined as a feature objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of a normal biologic process, a pathogenic process or a pharmacologic response to therapeutic intervention. The biochemical markers proposed for the study of sarcopenia may be classified in two groups. The first group evaluates the musculoskeletal status, made up by myostatin/follistatin, N-terminal Type III Procollagen and the sarcopenia index. The second evaluates causal factors, where the measurement of the following is suggested: hormones insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), cortisol, inflammatory factors [C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a)]. The recommendations made are based on scientific evidence currently available and the appropriate methodology availability for each biomarker. (AU)

Sarcopenia em pacientes de 40 a 64 anos hospitalizados por insuficiência cardíaca / Sarcopenia in patients aged 40­64 years hospitalized for heart failure

Introdução: a insuficiência cardíaca (IC) e a sarcopenia são condições prevalentes e inter-relacionadas, figurando como importantes causas de limitações funcionais. Objetivo: avaliar critérios de sarcopenia, e suas relações com parâmetros cardiometabólicos, em pacientes de 40 a 64 anos hospitalizados por IC. Metodologia: estudo de corte transversal com caráter analítico envolvendo indivíduos com IC confirmada. A massa muscular apendicular (MMA) foi avaliada através da absorciometria por raios-X de dupla energia (DXA), considerando-se baixa MMA mulheres com MMA/altura² <5,5 kg/m² ou MMA/índice de massa corporal (IMC) <0,512 e homens com MMA/altura² <7,0 kg/m² ou MMA/IMC <0,789. Baixa força de preensão manual (FPM) foi considerada quando <16 kg em mulheres e <27 kg em homens. Resultados: avaliou-se 109 pacientes (50,5% mulheres), com mediana de idade de 58 anos. Constatou-se baixa MMA em 41,3% e baixa FPM em 64,2%, não havendo correlação significativa entre FPM e MMA em nenhum dos gêneros. Baixa MMA se associou ao gênero masculino (68,9% versus 35,9%; p=0,001), a maiores idades (60,0 [53,0-63,0] versus 57,0 [51,3-60,0] anos; p=0,039) e maiores níveis séricos de paratormônio (48,0 [30,5-94,4] versus 29,9 [23,0-54,1] pg/mL; p=0,009). Baixa FPM se associou a maior sintomatologia cardíaca (75,7% com baixa FPM tinham classificação funcional da New York Heart Association III-IV, versus 51,3% daqueles com FPM normal; p=0,009). Conclusões: há uma relevante prevalência de sarcopenia em pacientes de 40 a 64 anos hospitalizados por IC, observando-se maior frequência de baixa MMA nos homens, associação entre baixa FPM e sintomatologia cardíaca, e maiores níveis de paratormônio naqueles com perda muscular.

Introduction: heart failure (HF) and sarcopenia are prevalent and interrelated conditions, being important causes of functional limitations. Objective: to evaluate sarcopenia criteria, and their relationship with cardiometabolic parameters, in patients aged 40­64 years hospitalized for HF. Methodology: Cross-sectional study including patients with established HF. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM) was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), considering low ASMM women with ASMM/height² <5.5 kg/m² or ASMM/body mass index (BMI) <0.512 and men with ASMM/height² <7.0 kg/m² or ASMM/BMI <0.789. Low handgrip strength (HGS) was considered when <16 kg in women and <27 kg in men. Results: we evaluated 109 patients (50.5% women), with a median age of 58 years. Low ASMM was found in 41.3% and low HGS in 64.2%, with no significant correlation between HGS and ASMM in either gender. Low ASMM was associated with male gender (68.9% versus 35.9%; p=0.001), older age (60.0 [53.0-63.0] versus 57.0 [51.3-60, 0] years; p=0.039) and higher serum parathyroid hormone (48.0 [30.5-94.4] versus 29.9 [23.0-54.1] pg/mL; p=0.009). Low HGS was associated with greater cardiac symptoms (75.7% with low HGS had a New York Heart Association III-IV functional classification, versus 51.3% of those with normal HGS; p=0.009). Conclusions: there is a relevant prevalence of sarcopenia in patients aged 40­64 years hospitalized for HF, observing a higher frequency of low ASMM in men, an association between low HGS and cardiac symptoms, and higher levels of parathyroid hormone in those with muscle wasting.

Nutrition impact symptoms, sarcopenia, and malnutrition in hospitalized patients / Sintomas de impacto nutricional, sarcopenia e desnutrição em pacientes hospitalizados

INTRODUCTION: Nutrition Impact Symptoms (NIS) are common in hospitalized patients and can be aggravated in the presence of malnutrition. OBJECTIVE: To verify the presence of NIS and its association with sociodemographic and clinical variables, sarcopenia phenotype, and nutritional status of individuals hospitalized. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with hospitalized patients, of both sexes and ≥50 years old. Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA), handgrip strength (HGS), gait speed GS), and anthropometric measurements were performed up to 48 hours after admission. NIS was obtained through PG-SGA and stratified into two groups: <3 and ≥3 symptoms. The chi-square test (χ2) was performed, and a 5% significance level was adopted. RESULTS: A total of 90 patients (65.4±9.67 years) were studied, with the majority of men (56.7%), older people (70.0%), married (68.9%), low economic class (72.2%), without work activity (70.5%), with two previous diseases (60.0%), overweight by body mass index (46.7%) and adequate adductor pollicis muscle thickness (83.3%). The most prevalent NIS were "dry mouth", "anorexia", and "smells sick" respectively 31.1%, 30.0%, and 16.7%. There was an association between NIS and SARC-F score (p=0.002), handgrip strength (p=0.016), the status of sarcopenia (p=0.020), PG-SGA (p<0.001), and economic status (p=0.020). CONCLUSION: The identification of NIS is common, and may infer negative nutritional status and functional performance of patients. The use of protocols to identify NIS during hospitalization should be considered to minimize the negative impact on nutritional status.

INTRODUÇÃO: Sintomas de impacto nutricional (SIN) são comuns em pacientes hospitalizados e estes podem ser agravados na presença da desnutrição. OBJETIVO: Verificar a presença de SIN e sua associação com as variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas, fenótipo de sarcopenia e estado nutricional de indivíduos hospitalizados. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo transversal com pacientes internados, de ambos os sexos e idade ≥ 50 anos. Realizou-se Avaliação Subjetiva Global produzida pelo Paciente (ASG-PPP), força de preensão palmar (FPP), velocidade de caminhada (VC) e medidas antropométricas até 48 horas da admissão. Os SIN foram obtidos por meio da ASG-PPP e compilados em <3 ou ≥3 sintomas. Realizou-se o teste de qui-quadrado (χ2). Adotou-se nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: Um total de 90 pacientes (65,4±9,67 anos), sendo a maioria homem (56,7%), idoso (70,0%), casado (68,9%), classe econômica baixa (72,2%), sem atividade de trabalho (70,5%), com uma a duas doenças pregressas (60,0%), excesso de peso ao índice de massa corporal (46,7%) e adequada espessura do músculo adutor do polegar (83,3%). Os SIN "boca seca", "anorexia" e "cheiros enjoam" foram os mais prevalentes, respectivamente 31,1%, 30,0% e 16,7%. Houve associação dos SIN com as variáveis que compõem o fenótipo de sarcopenia: o escore SARC-F (p=0,002) e FPP (p=0,016), status de sarcopenia (p=0,020), ASG-PPP (p<0,001) e classe econômica (p=0,020). CONCLUSÃO: A identificação de SIN é comum, podendo inferir negativamente no estado nutricional e desempenho funcional dos pacientes. Considerar o uso de protocolos para identificação dos SIN durante a hospitalização a fim de minimizar a repercussão negativa no estado nutricional.

Use of the SARC-F Score as an Aid in Fragility Fractures Prevention / O uso do escore SARC-F como auxiliar na prevenção de fraturas por fragilidade

Abstract Objective The present study aimed to relate the strength, assistance with walking, rising from a chair, climbing stairs, and falls (SARC-F) score with the presence or absence of fragility fracture in the population over 60 years of age. Methods The risk of sarcopenia was determined through the application of the SARC-F questionnaire, and the patients were divided into 2 groups, according to the occurrence or not of fragility fracture (n = 100). Results Thirty-two cases of distal radius fractures and eighteen cases of proximal femur fractures were identified. A higher score on the SARC-F is determinant between having or not a fragility fracture, estimating that for each point in the score there is a 70% increase in the chance of a patient having a fracture, regardless of age, gender, and body mass index (BMI). Conclusion There was a direct correlation between a higher score on the SARC-F and an increase in the chance of fragility fracture.

Resumo Objetivo O presente estudo teve como objetivo relacionar o escore strength, assistance with walking, rising from a chair, climbing stairs, and falls (SARC-F) com a presença ou não de fratura por fragilidade na população acima de 60 anos. Métodos O risco de sarcopenia foi determinado por meio da aplicação do questionário SARC-F, sendo os pacientes divididos em 2 grupos, de acordo com a ocorrência ou não de fratura por fragilidade (n = 100). Resultados Foram levantados 32 casos de fratura de rádio distal e 18 casos de fratura de fêmur proximal. Uma maior pontuação no SARC-F determina bem entre ter ou não ter fratura por fragilidade, estimando que a cada ponto a mais no escore há um acréscimo de 70% na chance de o paciente ter fratura, independentemente da idade, sexo e índice de massa corporal (IMC). Conclusão Houve correlação direta entre uma maior pontuação no SARC-F e aumento na chance de fratura por fragilidade.

Research progress of sarcopenic obesity and chronic liver disease / 中华肝脏病杂志

Sarcopenia has attracted increasing attention with the study of nutrition in patients with liver disease. Sarcopenia is an independent risk factor for a poor prognosis of liver disease and is becoming increasingly common in patients with liver disease. Studies have shown that patients with liver disease and sarcopenic obesity have a worse prognosis than patients with liver disease and simple sarcopenia or obesity. In clinical practice, it is easy to recognize patients with malnutrition and decreased muscle mass, but we often ignore those patients with normal body weight or even obesity who will likewise experience muscle mass loss. Simply relying on the monitoring of body mass and body mass index to assess the nutritional and muscle status of patients with liver disease is not accurate. At present, our understanding of the relationship between chronic liver disease and sarcopenic obesity is still poorly understood. In this paper, the research progress on chronic liver disease, sarcopenia, and sarcopenic obesity in recent years is reviewed so as to provide a theoretical basis for improving the clinical prognosis of patients with liver disease.

A basic review of Sarcopenia Diagnosis

@#Associated with aging, sarcopenia is characterized by a decline in skeletal muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance, eventually resulting in reduced physical capability, disability, poor quality of life, mortality in older people and high health care expenditure. The prevalence varies significantly by population characteristics, disease status, diagnostic criteria and measurement tools. It is essential to achieve an accurate diagnosis of sarcopenia for the management plan to be effective. This review briefly discusses the essential steps in diagnosing sarcopenia: Find – Assess – Confirm - Severity.

Single-nucleus profiling unveils a geroprotective role of the FOXO3 in primate skeletal muscle aging

Age-dependent loss of skeletal muscle mass and function is a feature of sarcopenia, and increases the risk of many aging-related metabolic diseases. Here, we report phenotypic and single-nucleus transcriptomic analyses of non-human primate skeletal muscle aging. A higher transcriptional fluctuation was observed in myonuclei relative to other interstitial cell types, indicating a higher susceptibility of skeletal muscle fiber to aging. We found a downregulation of FOXO3 in aged primate skeletal muscle, and identified FOXO3 as a hub transcription factor maintaining skeletal muscle homeostasis. Through the establishment of a complementary experimental pipeline based on a human pluripotent stem cell-derived myotube model, we revealed that silence of FOXO3 accelerates human myotube senescence, whereas genetic activation of endogenous FOXO3 alleviates human myotube aging. Altogether, based on a combination of monkey skeletal muscle and human myotube aging research models, we unraveled the pivotal role of the FOXO3 in safeguarding primate skeletal muscle from aging, providing a comprehensive resource for the development of clinical diagnosis and targeted therapeutic interventions against human skeletal muscle aging and the onset of sarcopenia along with aging-related disorders.

Role of adipokines in sarcopenia / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

Sarcopenia is an age-related disease that mainly involves decreases in muscle mass, muscle strength and muscle function. At the same time, the body fat content increases with aging, especially the visceral fat content. Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ that secretes biologically active factors called adipokines, which act on local and distant tissues. Studies have revealed that some adipokines exert regulatory effects on muscle, such as higher serum leptin levels causing a decrease in muscle function and adiponectin inhibits the transcriptional activity of Forkhead box O3 (FoxO3) by activating peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-γ coactivator -1α (PGC-1α) and sensitizing cells to insulin, thereby repressing atrophy-related genes (atrogin-1 and muscle RING finger 1 [MuRF1]) to prevent the loss of muscle mass. Here, we describe the effects on muscle of adipokines produced by adipose tissue, such as leptin, adiponectin, resistin, mucin and lipocalin-2, and discuss the importance of these adipokines for understanding the development of sarcopenia.

Electroacupuncture at acupoints of yangming meridians for sarcopenia: a randomized controlled trial / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the clinical effect of electroacupuncture at acupoints of yangming meridians for sarcopenia.@*METHODS@#A total of 60 patients with sarcopenia were randomized into an observation group and a control group, 30 cases in each group. In the control group, conventional nutrition intervention for sarcopenia was adopted. In the observation group, on the basis of the treatment in the control group, acupuncture was applied at bilateral Binao (LI 14), Quchi (LI 11), Zusanli (ST 36), Yanglingquan (GB 34), etc.,ipsilateral Quchi (LI 11) and Zusanli (ST 36) were connected to electroacupuncture, with discontinuous wave, 2 Hz in frequency, 1-10 mA in intensity, 2 times a week, with a interval of 3 days. A total of 12-week treatment was required in the two groups. Before and after treatment, the appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI), grip strength, 6 m-walking time, body fat percentage and body moisture percentage were observed in the two groups.@*RESULTS@#Compared with those before treatment, after treatment, ASMI and grip strength were increased while 6 m-walking time was shortened in the two groups (P<0.05); body fat percentage was decreased while body moisture percentage was increased in the observation group (P<0.05). After treatment, in the observation group, ASMI, grip strength and body moisture percentage were increased (P<0.05), 6 m-walking time was shortened and body fat percentage was decreased (P<0.05) compared with those in the control group.@*CONCLUSION@#Electroacupuncture at acupoints of yangming meridians can effectively improve the skeletal muscle mass, muscle function, body fat percentage and body moisture percentage in patients with sarcopenia, and make the distribution of muscle and fat more reasonable.

Machine and deep learning-based clinical characteristics and laboratory markers for the prediction of sarcopenia / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#Sarcopenia is an age-related progressive skeletal muscle disorder involving the loss of muscle mass or strength and physiological function. Efficient and precise AI algorithms may play a significant role in the diagnosis of sarcopenia. In this study, we aimed to develop a machine learning model for sarcopenia diagnosis using clinical characteristics and laboratory indicators of aging cohorts.@*METHODS@#We developed models of sarcopenia using the baseline data from the West China Health and Aging Trend (WCHAT) study. For external validation, we used the Xiamen Aging Trend (XMAT) cohort. We compared the support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), and Wide and Deep (W&D) models. The area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) and accuracy (ACC) were used to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of the models.@*RESULTS@#The WCHAT cohort, which included a total of 4057 participants for the training and testing datasets, and the XMAT cohort, which consisted of 553 participants for the external validation dataset, were enrolled in this study. Among the four models, W&D had the best performance (AUC = 0.916 ± 0.006, ACC = 0.882 ± 0.006), followed by SVM (AUC =0.907 ± 0.004, ACC = 0.877 ± 0.006), XGB (AUC = 0.877 ± 0.005, ACC = 0.868 ± 0.005), and RF (AUC = 0.843 ± 0.031, ACC = 0.836 ± 0.024) in the training dataset. Meanwhile, in the testing dataset, the diagnostic efficiency of the models from large to small was W&D (AUC = 0.881, ACC = 0.862), XGB (AUC = 0.858, ACC = 0.861), RF (AUC = 0.843, ACC = 0.836), and SVM (AUC = 0.829, ACC = 0.857). In the external validation dataset, the performance of W&D (AUC = 0.970, ACC = 0.911) was the best among the four models, followed by RF (AUC = 0.830, ACC = 0.769), SVM (AUC = 0.766, ACC = 0.738), and XGB (AUC = 0.722, ACC = 0.749).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The W&D model not only had excellent diagnostic performance for sarcopenia but also showed good economic efficiency and timeliness. It could be widely used in primary health care institutions or developing areas with an aging population.@*TRIAL REGISTRATION@#Chictr.org, ChiCTR 1800018895.

Comparison of diagnosis frequency between versions of the European Consensus on Sarcopenia: a cross-sectional study / Comparação da frequência de diagnóstico entre as versões do Consenso Europeu sobre Sarcopenia: um estudo transversal

OBJECTIVE: To compare sarcopenia diagnosis according to 2 versions of the European Consensus on Sarcopenia (EWGSOP and EWGSOP2) in a sample of older adults. METHOD: This cross-sectional study included 82 community-dwelling older people from Porto Alegre, Brazil. The patients were assessed by trained professionals and were classified according to the criteria of the 2 versions of the consensus to show the differences between the classification models. RESULTS: The participants performed the Timed Up and Go test in < 7.21 seconds. On average, their performance on the 6-meter walk test was above the predicted value. Only 3 patients had a gait speed < 0.8 m/s. Handgrip strength was, on average, the predicted percentage. In the Short Physical Performance Battery, the scores of a few were intermediate but most were high. According to EWGSOP criteria, 92.18% were non-sarcopenic and 7.81% had severe sarcopenia, while according to EWGSOP2 criteria, 98.43% were non-sarcopenic, 1.56% were sarcopenic, and none had severe sarcopenia. The rate of sarcopenia diagnosis, which was 8.53% according to EWGSOP criteria, reduced to 3.65% according to EWGSOP2 criteria and the new cut-off points (p = 0.034). CONCLUSION: Although our sample was small, the reduction was significant, indicating that the change in criteria, even with lower cut-off points, reduced the probability of early diagnosis

OBJETIVO: Comparar a aplicação dos critérios e orientações das duas versões do Consenso Europeu sobre Sarcopenia (EWGSOP e EWGSOP2) para o diagnóstico e classificação, numa amostra de idosos residentes na comunidade. METODOLOGIA: Estudo transversal, com 82 idosos residentes na comunidade da cidade de Porto Alegre. Os pacientes foram avaliados por profissionais treinados e classificados segundo os critérios dos dois consensos para mostrar as diferenças entre os dois modelos de classificação.RESULTADOS: Em testes físicos como o timed up and go, a amostra realizou o teste em menos de 7,21 segundos. Em média, os idosos conseguiram caminhar no teste de caminhada de 6 metros mais do que a percentagem prevista para esse público. Apenas três pacientes apresentaram velocidade de caminhada inferior a 0,8 m/s. Na avaliação de força, os idosos conseguiram atingir, em média, o percentual previsto. No Short Physical Performance Battery, poucos tiveram desempenho intermediário. A maioria teve desempenho alto. Quando avaliados pelo EWGSOP, 92,18% eram não sarcopênicos, enquanto 7,81% eram sarcopênicos severos; e, quando avaliados pelo EWGSOP2, 98,43% eram não sarcopênicos, 1,56% sarcopênico e nenhum sarcopênico severo. A aplicação dos critérios EWGSOP2 e novos pontos de corte reduziram a capacidade de diagnóstico de sarcopenia na amostra de 8,53 para 3,65% (p = 0,034).CONCLUSÃO: Embora a amostra seja pequena, a redução é significativa e expressa que a mudança de critério, mesmo utilizando pontos de corte mais baixos para a amostra em análise, trouxe impacto no sentido de não diagnosticar precocemente

Risk of sarcopenia in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: evaluation of the SARC-F and SARC-CalF as screening tools / Risco de sarcopenia em idosos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2: avaliação do SARC-F e SARC-CalF como ferramentas para rastreamento

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic power of SARC-F and SARC-CalF as screening tools for sarcopenia risk in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: This cross-sectional study of 128 patients was conducted at the endocrinology outpatient clinic of a hospital in Recife, Brazil between July 2022 and February 2023. Sarcopenia was diagnosed according to original and updated European Consensus criteria for older adults. Muscle mass was assessed with electrical bioimpedance, muscle strength was assessed with a handgrip test, and physical performance was assessed with gait speed. Sarcopenia risk was assessed using the SARC-F and SARC-CalF instruments. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, receiver operating characteristic curve, and area under the curve were analyzed to determine the best diagnostic performance. Results: According to the original and updated versions of the European Consensus criteria, the prevalence of sarcopenia was 25.00% and 10.90%, respectively. Sarcopenia risk was 17.20% according to the SARC-F and 23.40% according to the SARC-CalF. The sensitivity and specificity of the SARC-F ranged from 12.55% to 36.11% and 71.87% to 92.39%, respectively, while those of the SARC-CalF ranged from 47.22% to 85.71% and 82.46% to 88.89%, respectively. The area under the curve for the SARC-F and SARC-CalF varied between 0.51 and 0.71 and 0.67 and 0.86, respectively. Conclusions: The SARC-CalF had better diagnostic performance for all analyzed diagnostic criteria. Adding calf circumference to the SARC-F was an effective screening method for sarcopenia risk in the study population

Objetivo: Avaliar o poder diagnóstico do SARC-F e SARC-CalF como ferramentas de rastreamento para o risco de sarcopenia em idosos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Metodologia: Estudo transversal com 128 pacientes desenvolvido no ambulatório de endocrinologia de um hospital do Recife entre julho de 2022 e fevereiro de 2023. A sarcopenia foi diagnosticada de acordo com os critérios do Consenso Europeu para sarcopenia em pessoas idosas e sua versão atualizada. Foi realizada bioimpedância elétrica para avaliar a massa muscular, teste de preensão palmar para a força muscular e teste de velocidade de marcha para a performance física. O risco para sarcopenia foi avaliado por meio do SARC-F e SARC-CalF. Realizou-se análise de sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivos positivos e negativos, curva Característica de Operação do Receptor (ROC) e área sob a curva (AUC) para determinar a melhor performance diagnóstica. Resultados: A prevalência de sarcopenia foi de 25,00% de acordo com a primeira versão do Consenso Europeu e 10,90% considerando a versão atualizada. O risco para sarcopenia foi de 17,20% (SARC-F) e 23,40% (SARC-CalF). A sensibilidade do SARC-F variou entre 12,55 e 36,11%, e a espec ificidade entre 71,87 e 92,39%, enquanto o SARC-CalF apresentou sensibilidade entre 47,22 e 85,71% e especificidade entre 82,46 e 88,89%. A AUC do SARC-F variou entre 0,51 e 0,71, enquanto o SARC-CalF ficou entre 0,67 e 0,86. Conclusões: O SARC-CalF apresentou melhor performance diagnóstica quando comparado a todos os critérios diagnósticos analisados. A adição da circunferência da panturrilha é um método eficaz para o rastreamento do risco de sarcopenia na população do estudo

Associação dos parâmetros clínicos de sarcopenia e comprometimento cognitivo em pessoas idosas: estudo transversal / Association of clinical parameters of sarcopenia and cognitive impairment in older people: cross-sectional study

Resumo Objetivo Associar os parâmetros clínicos de sarcopenia com o comprometimento cognitivo em pessoas idosas. Método Estudo transversal, com 263 idosos (≥60 anos) usuários de um serviço público de atenção especializada. Variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas caracterizaram a amostra e os parâmetros clínicos de sarcopenia (força, massa muscular e desempenho físico) foram avaliados, respectivamente, por meio da Força de Preensão Palmar (FPP), circunferência da panturrilha (CP) e o Teste Timed Up and Go (TUG). Utilizou-se o Miniexame do Estado Mental (MEEM) para avaliar o estado cognitivo. As associações foram investigadas por regressões lineares e logísticas simples e múltiplas considerando os parâmetros clínicos de sarcopenia (variáveis independentes) e o estado cognitivo (variável dependente), ajustadas para idade, sexo, anos de estudo, número de medicação, estado nutricional e capacidade funcional. Resultados Dos participantes com comprometimento cognitivo, 59,6% apresentaram baixa força muscular. O Conclusão A baixa força muscular foi o parâmetro de sarcopenia independentemente associado ao comprometimento cognitivo. Essa informação é útil para atentar-se para a probabilidade de comprometimento cognitivo quando identificada baixa força muscular em pessoas idosas.

Abstract Objective To associate clinical parameters of sarcopenia with cognitive impairment in older people. Method Cross-sectional study with 263 older adults (≥60 years) treated at a specialized public health facility. Sociodemographic and clinical variables were used to characterize the sample and the clinical parameters of sarcopenia (muscle strength, muscle mass and physical performance) were assessed based on handgrip strength (HGS), calf circumference (CC) and the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was used to evaluate cognitive status. Associations were analyzed by simple and multiple linear and logistic regression considering the clinical parameters of sarcopenia (independent variables) and cognitive status (dependent variable), adjusted for age, sex, years of schooling, number of medications, nutritional status and functional capacity. Results Of participants with cognitive impairment, 59.6% exhibited low muscle strength. Conclusion Low muscle strength was the sarcopenia parameter independently associated with cognitive impairment. This information is useful in highlighting the likelihood of cognitive impairment when poor muscle strength is identified in older people.

Cholic and deoxycholic acids induce mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired biogenesis and autophagic flux in skeletal muscle cells

BACKGROUND: Skeletal muscle is sensitive to bile acids (BA) because it expresses the TGR5 receptor for BA. Cholic (CA) and deoxycholic (DCA) acids induce a sarcopenia-like phenotype through TGR5-dependent mechanisms. Besides, a mouse model of cholestasis-induced sarcopenia was characterised by increased levels of serum BA and muscle weakness, alterations that are dependent on TGR5 expression. Mitochondrial alterations, such as decreased mitochondrial potential and oxygen consumption rate (OCR), increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) and unbalanced biogenesis and mitophagy, have not been studied in BA-induced sarcopenia.METHODS: We evaluated the effects of DCA and CA on mitochondrial alterations in C2C12 myotubes and a mouse model of cholestasis-induced sarcopenia. We measured mitochondrial mass by TOM20 levels and mitochondrial DNA; ultrastructural alterations by transmission electronic microscopy; mitochondrial biogenesis by PGC-1α plasmid reporter activity and protein levels by western blot analysis; mitophagy by the co-localisation of the MitoTracker and LysoTracker fluorescent probes; mitochondrial potential by detecting the TMRE probe signal; protein levels of OXPHOS complexes and LC3B by western blot analysis; OCR by Seahorse measures; and mtROS by MitoSOX probe signals. RESULTS: DCA and CA caused a reduction in mitochondrial mass and decreased mitochondrial biogenesis. Interestingly, DCA and CA increased LC3II/LC3I ratio and decreased autophagic flux concordant with raised mitophagosome-like structures. In addition, DCA and CA decreased mitochondrial potential and reduced protein levels in OXPHOS complexes I and II. The results also demonstrated that DCA and CA decreased basal, ATP-linked, FCCP-induced maximal respiration and spare OCR. DCA and CA also reduced the number of cristae. In addition, DCA and CA increased the mtROS. In mice with cholestasis-induced sarcopenia, TOM20, OXPHOS complexes I, II and III, and OCR were diminished. Interestingly, the OCR and OXPHOS complexes were correlated with muscle strength and bile acid levels. CONCLUSION: Our results showed that DCA and CA decreased mitochondrial mass, possibly by reducing mitochondrial biogenesis, which affects mitochondrial function, thereby altering potential OCR and mtROS generation. Some mitochondrial alterations were also observed in a mouse model of cholestasis-induced sarcopenia characterised by increased levels of BA, such as DCA and CA.

Ursodeoxycholic acid induces sarcopenia associated with decreased protein synthesis and autophagic flux

BACKGROUND: Skeletal muscle generates force and movements and maintains posture. Under pathological conditions, muscle fibers suffer an imbalance in protein synthesis/degradation. This event causes muscle mass loss and decreased strength and muscle function, a syndrome known as sarcopenia. Recently, our laboratory described secondary sarcopenia in a chronic cholestatic liver disease (CCLD) mouse model. Interestingly, the administration of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), a hydrophilic bile acid, is an effective therapy for cholestatic hepatic alterations. However, the effect of UDCA on skeletal muscle mass and functionality has never been evaluated, nor the possible involved mechanisms. METHODS: We assessed the ability of UDCA to generate sarcopenia in C57BL6 mice and develop a sarcopenic-like phenotype in C2C12 myotubes and isolated muscle fibers. In mice, we measured muscle strength by a grip strength test, muscle mass by bioimpedance and mass for specific muscles, and physical function by a treadmill test. We also detected the fiber's diameter and content of sarcomeric proteins. In C2C12 myotubes and/or isolated muscle fibers, we determined the diameter and troponin I level to validate the cellular effect. Moreover, to evaluate possible mechanisms, we detected puromycin incorporation, p70S6K, and 4EBP1 to evaluate protein synthesis and ULK1, LC3 I, and II protein levels to determine autophagic flux. The mitophagosome-like structures were detected by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: UDCA induced sarcopenia in healthy mice, evidenced by decreased strength, muscle mass, and physical function, with a decline in the fiber's diameter and the troponin I protein levels. In the C2C12 myotubes, we observed that UDCA caused a reduction in the diameter and content of MHC, troponin I, puromycin incorporation, and phosphorylated forms of p70S6K and 4EBP1. Further, we detected increased levels of phosphorylated ULK1, the LC3II/LC3I ratio, and the number of mitophagosome-like structures. These data suggest that UDCA induces a sarcopenic-like phenotype with decreased protein synthesis and autophagic flux. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that UDCA induces sarcopenia in mice and sarcopenic-like features in C2C12 myotubes and/or isolated muscle fibers concomitantly with decreased protein synthesis and alterations in autophagic flux.