El terremoto de 1746 y su impacto en la salud en la ciudad de Lima / The earthquake of 1746 and its impact on health in the city of Lima

RESUMEN Durante el siglo XVIII la ciudad de Lima fue afectada por una serie de desastres de origen natural y de epidemias que mermaron tanto la población como la producción agrícola. A continuación, analizaremos el caso del terremoto producido en Lima el 28 de octubre de 1746 y su impacto en el sistema de salud de la ciudad. Dada la magnitud de su destrucción en la infraestructura y el alto número de muertes, marcó un hito en la sociedad limeña de la época.

ABSTRACT During the 18th century, the city of Lima was affected by a series of natural disasters and epidemics that depleted both the population and agricultural production. Next, we will analyze the case of the earth quake in Lima on October 28, 1746 and its impact on the city's health system, given the magnitude of the destruction of infrastructure and the high number of deaths it marked a milestone in Lima's society at the time.

La prevención del cáncer de cuello de útero y de mama en servicios de salud y organizaciones no gubernamentales de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires / Prevention of cervical and breast cancer in health services and non-governmental organizations in the city of Buenos Aires

Este artículo analiza las acciones de prevención del cáncer de cuello de útero y de mama en servicios de salud públicos, privados y de la seguridad social y en organizaciones no gubernamentales de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Su propósito es reflexionar acerca de los alcances y las limitaciones de los enfoques preventivos implementados en los tres subsectores del sistema de salud y la comunidad para evitar que las mujeres se enfermen y se mueran por causa de esas enfermedades, en un contexto fragmentado del sistema de salud con fuertes heterogeneidades en el acceso y agudas desigualdades sociales en el ejercicio de la prevención. La investigación parte de una definición amplia de prevención, que integra la educación, la concientización y la detección temprana de lesiones precancerosas y de cáncer, entre otros componentes médicos y no médicos. Los resultados obtenidos a partir de entrevistas semiestructuradas a referentes de hospitales públicos, obras sociales, empresas de medicina privada y organizaciones sociales que trabajan en el tema del cáncer muestran que, en contraposición a un abordaje integral, cada institución recorta su accionar en torno a un eje de la prevención, y predominan respuestas aisladas y desarticuladas que no alcanzan a generar en las mujeres una demanda por cuidados y asistencia de manera autónoma e informada.

The article analyzes actions for the prevention of cervical and breast cancer in public, private, and employment-based health services and in non-governmental organizations in the city of Buenos Aires. The article seeks to reflect on the reach and limitations of the approaches implemented in the three subsectors of the health care system and the community to prevent women from suffering or eventually dying as a consequence of these diseases, in the fragmented context of a health system with great heterogeneity in access and deep social inequalities in the use of preventive actions. The study utilizes a broad definition of prevention which integrates education, awareness-building and early detection of pre-carcinogenic and carcinogenic lesions, among other medical and non-medical components. The results were obtained using semi-structured interviews with subjects from public hospitals, employment-based health care services, private medical companies and non-governmental organizations with work in cancer prevention. These results show that contrary to a comprehensive approach, each institution limits its actions to only one aspect of prevention, implementing predominately isolated or disconnected actions inadequate to generate an autonomous and well-informed demand for treatment and health care among women.

Health care inequities in north India: Role of public sector in universalizing health care.

Background & objectives: Income inequality is associated with poor health. Inequities exist in service utilization and financing for health care. Health care costs push high number of households into poverty in India. We undertook this study to ascertain inequities in health status, service utilization and out-of-pocket (OOP) health expenditures in two States in north India namely, Haryana and Punjab, and Union Territory of Chandigarh. Methods: Data from National Sample Survey 60th Round on Morbidity and Health Care were analyzed by mean consumption expenditure quintiles. Indicators were devised to document inequities in the dimensions of horizontal and vertical inequity; and redistribution of public subsidy. Concentration index (CI), and equity ratio in conjunction with concentration curve were computed to measure inequity. Results: Reporting of morbidity and hospitalization rate had a pro-rich distribution in all three States indicating poor utilization of health services by low income households. Nearly 57 and 60 per cent households from poorest income quintile in Haryana and Punjab, respectively faced catastrophic OOP hospitalization expenditure at 10 per cent threshold. Lower prevalence of catastrophic expenditure was recorded in higher income groups. Public sector also incurred high costs for hospitalization in selected three States. Medicines constituted 19 to 47 per cent of hospitalization expenditure and 59 to 86 per cent OPD expenditure borne OOP by households in public sector. Public sector hospitalizations had a pro-poor distribution in Haryana, Punjab and Chandigarh. Interpretation & conclusions: Our analysis indicates that public sector health service utilization needs to be improved. OOP health care expenditures at public sector institutions should to be curtailed to improve utilization of poorer segments of population. Greater availability of medicines in public sector and regulation of their prices provide a unique opportunity to reduce public sector OOP expenditure.

Nurses' practices at health basic units in a city in the south of Brazil / Las prácticas de enfermeros en unidades básicas de salud en un municipio del sur de Brasil / Práticas de enfermeiros em unidades básicas de saúde em município do sul do Brasil

On Public Health, nurses can influence the care of the health needs of the population. The objective of this paper is to feature and understand the practices of nurses working at Health Basic Units. It is a qualitative research whereby semi-structured interviews were made with 15 nurses who work at Porto Alegre-Brasil. The treatment of the data was based on analysis of content of the thematic type. Outcomes indicate that the activities performed by nurses are influenced by the Health System and its limitations, especially the lack of nursing workers. Nurses are sought to solve problems that are not always related with their work, demonstrating the diversity of their practices. The conclusion is that the presence of nurses in the daily care and their articulating role contributes to change the realities of health.

En la Salud Colectiva los enfermeros pueden influir efectivamente en la atención de las necesidades de la salud de las poblaciones. El objetivo de este estudio es caracterizar y comprender las prácticas de los enfermeros en Unidades Básicas de Salud. Se trata de una investigación cualitativa, en la cual fueron realizadas entrevistas semi-estructuradas con 15 enfermeros actuantes en Puerto Alegre, Brasil. Los datos fueron tratados con base en el análisis de contenido del tipo temático. Los resultados indican que las acciones ejecutadas por los enfermeros son influenciadas por el sistema de la salud y por sus limitaciones, especialmente la falta de trabajadores. Los enfermeros son solicitados para resolver problemas que no siempre presentan una relación con su trabajo, demostrando la diversidad de sus prácticas. Se concluye que la presencia del enfermero en lo cotidiano y su papel articulador contribuyen para modificar las realidades de la salud.

Na Saúde Coletiva, os enfermeiros podem influir efetivamente no atendimento das necessidades de saúde das populações. O objetivo deste estudo é caracterizar e compreender as práticas dos enfermeiros em unidades básicas de saúde. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa, na qual foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com 15 enfermeiros atuantes em Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. Os dados foram tratados com base na análise de conteúdo do tipo temática. Os resultados indicam que as ações executadas pelos enfermeiros são influenciadas pelo sistema de saúde e suas limitações, especialmente a falta de trabalhadores. Os enfermeiros são procurados para resolver problemas que nem sempre apresentam relação com seu trabalho, demonstrando a diversidade de suas práticas. Conclui-se que a presença do enfermeiro no cotidiano e seu papel articulador contribuem para modificar as realidades de saúde.

All slums are not equal: child health conditions among the urban poor.

Increasing urbanization has resulted in a faster growth of slum population. Various agencies, especially those in developing countries are finding it difficult to respond to this situation effectively. Disparities among slums exist owing to various factors. This has led to varying degrees of health burden on the slum children. Child health conditions in slums with inadequate services are worse in comparison to relatively better served slums. Identification, mapping and assessment of all slums is important for locating the hitherto missed out slums and focusing on the neediest slums. In view of the differential vulnerabilities across slums, an urban child health program should build context appropriate and community-need-responsive approaches to improve children's health in the slums.

Demand for and accessibility to reproductive health service of urban floating population / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

The demand for knowledge of productive health and the current status of productive health services provided by relevant governmental institutions were qualitatively and quantitatively studied. The study identified the key factors that influenced the demand for the productive health services and results of the services. It also discussed the effective approaches to control, planning and sustainable development of the reproductive health services for the floating populations.

Does routine home visiting improve the return rate and outcome of DOTS patients who delay treatment?

Over a period of 6 months the effect of home visits on compliance with directly observed therapy, short course [DOTS], was studied on 480 new smear-positive tuberculosis patients who had delayed collecting their drugs on one occasion. Patients registered at 15 tuberculosis treatment centers in Baghdad, Iraq, were randomized to an intervention group [receiving home visits from trained personnel] or a control group. Home visits were highly effective in improving the return to treatment of patients who were late for treatment [231/240, 96.3%]. The intervention group showed a higher treatment success rate [94.2% versus 76.7%], lower default rate [0.8% versus 10.0%] and higher smear conversion rate after the end of treatment [92.9% versus 75.0%] than controls. Home visiting by trained personnel significantly improves patient compliance with DOTS

Impact of community participation on treatment outcomes and compliance of DOTS patients in Iraq

We assessed the effect of community participation on treatment outcomes for tuberculosis patients undergoing directly-observed therapy, short course [DOTS]. From February to December 2001 172 newly diagnosed patients in Baghdad were allocated into 2 treatment groups. The intervention group were visited daily at home for the 2-month initial phase by trained members of the Iraqi Women's Federation while the control group attended the local health centre for treatment. Cure rates for patients treated at home were significantly better than controls [83.7% versus 68.6%], so too was compliance [100.0% versus 14.0%]. Smear conversion rates were significantly better in intervention cases compared with controls at all stages. Default rates were similar in both groups [11.6% versus 10.5%], as was mortality [1 patient each]

Tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment practices of private physicians in Karachi, Pakistan

In a densely populated urban area of Karachi, Pakistan, a questionnaire survey was made of the knowledge and practices of 120 private general practitioners about the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis [TB]. The majority knew that cough, fever and weight loss were the main symptoms of TB, but less than half knew that blood in sputum, poor appetite and chest pain were associated with the disease. Only 58.3% of physicians used sputum microscopy for diagnosing TB and 35.0% used it as a follow-up test. Only 41.7% treated TB patients themselves, the remaining referring their patients to specialists. Around 73.3% of the doctors were aware of the 4 first-line anti-TB drugs. Efforts to improve the knowledge of private practitioners, and strategies to enhance public-private collaboration for TB control in urban areas are urgently required

Assessment of a breast cancer screening programme in Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran

A breast cancer screening programme was evaluated for approximately 10,000 women aged 35 years and older. There were 67 cases of breast cancer. Highest rates of attendance were seen among younger women [35-44 years] and middle socioeconomic groups. Lowest rates were among those aged over 65 years and low socioeconomic groups. The rate of detection by self-examination was similar to that by health personnel examination. At all stages of screening, positive findings were most common among the high socioeconomic class. Attendance decreased steadily from first to last stages of serial screening. Although mammography is the most sensitive method of detection, because of its high cost we suggest establishing breast self-examination education programmes and encouraging women to self-examine

Principais zoonoses de interesse em saúde pública urbana / Main zoonosis relevant to urban public health

Este trabalho e uma sintese das principais zoonoses, que podem ocorrer tanto nas areas urbanas como nas periurbanas