Development and Application of a Performance Prediction Model for Home Care Nursing Based on a Balanced Scorecard using the Bayesian Belief Network

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to develop key performance indicators (KPIs) for home care nursing (HCN) based on a balanced scorecard, and to construct a performance prediction model of strategic objectives using the Bayesian Belief Network (BBN). METHODS: This methodological study included four steps: establishment of KPIs, performance prediction modeling, development of a performance prediction model using BBN, and simulation of a suggested nursing management strategy. An HCN expert group and a staff group participated. The content validity index was analyzed using STATA 13.0, and BBN was analyzed using HUGIN 8.0. RESULTS: We generated a list of KPIs composed of 4 perspectives, 10 strategic objectives, and 31 KPIs. In the validity test of the performance prediction model, the factor with the greatest variance for increasing profit was maximum cost reduction of HCN services. The factor with the smallest variance for increasing profit was a minimum image improvement for HCN. During sensitivity analysis, the probability of the expert group did not affect the sensitivity. Furthermore, simulation of a 10% image improvement predicted the most effective way to increase profit. CONCLUSION: KPIs of HCN can estimate financial and non-financial performance. The performance prediction model for HCN will be useful to improve performance.

Costo de un sistema de atención de adultos mayores dependientes en Chile, 2012 - 2020 / Cost of a health care system for dependent older adults in Chile, 2012 - 2020

OBJETIVO: Obtener una estimación de los costos relativo y absoluto de un sistema de atención domiciliaria para los adultos mayores dependientes en Chile y reflexionar sobre las consideraciones metodológicas a tener en cuenta en estimaciones para otros modelos en otros países. MÉTODOS: Se utilizaron tasas de prevalencia por sexo y edad con base en los microdatos de la Encuesta Nacional de Dependencia (ENDPM 2009) y se proyectaron tres escenarios para 2012 - 2020. Se estimó la población beneficiaria y la demanda de 12 programas de servicios de atención domiciliaria. Las características de los programas, en horas y tipo de atención se obtuvieron del juicio de expertos, ajustados por la revisión bibliográfica. Se utilizaron salarios/hora del sistema público y privado. RESULTADOS: Entre los mayores de 65 años, 20,3% sería beneficiario del sistema; 21,7% sobre el total de mujeres y 18,4% sobre el total de hombres. Su número asciende a 336 874 personas para 2012. El costo anual del sistema alcanza los 1 214 millones de dólares para 2012. Esto equivale a 0,45% del PIB (producto interior bruto), que se podría incrementar entre 32,1% y 33,1% hasta 2020. CONCLUSIONES: El costo de un sistema inicial para adultos mayores dependientes en Chile es relativamente bajo en comparación con los modelos de los países industrializados. En términos metodológicos, se destaca la importancia de la discusión previa sobre el tipo de modelo que se desee implementar y las posibilidades financieras de llevarlo a cabo. Además, se valida la opción de utilizar juicios de expertos para la evaluación, aunque se aconseja ampliarla.

OBJECTIVE: . To estimate the relative and absolute costs of a home-based health care system for dependent older adults in Chile and to consider the methodological factors to take into account in estimates for other models in other countries. METHODS: Sex- and age-specific prevalence rates were used, based on microdata from the National Dependency Survey (ENDPM 2009), and three scenarios were projected for 2012 - 2020. The beneficiary population and the demand were estimated for 12 home-based health care programs. The characteristics of the programs (number of hours and type of care) were based on expert opinions, adjusted through a literature review. Public and private system wages/hours were used. RESULTS: Overall, 20.3% of people over 65 years of age would be beneficiaries of the system; 21.7% of all women and 18.4% of all men, for a total of 336 874 people in 2012. The annual cost of the system is 1.214 billion dollars for 2012, equivalent to 0.45% of GDP (gross domestic product). This figure could increase by between 32.1% and 33.1% by 2020. CONCLUSIONS: The cost of an initial system for dependent older adults in Chile is relatively low in comparison to the models seen in industrialized countries. In terms of methodology, it is particularly important for there to be prior discussion of the desired model to be implemented and the financial capacity to achieve this. Furthermore, the option of using expert opinions as the basis for the evaluation is validated, although it is recommended that this be expanded.

Oxigenoterapia domiciliar prolongada em crianças e adolescentes: uma análise do uso clínico e de custos de um programa assistencial / Long-term home oxygen therapy in children and adolescents: analysis of clinical use and costs of a home care program

OBJETIVOS: Descrever as características clínicas e laboratoriais dos pacientes em oxigenoterapia domiciliar prolongada acompanhados pelo programa de atendimento domiciliar do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, durante um período de 8 anos, e comparar os grupos com e sem hipertensão pulmonar secundária. Estimar o custo do programa utilizando concentradores versus cilindros de oxigênio arcados pela instituição. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo retrospectivo e de coorte dos pacientes em oxigenoterapia domiciliar prolongada, em seguimento no período de 2002 a 2009, na Unidade de Pneumologia do Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. RESULTADOS: Foram estudados 165 pacientes, 53 por cento do sexo masculino, com as medianas: idade de início da oxigenoterapia - 3,6 anos; tempo de oxigenoterapia - 7 anos; e tempo de sobrevida após início da oxigenoterapia - 3,4 anos. Os principais diagnósticos foram: fibrose cística (22 por cento), displasia broncopulmonar (19 por cento) e bronquiolite obliterante (15 por cento). Dos 33 pacientes que realizaram espirometria, 70 por cento apresentavam distúrbio ventilatório obstrutivo grave. O exame ecocardiográfico foi executado em 134 pacientes; 51 por cento deles tinham hipertensão pulmonar secundária. Houve associação estatisticamente significante entre: presença de hipertensão pulmonar e necessidade de maiores fluxos de oxigênio (qui-quadrado, p = 0,011); e presença de hipertensão pulmonar e maior tempo de oxigenoterapia (Logrank, p = 0,0001). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre tempo de sobrevida após início da oxigenoterapia e presença de hipertensão pulmonar. Os custos médios mensais do programa foram: US$ 7.392,93 para os concentradores e US$ 16.630,92 para cilindros. CONCLUSÕES: A oxigenoterapia domiciliar prolongada foi empregada em distintas doenças crônicas, predominantemente em lactentes e pré-escolares. Houve alta frequência de hipertensão pulmonar associada a maiores períodos de uso e fluxos de oxigênio, sem associação à sobrevida. A substituição dos cilindros por concentradores poderá reduzir custos significativamente.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients on long-term home oxygen therapy followed up by the home care program of Hospital das Clínicas, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, during a period of 8 years; to compare groups with and without secondary pulmonary hypertension; and to estimate the cost of the program using oxygen concentrators versus oxygen cylinders provided by the hospital. METHODS: A descriptive, retrospective cohort study of patients on long-term home oxygen therapy followed up from 2002 to 2009 at the Unit of Pulmonology, Children's Institute, Hospital das Clínicas, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo. RESULTS: We studied 165 patients, of whom 53 percent were male, with the following medians: age at the beginning of oxygen therapy - 3.6 years; duration of oxygen therapy - 7 years; and survival time after beginning of oxygen therapy - 3.4 years. The main diagnoses were: cystic fibrosis (22 percent), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (19 percent), and bronchiolitis obliterans (15 percent). Of the 33 patients who underwent spirometry, 70 percent had severe obstructive lung disease. Echocardiogram was performed in 134 patients; 51 percent of them had secondary pulmonary hypertension. There was a statistically significant association between pulmonary hypertension and need of higher oxygen flows (chi-square, p = 0.011), and between pulmonary hypertension and longer duration of oxygen therapy (Logrank, p = 0.0001). There was no statistically significant difference between survival time after the beginning of oxygen therapy and pulmonary hypertension. The average monthly costs of the program were US$ 7,392.93 for concentrators and US$ 16,630.92 for cylinders. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term home oxygen therapy was used to treat different chronic diseases, predominantly in infants and preschool children. There was a high frequency of pulmonary hypertension associated with longer periods of oxygen use and greater oxygen flow, without association with survival rate. The use of concentrators instead of cylinders may reduce costs significantly.

A produção do cuidado no programa de atenção domiciliar de uma cooperativa médica / The health care delivery in a medical cooperative's home care program

Este artigo tem como objetivo descrever e analisar a produção do cuidado no Programa de Atenção Domiciliar de uma Cooperativa Médica. O Programa pesquisado surgiu e cresceu devido à ideia de "ordenar a atenção aos beneficiários", especialmente os que utilizavam de forma exorbitante os prontos-atendimentos e os que faziam alto consumo de internações hospitalares. Fica implícita a ideia de redução dos custos operados pela cooperativa. É o maior Programa de Atenção Domiciliar, na saúde suplementar, com 3.300 beneficiários em 2006. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo que utilizou como instrumentos de coleta de dados a pesquisa bibliográfica, pesquisa documental principalmente no site da operadora e da Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar, entrevistas semiestruturadas com informantes-chave, observação no local de atuação e coleta de dados em fonte secundária. A análise dos dados revela a satisfação dos beneficiários com os resultados obtidos por meio do Programa de Atenção Domiciliar, a diminuição de custos para a cooperativa médica e transferência de gastos para a família. O modo de produção do cuidado sugere haver um processo de reestruturação produtiva em curso, considerando as importantes alterações nos processos de trabalho.

This paper aims to describe and analyze the healthcare delivery in a Medical Cooperative's Home Care Program. It is the largest Home Care Program in Brazilian supplementary (private) health system, with 3,300 beneficiaries in 2006. The HCP has been developed due to the need of "organizing the services utilization" especially by those clients who too often attended the first-aid services and who were frequently submitted to in-hospital care. So, it is implicit the idea of corporative costs reduction. The analysis was made through a qualitative study, which used for data collection the following tools: the bibliography research, documental research, mainly on the cooperative's site and the National Agency of Brazilian Supplementary Health, semi-structural interviews with key-informants, observation on the spot and data collection from secondary sources. Data analysis reveals the satisfaction of beneficiaries with results obtained in HCP, cost reduction for Medical Cooperative and transfer of expenses to family. The healthcare delivery analysis suggests there is an economic restructuring in course, considering important changes in work processes.

El ingreso en el hogar y su costo directo en Cuba / The direct costs of home care in Cuba

OBJETIVOS: Analizar el tiempo de estadía en ingreso en el hogar (IH) y su costo diario y por paciente en Cuba, según el diagnóstico al ingreso y la zona donde se brinda el servicio. MÉTODOS: Se analizó la información de los 837 pacientes en IH entre julio de 2001 y junio de 2002 en un área del municipio Playa, en Ciudad de La Habana (zona urbana metropolitana), una del municipio Cruces, en Cienfuegos (zona urbana no metropolitana), otra del Municipio Unión de Reyes, en Matanzas (zona rural) y una de Fomento, en Sancti Spiritus (zona rural montañosa). Se analizó la mediana del tiempo del IH mediante curvas de supervivencia Kaplan Meier y se evaluó el efecto del diagnóstico al ingreso (afecciones respiratorias, gastrointestinales, ginecobstétricas, egreso hospitalario precoz y otras causas), la zona del IH, el sexo y la edad, sobre la posibilidad de egresar del IH. Para cada municipio se calculó el costo directo del servicio, el costo por paciente y el costo por día de estadía. Se ajustaron modelos de regresión lineal múltiple para identificar el efecto que sobre el costo por paciente tienen el tiempo de estadía, el diagnóstico al ingreso y el área donde se presta el servicio de IH. RESULTADOS: La causa más frecuente de IH en los municipios estudiados fueron las afecciones respiratorias (31,4 por ciento), seguidas del egreso hospitalario precoz (15,5 por ciento), las afecciones ginecobstétricas (10,8 por ciento) y los trastornos gastrointestinales (8,1 por ciento). La mediana del tiempo de estadía fue de 6 días (IC95 por ciento: 5,75 a 6,25). En Fomento los pacientes tuvieron 66 por ciento menos probabilidad de egresar que en Cruces y 30 por ciento menos que en Playa y Unión de Reyes. El costo directo del IH en los municipios estudiados medido en pesos cubanos ($) varió entre $3 983,54 y $9 624,87. El costo por día de estadía fue de $2,57 a $6,88, mientras el costo por paciente fue de $23,04 a $42,78. El tiempo de estadía tuvo un efecto...

OBJECTIVE: To analyze home care services in Cuba and determine how length of stay, per-day cost, and per-patient cost vary by diagnosis and by the area of the country in which the services are rendered. METHODS: Patient information was analyzed for 837 individuals who were enrolled in home care services between July 2001 and June 2002 in the following four municipalities: (1) Playa municipality (a metropolitan urban area) in the province of the City of Havana; Cruces municipality (an urban, but not metropolitan, area) in the province of Cienfuegos; Unión de Reyes municipality (a rural area) in the province of Matanzas; and Fomento municipality (a mountainous rural area) in the province of Sancti Spiritus Analysis of the mean length of stay for home care services was conducted using the Kaplan-Meier survival curve method. The impact of the following criteria on the probability and timing of discharge was also assessed: diagnosis at time of enrollment (respiratory, gastrointestinal, obstetrical/gynecological, hospital discharge follow-up, and other causes), area in which services were rendered, and patient gender and age. The total service, per-patient, and per-day costs were determined for each municipality. Adjusted multilinear regression models were used to determine how length of stay, diagnosis upon enrollment, and service area affected cost. RESULTS: The diagnoses most frequently requiring home care were respiratory illness (31.4 percent), hospital follow-up of acute condition (15.5 percent), obstetrical/ gynecological illness (10.8 percent), and gastrointestinal disorder (8.1 percent). The mean length of stay was 6 days (95 percent confidence interval: 5.75 to 6.25). In Fomento, the probability of patients enrolling in home care was 66 percent lower than in Cruces and 30 percent lower than in Playa and Unión de Reyes. The total direct cost of home care in the municipalities studied ranged, in Cuban pesos, from $3 983.54 to $9 624.87. The...

Test on the Cost and Development on the Payment System of Home Health Care Nursing / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study focused on analysing costs per home health care nursing visit based on home health care nursing activities in medical institutes. METHOD: The data was collected in three stages. First, the cost elements of home health care nursing services were collected and 31 home care nurses participated. Second, the workload and caseload of home care nursing activities were measured by the Easley-Storfjell Instrument(1997). Third, the opinions on improving the home health care nursing reimbursement system were collected by a nation-wide mailing survey from a total of 125 home care agencies. RESULT: The cost of home health care nursing per visit was calculated as 50,626 won. This was composed of a basic visiting fee of 35,090 won (about 35 dollars) and travel fee of 15,536 won (about 15 dollars). The major problems of the home care nursing payment system were the low level of the cost per visit, no distinction between first visit and revisits, and the limitations in health insurance coverage for home health care nursing services. CONCLUSION: This study's results will contribute as a baseline for establishing policies for improvement of the home health care nursing cost and for applying a community-based visiting nursing service cost.

A Cost-Utility Analysis of Home Care Services by using the QALY / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyze economical efficiency of home care service by comparing a cost-utility ratio(CUR) between home care and hospitalization. METHOD: The analytic framework of this study was constructed in 5 stages: Identifying the analytic perspectives, measurement of costs, measurement of utility, analysis of CUR, and sensitivity test. Data was collected by reviewing medical records, home care service records, medical fee claims, and other related research. RESULT: The mean of the annual total cost was 23,317,636 Won in home care and 73,739,352 Won in hospital care. QALY was 0.389 in home care and 0.474 in hospital care, so CUR was 299,712,545 QALY in home care and 777,841,266 QALY in hospital care. CONCLUSION: The findings affirmed that home care had an economical efficiency in the aspect of utility compared to hospitalization. Therefore, the findings of this study can be used to develop a governmental health policy or to expand the home care system. In addition, the cost-utility analysis framework and process of this study will be an example model for cost-utility analysis in nursing research. Therefore, it will be used as a guideline for future research related to cost-utility analysis in nursing.

Economic analysis of a pragmatic randomised trial of home visits by a nurse to elderly people with hypertension in Mexico

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the costs and the effectiveness of an intervention of home visits made by nurses to elderly people versus usual care given by the family medicine units. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A sample of 4,777 subjects aged 60 years and over covered by the Mexican Institute of Social Security (Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, IMSS) were screened. Those with a systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure level higher or equal than 160/90 mm Hg were randomly allocated to the intervention or control groups. The intervention consisted of visits at home by nurses who gave health and lifestyle advice to the participants. The economic evaluation was considered from a health services and patient perspective. Direct and indirect costs were calculated as incremental. Effectiveness was measured in terms of cost per millimetre of mercury reduced. RESULTS: Three hundred and forty five participants were allocated to the intervention group and compared with 338 controls. At the end of the intervention period the difference in the mean change in systolic blood pressure was 3.31 mm Hg (95 CI 6.32, 0.29; p = 0.03) comparing with the control group. In diastolic blood pressure the difference was 3.67 (95 CI 5.22, 2.12; p < 0.001). The total cost of the intervention was 101 901.66 pesos. The intervention cost per patient was 34.61 pesos (US$3.78), (CI 95 34.44, 35.46). The cost-effectiveness ratios was 10.46 pesos (US$1.14) for systolic (CI 95 129.31, 5.51) and 9.43 (US$1.03) for diastolic (CI 95 19.90, 2.49). CONCLUSIONS: The reduction in blood pressure obtained may well justify the small incremental cost of the intervention.

Ictus cerebral e ingreso en el hogar / Cerebral ictus and home admission

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo prospectivo en pacientes que egresaron con el diagnóstico de ictus cerebral de la unidad de cuidados intermedios de adultos del hospital Clinicoquirúrgico Docente ôMártires del 9 de abrilö de Sagua la Grande, en el período comprendido de enero de 1999 a enero de 2000. Fueron ingresados en el hogar después de encontrarse estabilizados, se analizaron datos generales y epidemiológicos, y se concluyó que en la muestra existió un predominio de ictus isquémico La hipertensión arterial, el hábito de fumar y los ictus previos, fueron los factores de riesgo más frecuentes, y las parálisis y los trastornos del lenguaje y esfinterianos los síntomas invalidantes predominantes al ser egresados del hospital. No hubo diferencias significativas entre los isquémicos y los hemorrágicos, con una evolución satisfactoria en su mayoría al ser ingresados en el hogar y con un ahorro de $ 10 932

Costos y beneficios del ingreso en el hogar / Cost and benefits of home admission

Se realizó una investigación descriptiva para estimar los costos y beneficios del ingreso en el hogar. El análisis económico se realizó desde una perspectiva social. Los grupos poblacionales donde más se utilizó la técnica fueron las gestantes y los menores de 1 año. Las enfermedades respiratorias altas y la gestación a término fueron los que más incidencia tuvieron; los medicamentos más utilizados estuvieron en correspondencia con las enfermedades y su disponibilidad. El tiempo hospitalario no se comportó de igual forma en todos los grupos. Los gastos de bolsillo representaron el mayor porcentaje dentro de los costos directos tangibles, ocasionados en su mayoría por alimentación adicional. Los gastos del sector salud fueron superiores a los de familiares y pacientes. Los costos indirectos fueron inferiores a los directos. El estudio demostró que el 88,6 porciento se curó, se complicó el 8,8 porciento y falleció el 2,5 porciento

The Bologna Hospital-at-Home: a model for cost-effective care of advanced cancer patients in developing countries.

BACKGROUND: There are two options for India, if it intends to build up an adequate level of assistance for advanced cancer patients: increase the number of hospital beds (including hospice care); or introduce home care. We have used the home care approach in Italy and found it to be cost-effective. METHODS: Costs of the Bologna Hospital-at-Home (BHH) were analysed in 1992 (550 patients) and 1993 (152 patients). Direct and indirect costs were included; no intangible costs were found. The patient's perspective was also analysed. In 1995, an observational study was performed to determine the quality of life of patients admitted to two alternative care settings--the BHH and a traditional hospital, the Ospedale Sant' Orsola Malpighi (OSM), Bologna. RESULTS: Delivery of services was not different in both settings--the OSM and BHH. The analysis of satisfaction showed that 98% of the BHH patients surveyed felt it matched the actual needs. The quality of life was considered to be 'reduced/bad' in 67% of the OSM patients but in only 51% of BHH patients. With regard to transfer to the alternative setting of nursing, 47% of patients receiving care in the traditional hospital felt that hospital-at-home care would be better. The daily costs for BHH patients ranged between US$ 63.9 and US$ 75.9. CONCLUSION: Hospital-at-Home care merits consideration in the palliative care of advanced cancer patients in developing countries. Detailed quality of life studies and cost-benefit assessments would need to be done before such a strategy is implemented. The BHH could be a model adaptable to developing countries. Our first experiences with such a model in Albania and India were encouraging.