Giant pancreatic pseudocyst drainage by endoscopic cystogastrostomy: Case report / Drenaje de pseudoquiste pancreático gigante mediante cistogastrostomía endoscópica: reporte de caso

Abstract Introduction: The pancreatic pseudocyst is one of the late local complications of acute pancreatitis. For managing a giant pancreatic pseudocyst, there are multiple strategies. Aim: To present the case of a patient with a giant pancreatic pseudocyst managed by endoscopic cystogastrostomy. Clinical case: A 41-year-old woman developed a giant pancreatic pseudocyst as a complication of acute pancreatitis that was managed by endoscopic cystogastrostomy without endoscopic ultrasound guidance, with good evolution. Conclusions: Endoscopic cystogastrostomy, with or without the help of ultrasound endoscopy or lumen-apposing metal stent (LAMS), is a viable, safe, effective, and economical therapeutic option for selected patients with a giant pancreatic pseudocyst.

Resumen Introducción: el pseudoquiste pancreático es una de las complicaciones locales tardías de la pancreatitis aguda. Para el manejo del pseudoquiste pancreático gigante existen múltiples estrategias. Objetivo: presentar el caso de una paciente con pseudoquiste pancreático gigante manejado mediante cistogastrostomía endoscópica. Caso clínico: mujer de 41 años que desarrolló un pseudoquiste pancreático gigante como complicación de una pancreatitis aguda y se manejó mediante cistogastrostomía endoscópica sin guía ecoendoscópica, con una adecuada evolución. Conclusiones: la cistogastrostomía endoscópica, con la ayuda o no de ecoendoscopia ni stent de aposición luminal (LAMS), es una opción terapéutica viable, segura, efectiva y económica para pacientes seleccionados con pseudoquiste pancreático gigante.

Manejo quirúrgico de pseudoquiste pancreático gigante: caso clínico / Surgical management of giant pancreatic pseudocyst: case report

Resumen Introducción: Los pseudoquistes pancreáticos (PQP) corresponden al 80% de las lesiones quísticas del páncreas. Se debe descartar un tumor quístico, que representan el 10% al 15% de los quistes del páncreas y 1% de los tumores malignos por lo que es fundamental el estudio y diagnóstico diferencial. El término pseudoquiste pancreático gigante se usa tradicionalmente cuando el tamaño es mayor de 10 cm. Hay pocos casos de PQP gigantes en la literatura nacional. Objetivo: Reportar caso clínico con PQP gigante, analizar el diagnóstico diferencial y las opciones terapéuticas. Materiales y Método: Paciente con distensión abdominal progresiva, pérdida de peso y anorexia, posepisodio de pancreatitis aguda. Tomografía computarizada abdominal y resonancia magnética confirman lesión quística gigante intraabdominal. El paciente fue tratado con una cistoyeyunostomía pancreática abierta en Y de Roux. El análisis del contenido aspirado durante la cirugía sugiere PQP. Para la discusión se revisa la literatura más relevante. Resultados: Excelente resultado clínico postoperatorio, el estudio histopatológico de la pared del quiste confirmó el diagnóstico de pseudoquiste pancreático. Al año de seguimiento, el paciente permanece asintomático. Discusión: El estudio preoperatorio es crucial para determinar el diagnóstico diferencial y descartar lesiones neoplásicas o parasitarias quísticas. Los PSQ gigantes reportados son poco frecuentes y su manejo quirúrgico dependerá fundamentalmente de su tamaño, de las relaciones anatómicas y de la experiencia del equipo tratante.

Introduction: Pancreatic pseudocysts (PQP) correspond to 80% of cystic lesions of the pancreas. A cystic tumor must be ruled out, which represents 10% to 15% of pancreatic cysts and 1% of malignant tumors, so the study and differential diagnosis is essential. The term giant pancreatic pseudocyst is traditionally used when the size is greater than 10 cm. There are few cases of giant PQP in the national literature. Objective: To report a clinical case with giant PQP, to analyze the differential diagnosis and therapeutic options. Materials and Method: Patient with progressive abdominal distension, weight loss and anorexia post episode of acute pancreatitis. Abdominal computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging confirm a giant intra-abdominal cystic lesion. The patient was treated with an open Roux-en-Y pancreatic cysto-jejunostomy. Analysis of the content aspirated during surgery suggests PQP. The most relevant literature is reviewed for discussion. Results: Excellent postoperative clinical results, the histopathological study of the cyst wall, confirmed the diagnosis of pancreatic pseudocyst. At one year of follow-up, the patient remains asymptomatic. Discussion: The preoperative study is crucial to determine the differential diagnosis and rule out neoplastic or cystic parasitic lesions. Reported giant PSQs are rare and their surgical management will depend fundamentally on their size, anatomical relationships, and the experience of the treating team.

Efficacy and safety of endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts using double-pigtail plastic stents: A single tertiary center experience

OBJECTIVES: Pancreatic pseudocysts (PPC) are fluid collections with a well-defined wall that persist for more than 4 weeks inside or around the pancreas as a result of pancreatic inflammation and/or a ductal lesion. PPC have been successfully treated with endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided drainage using different stents. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of EUS-guided drainage of PPC using double-pigtail plastic stents in a tertiary hospital. METHODS: Patients with PPC referred for EUS-guided drainage between May 2015 and December 2019 were included in this case series. The primary endpoint was to evaluate the efficacy (clinical success) and safety (adverse events and mortality) of EUS-guided drainage of PPC. Secondary endpoints included technical success and pseudocyst recurrence. RESULTS: Eleven patients (mean age, 44.5±18.98 years) were included in this study. The etiologies for PPC were acute biliary pancreatitis, chronic alcoholic pancreatitis, and blunt abdominal trauma. The mean pseudocyst size was 9.4±2.69 cm. The clinical success rate was 91% (10/11). Adverse events occurred in three of 11 patients (27%). There were no cases of mortality. The technical success rate was 100%. Pseudocyst recurrence was identified in one of 11 patients (9%) at 12 weeks after successful clinical drainage and complete pseudocyst resolution. CONCLUSION: EUS-guided transmural drainage of PPC using double-pigtail plastic stents is safe and effective with high technical and clinical success rates.

Neoplasia sólida pseudopapilar pancreática: comunicación de cuatro casos clínicos y revisión de la literatura / Solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas: four case reports and a review of the lilerature / Neoplasia sólida pseudopapilar pancreática: comunicação de quatro casos clínicos e revisão da literatura

Los tumores pseudopapilares del páncreas son tumores de origen pancreático poco frecuentes y de etiología desconocida. Comprenden entre el 0.2 y 2.7% de los carcinomas de páncreas. Hasta 2015 hay 900 casos reportados en la literatura, siendo una minoría en etapa diseminada. Son tumores voluminosos, de bajo potencial maligno, que se presentan con mayor frecuencia en mujeres jóvenes entre 18 y 35 años. Generalmente son asintomáticos o manifiestan clínicamente síntomas inespecíficos como dolor abdominal o presencia de masa abdominal. Anatómicamente se localizan con mayor frecuencia en la cola del páncreas, seguidos por la cabeza y el cuerpo. El tratamiento de elección es la resección quirúrgica. El rol de la quimioterapia en la enfermedad irresecable o avanzada no está claramente definido. Son tumores de excelente pronóstico, con sobrevida a 5 años de casi 100%.Se presentan cuatro casos clínicos y se hace una revisión de la literatura.

Pseudopapillary tumors of the pancreas are tumors of pancreatic origin with a low frequency and an unknown etiology. They account for 0.2 - 2.7 % of all pancreatic carcinomas. Up to 2015 there were approximately 900 well documented cases with only a small minority of them in a metastatic stage. This tumors could reach large proportions and they occur predominantly in young women between 18 and 35 years of age. Most of patients are asymptomatic or have non specific symptoms including abdominal pain or palpable abdominal mass. The most common localization is the tail of the pancreas, followed by the head and the body. Complete resection is the treatment of choice. It is not clearly stablished the rol of chemotherapy in metastatic disease. There are tumors with a favorable prognosis, with an overall 5 year survival rate about 95%. Herein, we report four clinical cases and a literatura review.

Os tumores pseudopapilares do pâncreas são tumores de origem pancreática pouco frequentes e de etiologia desconhecida. Compreendem entre 0.2 e 2.7% dos carcinomas de pâncreas. Até 2015 há 900 casos relatados na literatura, sendo uma minoria em etapa disseminada. São tumores volumosos, de baixo potencial maligno, que se apresentam com maior frequência em mulheres jovens entre 18 e 35 anos. Geralmente são assintomáticos ou apresentam clinicamente sintomas inespecíficos como dor abdominal ou presença de massa abdominal. Anatomicamente, localizam-se mais frequentemente na cauda do pâncreas, seguidos por cabeça e corpo. O tratamento de escolha é a ressecção cirúrgica. O papel da quimioterapia na doença irressecável ou avançada não está claramente definido. São tumores de excelente prognóstico, com sobrevida a 5 anos de quase 100%. Apresentam-se quatro casos clínicos e faz-se uma revisão da literatura.

Ansa pancreática: desafio no diagnóstico etiológico em paciente jovem com pancreatite grave / Ansa pancreatica: etiological diagnosis challenge in a young patient with severe pancreatitis

A ansa pancreática é uma variação anatômica rara dos ductos pancreáticos. Consiste numa comunicação entre o ducto pancreático principal (Wirsung) e o ducto pancreático acessório (Santorini). Recentemente, estudos têm demonstrado estar essa variação anatômica implicada como fator predisponente e significativamente associada a episódios recorrentes de pancreatite aguda. A pancreatite é uma entidade clínica pouco frequente na infância. Diferente dos adultos, as causas mais comuns incluem infecções virais, por ascaris, medicamentosas, traumas e anomalias estruturais. O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar um caso de pancreatite aguda grave não alcoólica e não biliar, em um paciente jovem de 15 anos, em cuja propedêutica imagenológica evidenciou-se alça, comunicando com os ductos pancreáticos ventral e dorsal, compatível com ansa pancreática.

Ansa pancreatica is a rare anatomical variation of the pancreatic ducts. It consists of communication between the main pancreatic duct (Wirsung) and the accessory pancreatic duct (Santorini). Recently, studies have shown that this anatomical variation is implicated as a predisposing factor and significantly associated with recurrent episodes of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatitis is a rare clinical entity in childhood. Different from that in the adults, the most common causes include viral and ascaris infections, drugs, traumas, and structural abnormalities. The objective of this study was to report a case of a severe non-alcoholic and non-biliary acute pancreatitis in a 15-year-old patient, whose propedeutic imaging showed a loop communicating with the ventral and dorsal pancreatic ducts, consistent with ansa pancreatica.

Infrecuente complicación de páncreas ectópico: obstrucción intestinal por pseudoquiste pancreático en píloro / Infrequent complication of heterotopic pancreas: intestinal obstruction by pancreatic pseudocyst in pylorus

Resumen: Presentamos un caso un hombre de 53 años con antecedentes de reflujo gastroesofágico y pirosis con varias visitas al servicio de urgencias por vómitos, con antecedentes de consumo crónico de alcohol. La TC sin y con contraste endovenoso mostró a nivel del píloro una lesion ovoidea de paredes gruesas con captación similar al tejido pancreático, con un gran componente quístico bien delimitado que condiciona una obstrucción intestinal. La ecografía confirma la presencia de una lesión quística con ecos móviles en su interior. Tras la realización de antrectomía, el estudio histológico revela un pseudoquiste pancreático sobre páncreas ectópico, siendo esta presentación muy infrecuente, con pocos casos descritos hasta la fecha. Conclusión: Los hallazgos clínico-radiológicos con TC y US de páncreas ectópico pueden orientar el diagnóstico, aunque no son concluyentes. El diagnóstico definitivo se realiza mediante estudio histológico.

Abstract: A 53 year-old male with a past history of chronic alcohol intake, presents with an intestinal obstruction. A CT scan shows an ovoid tumor in pylorus with a great cystic component, thick wall and delimited rim, causing gastric retention. Its walls have similar enhancing pattern as the pancreatic tissue. Ultrasound revealed the presence of a cystic tumor with mobile echoes inside. After antrectomy the histological study reports pancreatic pseudocyst hosted in ectopic pancreas. This is an unusual presentation and only a few cases have been reported. Conclusion: The clinical and radiographic findings of ectopic pancreas are non-specific. Definitive diagnostic requires histological study.

Tratamiento del pseudoquiste pancreático / Treatment of pancreatic pseudocyst

El pseudoquiste pancreático corresponde a una complicación alejada de la pancreatitis aguda. En nuestro medio son más frecuentes las de etiología biliar. El pseudoquiste se manifiesta en el 10% de estos pacientes. Presentamos el caso de un paciente con un pseudoquiste pancreático resuelto según abordaje endoscópico. Mediante este caso clínico destacamos el abordaje endoscópico de esta patología como un método seguro para el tratamiento de tal complicación.

Pancreatic psudocyst is a late complication of acute pancreatitis. In our environment, cholelithiasis is the most common cause of pancreatitis, and pancreatic pseudocyst occurs in 10% of these patients. We report the case of a patient with a pancreatic psudocyst treated with endoscopic drainage. We highlight that the endoscopic approach is a safe method to treat this complication.

A pancreatic hemorrhagic pseudocyst with pseudoaneurysm and the role of doppler ultrasonography: a case report

SUMMARY Hemorrhagic pseudocysts with pseudoaneurysms are a rare and fatal complication of chronic pancreatitis due to the erosion of pancreatic to peripancreatic arteries. The timing of the rupture cannot be accurately predicted, but prompt diagnosis and management are essential to prevent further bleeding. We describe the case of a 68-year-old man who presented acute epigastric pain and anemia and had a history of chronic pancreatitis with a pseudocyst. A biliary and pancreas MRI showed an enlarged size of a known pancreatic pseudocyst with internal high signal intensity material. Color-Doppler ultrasonography showed pulsating signals in the pseudocyst, and our final diagnosis was a pseudoaneurysm in the pancreatic hemorrhagic pseudocyst. The pseudoaneurysm was successfully treated with coil embolization of the feeding artery. We report this case of a rare complication of chronic pancreatitis to show that color-Doppler ultrasound is a non-invasive and effective diagnostic tool for pseudoaneurysm, which enables early detection and prompt treatment without the need for invasive diagnostic modalities.

Pseudoquiste Pancreático como complicación de una paciente con lupus eritematoso sistémico / Pancreatic pseudocyst as a complication of a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus

Introducción: el pseudoquiste pancreático es una complicación que puede obedecer a factores traumáticos, infecciosos o inflamatorios; aunque puede aparecer a cualquier edad, frecuentemente se presenta en pacientes mayores de 40 años: Sus principales manifestaciones incluyen el dolor abdominal y la presencia de una masa tumoral abdominal. Objetivo: dar a conocer los elementos etiopatogénicos, manifestaciones clínicas y exámenes complementarios que permiten diagnosticar el pseudoquiste pancreático. Caso clínico: paciente femenina, 22 años de edad, con antecedentes de Lupus Eritematoso y que acude con manifestaciones compatibles con el diagnóstico de un pseudoquiste pancreático. Conclusiones: el pseudoquiste pancreático es considerada una complicación poco frecuente pero preocupante que puede poner en peligro la vida de los pacientes. Todos los casos a los cuales se le diagnostique alguna afección pancreática, transitoria o permanente debe tener un seguimiento estricto para advertir la presencia precoz de esta complicación y de esta forma minimizar sus posibles consecuencias para la salud humana(AU)

Introduction: the pancreatic pseudocyst is a complication that may be due to traumatic, infectious or inflammatory factors; Although it can appear at any age, it frequently occurs in patients older than 40 years: Its main manifestations include abdominal pain and the presence of an abdominal tumor mass. Objective: to present the etiopathogenic elements, clinical manifestations and complementary tests that allow to diagnose the pancreatic pseudocyst. Clinical case: female patient, 22 years old, with a history of Lupus erythematosus and who presents with manifestations compatible with the diagnosis of a pancreatic pseudocyst. Conclusions: tha pancreatic pseudocyst is considered an uncommon but worrisome complication that can endanger the life of patients. All cases in which a pancreatic, transient or permanent condition is diagnosed must have a strict follow-up to warn of the early presence of this complication and in this way minimize its possible consequences for human health(AU)

Pseudoquiste pancreático intramural gástrico en páncreas heterotópico, una causa infrecuente de retención gástrica: caso clínico / Gastric intramural pseudocyst in a heterotopic pancreas causing gastric outlet obstruction: report of one case

Heterotopic pancreas is a silent gastrointestinal malformation that may become clinically evident when complicated by inflammation and pseudocyst formation. We report a 26 year-old male presenting with vomiting, pain and abdominal distention. An abdominal CT scan showed an important gastric distention secondary to a 4-cm cystic lesion located in the antrum wall. An endosonography showed that the lesion obstructed the gastric outlet and was compatible with a pseudocyst. A cysto-gastrostomy was performed draining the cyst. Its high lipase and amylase content confirmed that it was a pancreatic pseudocyst. Six months later, the lesion appeared again and a subtotal gastrectomy was performed Histopathology confirmed ectopic pancreatic tissue.

Pseudoquiste pancreático post-traumático en tauromaquia / Traumatic pancreatic pseudocyst in the tauromaquia

Aim: Here we present a case associated with closed abdominal trauma. Case report: Male 21 years old with history of abdominal trauma when riding a bull, managed conservatively with analgesics and antibiotics. Two months later he presented an abdominal painful mass located in epigastrium and middle abdomen. Abdominal USG and CT scan showed the presence of a tumor dependent of the pancreatic tail, with regular margins, compatible with pancreatic pseudocyst; surgical management was decided performing cystogastro anastomosis. Conclusion: This clinical report represent traumatic origin of some pancreatic pseudocysts, surgical indication needs to be personalized.

Objetivo: Presentamos aquí un caso de pseudoquiste de páncreas asociado a traumatismo abdominal cerrado. Caso clínico: Paciente masculino de 21 años de edad que recibe traumatismo directo sobre abdomen por un toro y es manejado de forma conservadora con analgésicos y antibióticos. Dos meses después presenta nuevamente dolor abdominal y aumento de volumen en epigastrio y mesogastrio. El ultrasonido y la TC abdominal evidencian imagen compatible con pseudoquiste pancreático realizándose cistogastroanastomosis. Conclusión: El caso representa la etiología traumática de algunos pseudoquistes de páncreas; las indicaciones quirúrgicas necesitan ser individualizadas.

Uncomplicated spontaneous rupture of the pancreatic pseudocyst into the GUT- C T documentation: a series of two cases

Spontaneous rupture of the pancreatic pseudocyst into the surrounding hollow viscera is rare and, may be associated with life-threatening bleeding. Such cases require emergency surgical intervention. Uncomplicated rupture of pseudocyst is an even rarer occurrence. We present herein two cases of uncomplicated spontaneous rupture of a pancreatic pseudocyst into the stomach with complete resolution

Endoscopic cystogastrostomy.

Endoscopic cystoenterostomy for drainage of pancreatic pseudocyst is a new emerging modality which has rarely been reported in pediatric patients. Only ten successfully performed cases of pediatric endoscopic cystoenterostomy have been reported previously. We report a case of 9 year old male child with post traumatic pseudocyst of pancreas, successfully managed by endoscopic cystogastrostomy. To best of our knowledge, this is the first pediatric case report in Indian literature.

A rare case of pancreatic mediastinal pseudocyst.

Pancreatic pseudocysts are the most common cystic lesions of the pancreas, accounting for 75-80% of such masses. Pancreatic pseudocyst with mediastinal extension is a rare clinical entity and only a handful cases report on dysphagia associated with mediastinal pseudocyst formation.1 We present a case of pancreatic mediastinal pseudocyst that presented with palpitations and dysphagia. Demonstration of cystic lesion in relation to the pancreas on ultrasound and mediastinal extension of the cyst on CT suggested the diagnosis.

Three Cases of Pancreatic Pseudocyst Treated with Transpapillary Endoscopic Management of Pancreatic Duct Disruption after Percutaneous Drainage as a First-line Treatment / 대한소화기학회지

Previously reported series suggested that the morbidity rate of internal surgical drainage procedure alone was about 15% and the mortality rate was less than 5% in patients with pancreatic pseudocysts. Recently, ultrasonography or CT-guided percutaneous drainage and endoscopic drainage techniques have created a new dimension of invasive, non-surgical treatment options for these patients. In the absence of prospective, randomized, controlled studies comparing outcomes of different pseudocysts drainage techniques, the decision as to which method should be employed often lies with local expertise and enthusiasm. In our experience, radiologic percutaneous drainage with subsequent transpapillary endosopic drainage had a high success rate and was relatively less difficult which resulted in rapid clinical improvement. We report three cases of pancreatic pseudocysts treated with percutaneous drainage as a first-line treatment followed by endoscopic treatment.

ERCP in situs inversus: do we need to turn the other way?

Endoscopic procedures are difficult in patients with situs inversus owing to left-right reversal of viscera. Conventionally, reversal of the position of the endoscopist in relation to the patient is advocated to overcome the anatomical difficulty. We describe a patient with chronic calcific pancreatitis and pseudocyst of the pancreas who had situs inversus. ERCP was performed with minor modification of maneuvers with the patient in the usual left lateral decubitus and the endoscopist on the left of the table.

Pancreatic pseudocyst of the kidney: computed tomographic diagnosis.

An unusual location of pancreatic pseudocyst in the renal parenchyma in a patient of chronic calcific pancreatitis is reported. The role of computed tomography in its detection is also high-lighted.