Effects of bisphenol A and bisphenol analogs on the nervous system / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

Estrogen impacts neural development; meanwhile, it has a protective effect on the brain. Bisphenols, primarily bisphenol A (BPA), can exert estrogen-like or estrogen-interfering effects by binding with estrogen receptors. Extensive studies have suggested that neurobehavioral problems, such as anxiety and depression, can be caused by exposure to BPA during neural development. Increasing attention has been paid to the effects on learning and memory of BPA exposure at different developmental stages and in adulthood. Further research is required to elucidate whether BPA increases the risk of neurodegenerative diseases and the underlying mechanisms, as well as to assess whether BPA analogs, such as bisphenol S and bisphenol F, influence the nervous system.

Limits and possibilities experienced by nurses in the treatment of women with chronic venous ulcers / Límites y posibilidades vividas por enfermeras en el tratamiento de mujeres con úlcera venosa crónica / Limites e possibilidades vivenciados por enfermeiras no tratamento de mulheres com úlcera venosa crônica

Objective To understand the experiences and expectations of nurses in the treatment of women with chronic venous ulcers. Method Phenomenological research was based on Alfred Schütz, whose statements were obtained in January, 2012, through semi-structured interviews with seven nurses. Results The nurse reveals the difficulties presented by the woman in performing self-care, the perceived limitations in the treatment anchored in motivation, and the values and beliefs of women. It showed professional frustration because venous leg ulcer recurrence, lack of inputs, interdisciplinary work and training of nursing staff. There was an expected adherence to the treatment of women, and it emphasized the need for ongoing care, supported self-care and standard practices in treatment. Conclusion That treatment of chronic venous leg ulcers constitutes a challenge that requires collective investment, involving women, professionals, managers and health institutions. .

Objetivo Comprender las experiencias y expectativas de enfermeras en el tratamiento de mujeres con úlcera venosa crónica. Método Investigación fenomenológica fundamentada en Alfred Schutz, que buscó Se realizó entrevista semiestructurada con siete enfermeras, en enero del 2012. Resultados La enfermera revela dificultades presentadas por la mujer para realizar el autocuidado, percibe limitaciones en el tratamiento relacionadas con la desmotivación, los valores y las creencias de las mujeres. Refiere frustración profesional debido a la recidiva de la lesión, a la falta de insumos, al deficiente trabajo interdisciplinar y a la limitada capacitación del equipo de enfermeras. Espera la adhesión de la mujer al tratamiento y resalta la necesidad del cuidado continuo, del autocuidado apoyado y de estandarizar conductas de tratamiento. Conclusión El tratamiento de la úlcera venosa crónica es un desafío que requiere contribución colectiva, involucrando a las mujeres, a los profesionales, a los gestores y a las instituciones de salud. .

Objetivo Compreender as experiências e expectativas de enfermeiras no tratamento de mulheres com úlcera venosa crônica na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Método Pesquisa fundamentada na fenomenologia social de Alfred Schütz, com depoimentos obtidos em janeiro de 2012, por meio de entrevista semiestruturada com sete enfermeiras. Resultados As enfermeiras revelam dificuldades apresentadas pelas mulheres com úlcera venosa crônica para realizar o autocuidado, percebem limitações na terapêutica ancoradas na desmotivação e nos valores e crenças das mulheres. Referem frustração profissional em razão da recidiva da lesão, falta de insumos e tecnologia, de trabalho interdisciplinar e da capacitação da equipe de enfermagem. Esperam a adesão das mulheres ao tratamento e ressaltam a necessidade do cuidado contínuo, do autocuidado apoiado e da padronização de condutas no tratamento. Conclusão O tratamento da úlcera venosa crônica constitui-se em um desafio que requer investimento coletivo, envolvendo a mulher, os profissionais, os gestores e as instituições de saúde. .

Effect of alternating the magnetic feld on phosphate metabolism in the nervous system of Helix pomatia

The effect of extremely low frequency magnetic felds (50 Hz, 0.5 mT) - ELF-MF, on phosphate metabolism has been studied in the isolated ganglions of the garden snail Helix pomatia, after 7 and 16 days of snail exposure to ELF-MF. The infuence of ELF-MF on the level of phosphate compounds and intracellular pH was monitored by 31P NMR spectroscopy. Furthermore, the activity of enzymes involved in phosphate turnover, total ATPases, Na+/K+-ATPase and acid phosphatase has been measured. The exposure of snails to the ELF-MF for the period of 7 days shifted intracellular pH toward more alkaline conditions, and increased the activity of investigated enzymes. Prolonged exposure to the ELF-MF for the period of 16 days caused a decrease of PCr and ATP levels and decreased enzyme activity, compared to the 7-day treatment group. Our results can be explained in terms of: 1. increase in phosphate turnover by exposure to the ELF-MF for the period of 7 days, and 2. adaptation of phosphate metabolism in the nervous system of snails to prolonged ELF-MF exposure.

Prolonged constriction of sciatic nerve affecting oxidative stressors & antioxidant enzymes in rat.

Background & objective: This study was carried out to determine the effects of reactive oxygen species in the balance between the pro-oxidant and antioxidant levels in experimental peripheral constriction injury induced by silver wire looping of sciatic nerve of rats. Methods: Rats were divided into experimental group 1 (silver wire ligated) and group 2 (control, sham operated). Functional and behavioural activities were assessed by a modifi ed Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) locomotory rating scale. Mechanical pain intensity was measured with Randall and Selitto apparatus. Foot positioning, toe spread, paw withdrawal threshold and paw withdrawal latency were carried out on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 in rats with chronic pain. Oxidative stress markers such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) were measured along with antioxidants such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and reduced glutathione (GSH) on day 30 after constriction in sciatic nerve, spinal cord, dorsal root ganglion, dorsal root and ventral root. Results: Signifi cant : Signififi (P<0.05) increase in MDA, AOPP, SOD and GPx and decrease in the GSH and catalase activities in sciatic nerve, spinal cord, dorsal root ganglion, dorsal root and ventral root were observed in experimental group rats compared to control group. There was no recovery in foot positioning and toe spread. Reduced paw withdrawal threshold and paw withdrawal latency was observed in ligated rats compared to control rats. Interpretation & conclusion: Foot positioning, toe spread, paw withdrawal threshold and paw withdrawal latency with no recovery until day 30 confi rmed locomotory defi cits, hyperalgesia and neuronal impairment. Oxidative stress evidenced by increased MDA, AOPP and decreased GSH and catalase support the generation of reactive oxygen species in constriction model. The present experimental model for chronic pain induced by silver wire spirally coiled around sciatic nerve may be useful for future studies.

Molecular biology of neuronal voltage-gated calcium channels

No abstract available.

La enfermedad de Alzheimer y el rol de la apolipoproteina E / Alzheimer's disease and the role of apolipoprotein E

La enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) es una tendencia progresiva que afecta al adulto mayor y cuyas lesiones características son: las placas seniles, los ovillos neurofibrilares y los depósitos vasculares de amiloide. Uno de los componentes principales de las placas seniles es el péptido beta-amiloide (A4), cuya proteína precursora esta codificada en el cromosoma 21. La EA además está relacionada con los cromosomas 14 y 19. En este último se encuentra el gen de la poliproteína E (apoE). La apoE es una proteína de gran importancia en el sistema nervioso, que también se encuentra en las tres lesiones características de la EA. Parte de su función se relaciona con la reparación neuronal, debido a su capacidad de transportar lípidos a los sitios de regeneración. Existen 3 alelos para la apoE, el e2, el e3 y el e4, siendo el alelo e3 el más frecuente en la población mundial. Interesantemente, existe una correlación positiva entre el alelo e4 de la apoE y la EA, constituyendo este alelo un factor de riesgo para la enfermedad. Esta y otras evidencias han llevado apostular diversas hipótesis acerca de la participación de la apoE en el desarrollo de la EA. Una de ellas se refiere a la interacción entre la apoE4 y el péptido A4, la cual conduciría a la formación de las placas neuríticas. Alternativamente, se postula un papel para la apoE en la formación de los ovillos neurofibrilares. Finalmente, se considera el daño neuronal como un factor de riesgo adicional para la EA, en el que se vería favorecido el encuentro entre la apoE y el A4, con el consiguiente mayor depósito de amiloide en las placas neuríticas

Neurotransmissores no sistema nervoso central / Neurotransmitters in the central nervous system

O autor apresenta uma breve revisäo dos principais neurotransmissores no SNC. A distribuiçäo anatômica dos neurotransmissores bem como os mecanismos de síntese e degradaçäo säo rapidamente resumidos. Algumas das características dos diferentes subtipos de receptores para alguns neurotransmissores individuais säo apresentadas na tentativa de indicar a possível relevância terapêutica desses novos conceitos