Leituras sobre o sanitarismo desenvolvimentista e interpretações para a reforma sanitária brasileira e a saúde coletiva / Readings about developmentalist health and interpretations for the Brazilian health reform and public health

Resumo Na literatura do campo da saúde coletiva há uma construção que sustenta a associação entre o movimento pela reforma sanitária dos anos 1970 e o que se denominou sanitarismo desenvolvimentista. A partir dos discursos de dois sanitaristas do período desenvolvimentista - Mário Magalhães da Silveira e Carlos Gentile de Mello -, buscou-se reconhecer como se deu a construção desse lugar de "precursor" da reforma sanitária. Foi feita a análise das interfaces entre a saúde coletiva, o pensamento desenvolvimentista, a estratégia de construção do "sanitarista desenvolvimentista" e a reforma sanitária. Sem negar o papel precursor daqueles sanitaristas, argumenta-se que a construção do Sistema Único de Saúde não é uma mera continuidade do pensamento desenvolvimentista.

Abstract In the Brazilian public health literature, an association has been drawn between the 1970s health reform movement and what has been called developmentalist health. By investigating the discourse of two sanitarians from the developmentalist period - Mario Magalhães da Silveira and Carlos Gentile de Mello - we seek to unpick how their status of "precursors" of the health reform was constructed, analyzing the interfaces between public health, developmentalist thinking, the strategy for the construction of the developmentalist health and the health reform. Without refuting the pioneering nature of the sanitarians' ideas, we argue that the Brazilian Unified Health System, Sistema Único de Saúde, was created not simply in continuation of developmentalist thinking.

Saberes médicos y reflexiones morales durante el período rosista: Buenos Aires, 1835-1847 / Medical knowledge and moral reflections during the Rosas era: Buenos Aires, 1835-1847

Resumen Este artículo analiza cómo el discurso médico incorpora una serie de reflexiones sobre las conductas morales en Buenos Aires en la primera parte del siglo XIX. A través del estudio de tres textos, cuyos autores son los médicos Diego Alcorta, Guillermo Rawson y Francisco Javier Muñiz se identifican una serie de registros argumentales que resaltan el funcionamiento de los órganos, la cuestión de la herencia y la gravitación del clima en función de reflexionar sobre la moralidad de los individuos y las poblaciones. Este fenómeno de transferencia de saberes se debe a la presencia de la tradición médica francesa sumándose a factores locales derivados del intenso proceso de politización de la sociedad bajo el segundo gobierno de Juan Manuel de Rosas.

Abstract This article analyzes how medical discourse incorporated a series of reflections on moral behaviors in Buenos Aires in the early nineteenth century. Based on the study of three texts authored by the physicians Diego Alcorta, Guillermo Rawson and Francisco Javier Muñiz, it identifies a series of discursive registers that stress the role of organ functions, the question of heredity and the influence of climate in reflections on the morality of individuals and populations. This phenomenon of knowledge transfer is due to the presence of the French medical tradition, in addition to local factors stemming from the intense process of politicization of society under the second administration of Juan Manuel de Rosas.

La subnormalidad a debate: discursos y prácticas sobre la discapacidad intelectual en el segundo franquismo / Subnormality under debate: discourses and policies on intellectual disability during the late Franco regime

Resumen Durante las dos últimas décadas de la dictadura franquista, las personas con discapacidad intelectual se convirtieron en objeto de preocupación de la sociedad española y protagonizaron un debate en el que participaron el Estado, la Iglesia, algunos grupos profesionales y sus propias familias. Este debate estuvo alimentado por ideas que circulaban en el contexto internacional y que defendían el derecho de estas personas a incorporarse a la sociedad y a disfrutar de las mismas oportunidades que el resto de los individuos. El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar las circunstancias que favorecieron la aparición de esta preocupación y apuntar los elementos que sirvieron para configurar los discursos y guiar las prácticas sobre la discapacidad intelectual desarrolladas en el segundo franquismo.

Abstract During the last two decades of the Franco dictatorship, intellectually disabled people became an object of concern on the part of Spanish society and the center of a debate involving the state, the church, certain professional groups and families of those affected. This debate was stoked by ideas circulating in the international setting about the right of the intellectually disabled to integrate into society and enjoy the same opportunities as other individuals. This article seeks to identify the circumstances that led to the emergence of this concern and to note the elements that helped construct the discourses and govern the practices on intellectual disability that developed during the later years of the Franco regime.

Un enigma llamado Agostino Gemelli: catolicismo, fascismo y psicoanálisis en la Italia de entreguerras / An enigma named Agostino Gemelli: Catholicism, fascism and psychoanalysis in Italy during the inter-war period

Resumen El padre franciscano Agostino Gemelli jugó importante rol en la articulación entre el mundo católico y el fascismo en la Italia de entreguerras. Gemelli fue también una figura central de la psicología italiana, especialmente durante las décadas de 1930 y 1940. El artículo enfoca sus estrategias de construcción profesional, con especial atención, la manera en que su vinculación con el poder político y eclesiástico permitió su creciente relevancia dentro de la psicología italiana. Tomando como ejemplo la vinculación de Gemelli con el psicoanálisis, se subraya la tensión entre su relativa apertura y su compromiso con ideologías e instituciones autoritarias y dogmáticas.

Abstract The Franciscan friar Agostino Gemelli has been the subject of much research and debate. This is due to his important political profile and, above all, to the role he played in mediating between the Catholic world and fascism in Italy during the inter-war period. Gemelli was also a central figure in Italian psychology, especially during the 1930s and 1940s. This article is structured to focus in particular on the way that his connections with political and ecclesiastic powers allowed him to become increasingly significant within Italian psychology. Using the example of Gemelli’s relationship with psychoanalysis, this study highlights the tension between his relatively open-minded stance and his links to authoritarian, dogmatic ideologies and institutions.

Política de saneamento básico no Brasil: discussão de uma trajetória / Basic sanitation policy in Brazil: discussion of a path

Resumo O artigo demonstra que a posição de dominância das empresas estaduais de saneamento condiciona o processo decisório da política pública de saneamento no Brasil. A hegemonia dessas empresas é aqui explicada por meio da análise de uma trajetória que foi capaz de criar incentivos políticos e econômicos que permitiram sua consolidação no tempo. A partir da análise de conteúdo da legislação proposta para o setor e do material produzido pelos grupos de interesse envolvidos na aprovação de um novo marco regulatório setorial em 2007, o trabalho identifica as principais fontes de incentivo instituídas pela adoção do Plano Nacional de Saneamento que explicariam determinados aspectos estruturais na política atual de saneamento e sua forte resiliência às inovações propostas no contexto democrático.

Abstract This article demonstrates that the position of dominance enjoyed by state sanitation companies dictates the public policy decision-making process for sanitation in Brazil. These companies’ hegemony is explained here through the analysis of a path that generated political and economic incentives that have permitted its consolidation over time. Through the content analysis of the legislation proposed for the sector and the material produced by the stakeholders involved in the approval of new regulations for the sector in 2007, the study identifies the main sources of incentive introduced by the adoption of the National Sanitation Plan, which explain certain structural features of the current sanitation policy and its strong capacity to withstand the innovations proposed under democratic rule.

Fome, comida e bebida na música popular brasileira: um breve ensaio / Hunger, food and drink in Brazilian popular music: a brief overview

O artigo reflete sobre como as temáticas fome, consumo de refrigerantes e consumo de feijão com arroz são enfocadas na música popular brasileira. Investigamos os anos de ditadura militar (1964-1985). O foco da análise é a chamada canção de protesto, gênero musical caracterizado por críticas estético-cultural, político-ideológica e social aos governos militares. Tomando como referencial teórico os estudos de ideologia e filosofia da linguagem de Mikhail Bakhtin, evidenciamos que a canção de protesto retratou elementos dos contextos econômico, político e social, e propiciou a difusão de hábitos e ideologias alimentares saudáveis ou não saudáveis, contribuindo para a construção da identidade alimentar brasileira.

The article reflects on how the themes of hunger, consumption of soft drinks and consumption of beans and rice are addressed in Brazilian popular music. We investigate the years of military dictatorship (1964-1985). The focus of the analysis is on the so-called protest song, a musical genre characterized by aesthetic, cultural, political, ideological and social criticism to military rule. The study of the ideology and philosophy of language of Mikhail Bakhtin is the theoretical reference; especially his concepts of “ideological sign” and “word.” Analysis reveals that the protest song portrayed elements of the economic, political and social contexts and led to the diffusion of healthy or unhealthy eating habits or ideologies, contributing to the construction of the Brazilian dietary identity.

Políticas sanitarias locales puestas a prueba: consultores, expertos, misiones internacionales y poliomielitis en España, 1950-1975 / Local health policies under the microscope: consultants, experts, international missions and poliomyelitis in Spain, 1950-1975

Este trabajo analisa las misiones de expertos de organismos sanitarios internacionales en España destinadas a informar sobre la situación, las actividades realizadas y las intervenciones necesarias en la lucha contra la discapacidad física de los niños. El Plan España-23 fue el instrumento utilizado por la OMS y otras agencias para poner en marcha el proceso de cambio en un país en transformación durante la larga etapa de vigencia de la dictadura franquista. El trabajo utiliza como fuentes informes inéditos de expertos de la OMS, que fueron resultado de visitas realizadas al país entre 1950 y 1975. El abordaje metodológico consistió en un análisis del discurso que se encuentra en las fuentes y su contextualización en los marcos historiográficos pertinentes.

One of the main focuses of analysis of this paper concerns the missions of international health agency experts to Spain to report on the situation, the activities in the fight against physical disabilities in children and on the actions taken to cope with the problem. The Spain-23 Plan was the instrument used by WHO and other agencies to start the process of change in a country undergoing a period of transformation under the enduring Franco dictatorship. As key sources, the paper uses unpublished reports of WHO experts on the subject, which resulted from visits to the country between 1950 and 1975. The methodological approach consists of an analysis of discourses from primary sources within the historiographical framework.

GOVERNAMENTALIDADES NEOLIBERAIS E DISPOSITIVOS DE SEGURANÇA / GOVERNAMENTALIDADES Y DISPOSITIVOS DE SEGURIDAD NEOLIBERAL / NEOLIBERAL GOVERNMENTALITY AND SAFETY DEVICES

Este artigo visa a realizar um debate teórico por meio das análises de Michel Foucault e de Robert Castel, entre outros, a respeito dos mecanismos de segurança e das estratégias de governamentalidade neoliberal, na sociedade contemporânea. Os cursos Em defesa da sociedade, Segurança, território e população e Nascimento da Biopolítica, de Foucault, inauguraram uma discussão relevante a respeito dos racismos de Estado e de sociedade, de seus paradoxos, nas democracias, e de seus efeitos a partir da emergência do neoliberalismo norte-americano e alemão, após a II Guerra Mundial, que foram difundidos em outros países, sobretudo na década de noventa do século XX, com especificidades em cada país, mas com pontos de conexão que nos permitem traçar um diagrama da sociedade de segurança e de como ela opera por táticas de governo das condutas, também denominadas governamentalidades, por Foucault...

Este artículo tiene como objetivo hacer un debate teórico a través del análisis de Michel Foucault y Robert Castel, entre otros, en relación con los mecanismos y estrategias de la gubernamentalidad neoliberal en la sociedad contemporánea de seguridad. Cursos En defensa de la sociedad, Seguridad, territorio, población y Nacimiento de la biopolítica, Foucault, inauguraron una discusión relevante del racismo de Estado y la sociedad, sus paradojas, en las democracias, y su efecto sobre la aparición de neoliberalismo americano y alemán, después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, que se emite en otros países, especialmente en los años noventa del siglo XX, con las especificidades de cada país, pero con puntos de conexión que nos permiten dibujar un diagrama de la empresa de seguridad y su funcionamiento por las tácticas del gobierno de los conductos, también llamado governamentalidades por Foucault...

This article aims at a theoretical debate through the analysis of Michel Foucault and Robert Castel, among others, about the security mechanisms and strategies of neoliberal governmentality in contemporary society. Foucault's courses In defense of society, Security, territory and population and The Birth of Biopolitics have opened a relevant discussion about the racism of state and society, its paradoxes in democracies, and effects on the emergence of North America and Germany's neoliberalism after World War II, which was broadcast to other countries, especially in the nineties of the twentieth century, with each country's specificities, but with connection points that allow us to draw a diagram of how society security operates for the conduct of government tactics, also called governmentality by Foucault...

Experiencias autogestionarias en salud: El legado de Gandulfo en La Hoja Sanitaria y el Policlínico de la Organización Sindical Industrial Workers of the World (1923-1942) / Self-Management and health: Gandulfo's legacy in the“Sanitary Page” and worker’s polyclinic

There are many ways to understand self-management. They vary from Government-dependent technical-administrative meanings (i.e. hospital self-management, in the context of health reform in Chile), to those related to efforts to abolish the State. Thus, the "self-management" concept was developed from the very beginning by the anarchist movement as one of its organizational principies. Henee, there is a need to break myths and prejudices about anarchist philosophy seen as a synonym of chaos, and to review its deeply constructive aspects and its highly moral character, hand in hand with genuine self-management in health. In this context, the work of Juan Gandulfo, a physician and anarchist, in the management of the Worker Polyclinic of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) and its diffusion media "The sanitary page" must be emphasized. The aim of this paper is to review the history of particular initiatives in self management, complementing them with some biographical aspects of Dr. Gandulfo's life.

Invasão da FNM: 40 anos / The invasion of the FNM (National Faculty of Medicine): 40 years

Revisita a invasão da Faculdade Nacional de Medicina, Praia Vermelha, na madrugada de 23 de setembro de 1966, pelas forças policiais do regime militar. Conhecido como Massacre da Praia Vermelha, o episódio, que violentou a autonomia universitária, marca até hoje o imaginário da instituição.

Servicios de salud y sistema político: Argentina, Brasil y Chile entre 1920 y 1970 / Health services and political system: Argentina, Brazil and Chile between 1920 and 1970

Compara los sistemas de servicios de atención médica en tres países latinoamericanos durante su emergencia y consolidación entre 1920 y 1970. Su enfoque, claramente distanciado de las interpretaciones estructuralistas, se apoya en el institucionalismo histórico y discute esos procesos de construcción de los estados de bienestar en la periferia prestando especial atención a las relaciones entre los partidos políticos, los grupos de interés, las instituciones y la mayor o menor fortaleza del aparato del Estado.

Alienacao e trabalho / Alienation and work

A obra de Marx apresenta um modelo de compreensao singular sobre a complexidade e contradicoes das relacoes sociais no modo de producao capitalista e suas...

Modernización, medicina, enfermedades y salud pública en la ciudad de Caracas: (1870-77) / Modernization, medicine, disease, and public health in Caracas: (1870-1877)

Entre los años de 1870 y 1877, bajo el primer período del gobierno presidido por el general y licenciado, Antonio Guzmán Blanco, se adelantan un conjunto de iniciativas orientadas a modernizar la sociedad, el gobierno y el Estado venezolano. La ciudad de Caracas es el escenario privilegiado para ejecutar una variedad de obras y medidas reformistas que buscan convertir a la ciudad capital en un espacio urbano que se corresponda con las características de las principales ciudades europeas. El ejercicio y enseñanza de la medicina, las medidas orientadas hacia un mejoramiento de las condiciones sanitarias y la manifestación expresa de una disposición para atacar por medio de normas y resoluciones legales las enfermedades que más daño ocasionaban entre los caraqueños, se ubican entre las principales medidas que se desarrollan en estos años. El gobernante y la elite profesional que lo rodea intentan crear las condiciones adecuadas para atraer el capital y los esperados inmigrantes europeos.

The medical system and its characteristics during the Koryo Dynasty period / 의사학

This article explores the medical system of the Koryo Dynasty period and its social characteristics. First, the structure of medical system and roles of medical institutions during the Koryo Dynasty period will be summarized. Then, the characteristics of the medical system will be identified through exploring the principles of its formation in a view of social recognition of medical care and a view of public policy. During the Koryo Dynasty period, medical experts were trained in national education institutions from the early days of Dynasty. After trained, they were appointed to the posts at government service with their medical profession. In the meantime, they sought ways to ascend their social position. Physicians of Oriental medicine were appointed to the posts at each local government and troops to take charge of medical treatments of the common people. Also, the state tried to assume the reins of medical system by actively taking part in circulation (collection and distribution) of herb. Taeuigam and Sangyakguk represent central medical institutions of the Koryo, taking charge of medical service for the aristocracy and the bureaucracy. The Common people were treated at DongSeoDaeBiWOn, JeWuiBo, HyeMinGuk, and YakJum in SeoKyung. However, activities of these institutions became less active around the days of military officials regime, as officers became negligent and financial base went broken. The roles of medical institutions of the Koryo government were not restricted to the treatment of diseases. Policies for the common people were constituted by two main policies, the policy for encouraging agriculture and the policy for giving relief to people. Medical institutions, with other social systems, had a social responsibility to support the governing system of the Koryo and maintain the stability of the society. In this aspect, medical institutions such as DongSeoDaeBiWon and JeWuiBo, and relief institutions such as UiChang, were all related and connected organically, and they were results of, and bases of the relief policy. However, medical system for the common people was made up first for practical needs and then improved successively. Allocation of medical experts and execution of relief work were carried out by each local government, except the case of serious disaster, which central government took part in. As the Koryo Dynasty went into its latter period, temporary institutions and one - time benefits replaced permanent institutions. These four characteristics described above were systemic characteristics of medical system during the Koryo Dynasty period.

The History of Korean Traditional Medicine / 의사학

Records of ethnic medicine in the Kokuryo, Baekjae and Shilla dynasties can be found in foreign literature, and evidence that a medicine unique to Korean was being developed in the Koryo dynasty can be found in Korean historical records. With the founding of Chosun, Hyang-yak medicine was established, and a medicine purely and uniquely Korean took root. The Chosun dynasty saw the development of a new form of medicine called Dong-Ui medicine, and an independent system emphasizing practicality was established as the new tradition of Korean medicine. Korean medicine continued in the Chosun dynasty without significant changes from the Koryo dynasty. However, tides of enlightenment brought Western medicine onto the shores of the Korean peninsula. Western medicine began to gain the recognition and trust of part of the royal court. Nonetheless, ordinary people still preferred Dong-Ui, Korean medicine, and they did not have a full understanding of Western medicine. As Chosun began to adopt enlightenment policies in the footsteps of Japan through the Kabo (1894) Revolution, Japan drove the Ching rulers out of the Korean peninsula and openly started interfering in Chosun's internal affairs. After repelling Russia, Japan's intervention in the Korean peninsula became even more aggressive, taking over Chosun's politics, diplomacy and military. Its encroachment on Chosun's sovereignty was at times even more cruel than during Japan's Meiji period.

Sown a seed of Ayurveda in the Nizam dominion.

In the name of Trillinga Ayurveda Vidya Peetham a seed for Ayurveda with a school & free Ayurveda dispensary along with a Sanskrit school was sowed at Warangal by some eminent devoted private practitioners of Ayurveda and Philanthropists. The city of Warangal is a historical place and once a capital of Kakatiya Kingdom, though it was part and parcel of Nizam dominion. In fact such steps taken by Private Organisations for establishment of Ayurvedic system of Medicine in Hyderabad and in Andhra region at Bejwada is appreciable.

Política Social del Neoliberalismo y la Infancia / Social policy of neoliberalism and childhood

El sistema económico mundial, es decir, el capitalismo, está en crisis. A pesar o además del fracaso social, económico y político de los colectivismos burocráticos, hay muy pocos investigadores e intelectuales que no están de acuerdo en que el capitalismo ha perpetuado las crisis. Son muchos también los investigadores que se han ocupado del tema desde Marx y Rosa Luxemburgo hasta el presente. Habermas ha analizado y reflexionado sobre la crisis que vive el capitalismo tardío o avanzado. Según este autor "las crisis surgen cuando la estructura de un sistema de sociedad admite menos posibilidades de resolver problemas que las requeridas para su conservación". Habermas se basa en la teoría de sistemas para este análisis de los problemas de legitimación en el capitalismo tardío. Lo interesante de la interpretación, entre otras cosas, es que las crisis "no se reproducen por vía de alteraciones contingentes del ambiente, sino por causa de imperativos del sistema, ínsitos en sus estructuras que son incompatibles y no admiten ser ordenados en una jerarquía". En esta situación se encuentra en peligro la integración social y se producen procesos de desintegración de instituciones sociales. Se puede hablar en estos casos de crisis de identidad social. Uno de los problemas que el capitalismo no ha solucionado es la pobreza. Como paliativo de las diferencias e injusticias sociales y de las iniquidades, han surgido desde principios de siglo numerosas teorías económicas. Sin duda la más conocida ha sido toda la política keynesiana, a través del llamado Estado Benefactor. El neoliberalismo es mucho más que una doctrina macroeconómica "supone una concepción ética, ideológica y cultural". Se puede entender como un modelo o paradigma social. Si bien se vincula con el liberalismo de los clásicos en la importancia del individuo y el mercado en la sociedad, tiene diferencias importantes en la concepción de mecanismos externos reguladores del mercado y también diferencias conceptuales importantes en su concepción del conocimiento teórico y del funcionamiento político

El neoliberalismo y la educación / Neoliberalism and education

El objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar las situaciones económicas, sociales y políticas concretas que determinan el afianzamiento de la hegemonía neoliberal en el mundo actual, para indagar de qué manera la oferta de modernización económica, profundización de la democracia, bienestar y justicia social presente en el discurso oficial, se transforma en la realidad, gracias a la racionalidad instrumental del paradigma neoliberal, en promotora de una sociedad autoritaria, antidemocrática, ingobernable y violenta. Este análisis permite examinar las consecuencias del neoliberalismo para el sistema educativo y sus implicaciones en la política educativa, especialmente en lo que se refiere a la universidad venezolana

A violência do trabalho no capitalismo: o caso das lesöes dos membros superiores por esforços repetitivos em trabalhadores bancários / The violence of work in capitalism: the case of upper extremity lesions, by repetitive strain injury (SRI) in workers of banks

Na primeira parte do estudo, intitulada de Violência Explícita do Trabalho, sustenta-se que o perfil de morbi-mortalidade da classe trabalhadora acompanha os ciclos de desenvolvimento e crise do capitalismo. Relata a evoluçäo das instituiçöes financeiras no país e da categoria bancária, especialmente no banco investigado. Säo revistos os modos de adoecer e morrer dessa categoria, vítima coletiva de uma doença do trabalho, as lesöes por esforços repetitivos (LER). Os próprios trabalhadores adoecidos se fizeram sujeitos e pesquisados desse estudo de desenho híbrido, baseado em 525 questionários que preencheram e em 346 depoimentos que escreveram. Sob o ponto de vista quantitativo, trata-se de um estudo descritivo numa amostra näo probabilística de 1223 casos de LER notificados pela empresa ao Instituto Nacional de Seguro Social. A análise dos 346 depoimentos revela sentimentos de perda e medo de incapacidade, esforço para aceitar os novos limites e vontade de retornar ao trabalho para evitar a discriminaçäo e marginalizaçäo social e afetiva. Revelam-se, também, as representaçöes que construiram das diversas instituiçöes às quais tiveram que recorrer.