Análisis fitoquímico preliminar y actividad antifúngica In vitro del extracto etanólico de las hojas de Solanum hispidum pers. Colectadas en la localidad Obraje - Perú / Preliminary phytochemical analysis and in vitro antifungal activity of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Solanum hispidum pers. collected in the locality in Obraje - Peru

RESUMEN Objetivo . Analizar y determinar la actividad antifúngica in vitro del extracto etanólico de las hojas de Solanum hispidum Pers. Materiales y métodos . Se realizó el análisis fitoquímico preliminar cualitativo mediante reacciones de color y precipitación. Se investigó la actividad antifúngica in vitro frente a Candida albicans, Aspergillus brasilensis y Trichophyton mentagrophytes usando el método de difusión en pozo de agar y el ensayo de la concentración mínima inhibitoria (CMI). Resultados . El análisis fitoquímico preliminar cualitativo mostró la presencia de compuestos fenólicos, taninos, flavonoides, esteroides, alcaloides y saponinas. La actividad antifúngica in vitro fue demostrada para todos cultivos fúngicos con halos de inhibición entre 23 a 26 mm. Los valores de la CMI fueron de 125, 250 y 125 µg/mL para C. albicans, A. brasilensis y T. mentagrophytes, respectivamente. Conclusiones. El extracto etanólico de las hojas de Solanum hispidum Pers contiene importantes metabolitos secundarios y tiene moderada actividad antifúngica.

ABSTRACT Objective. To analyze and determine the in vitro antifungical activity of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Solanum hispidum Pers. Materials and methods. We carried out a preliminary qualitative phytochemical analysis by color and precipitation reactions. We evaluated the in vitro antifungical activity against Candida albicans, Aspergillus brasilensis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes by using the agar well diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay. Results. Preliminary qualitative phytochemical analysis showed the presence of phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids and saponins. In vitro antifungal activity was demonstrated for all fungal cultures with inhibition halos between 23 to 26 mm. The MIC values were 125, 250, and 125 μg/mL for C. albicans, A. brasilensis, and T. mentagrophytes, respectively. Conclusions. The ethanolic extract of the leaves of Solanum hispidum Pers. contains important secondary metabolites and has moderate antifungical activity.

Luminosity, temperature, and substrates on the germination of Solanum capsicoides

Solanum capsicoides, commonly known as red soda apple, is a little-studied species with phytotherapeutic characteristics of interest to the pharmaceutical industry. However, little is known about its agronomic characteristics. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effect of light, different temperatures, and substrates on the germination of S. capsicoides seeds. The study consisted of two experiments: Experiment I - Germination of S. capsicoides seeds under different wavelengths. The seeds were kept on Petri dishes covered with Germitest™ paper moistened with distilled water and exposed to the monochromatic, red, far-red, and dark wavelengths. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with four replications of 25 seeds. Experiment II - Germination of S. capsicoides seeds on different substrates and at different temperatures. The seeds were distributed according to six substrates: paper roll, on paper, between sand, on sand, on soil + sand + manure, and between soil + sand + manure. The seeds were also subjected to the constant temperatures of 20, 25, 30, and 35 °C and the alternate temperatures of 20-30, 20-35, 25-30, and 25-35 °C, characterizing a 6 x 8 factorial arrangement. Germination rate, germination speed index, and mean germination time were evaluated. Red soda apple seeds are classified as positive photoblastic, with the highest germination rate occurring at the temperature of 20-35 °C combined with on paper, paper roll, on sand, and between sand substrates.

Quantitative standardization of pharmacologically active components from antiplasmodial plant Solanum nudum Dunal (wild and in vitro) / Estandarización cuantitativa de componentes farmacológicamente activos de la planta antiplasmodial Solanum nudum Dunal (silvestre e in vitro)

Solanum nudum Dunal (Solanaceae) is most commonly known andused by the population of the colombian Pacific coast as an antimalarial treatment. This article study into optimization and quantitative analysis of compounds steroidal over time of development of this species when grown in vitro and wild. A new steroidal compound named SN6 was elucidated by NMR and a new method of quantification of seven steroidal compounds (Diosgenone DONA and six steroids SNs) using HPLC-DAD-MS in extracts of cultures in vitroand wild was investigated. Biology activity of extracts was found to a range of antiplasmodial activity in FCB2 and NF-54 with inhibitory concentration (IC50) between (17.04 -100µg/mL) and cytotoxicity in U-937 of CC50 (7.18 -104.7µg/mL). This method creates the basis for the detection of seven sterols antiplasmodial present in extracts from S. nudum plant as a quality parameter in the control and expression of phytochemicals.

Solanum nudum Dunal (Solanaceae) es el más conocido y utilizado por la población de la costa del Pacífico colombiano como tratamiento antipalúdico. Este artículo estudia la optimización y el análisis cuantitativo de compuestos esteroides a lo largo del tiempo de desarrollo de esta especie cuando se cultiva in vitro y en forma silvestre. Un nuevo compuesto esteroideo llamado SN6 fue dilucidado por RMN y se investigó un nuevo método de cuantificación de siete compuestos esteroides (Diosgenone DONA y seis esteroides SN) usando HPLC-DAD-MS en extractos de cultivos in vitro y silvestres. La actividad biológica de los extractos se encontró en un rango de actividad antiplasmodial en FCB2 y NF-54 con concentración inhibitoria (IC50) entre (17.04 -100 µg/mL) y citotoxicidad en U-937 de CC50 (7.18 -104.7 µg/mL). Este método crea la base para la detección de siete esteroles antiplasmodiales presentes en extractos de planta de S. nudum como parámetro de calidad en el control y expresión de fitoquímicos.

Size-dependent sex allocation in Solanum lycocarpum St. Hil. (Solanaceae) / Alocação de sexo dependente de tamanho em Solanum lycocarpum St. Hil. (Solanaceae)

Resource allocation to reproduction can change depending on size, as predicted by the size-dependent sex allocation. This theory is based on the fact that small individuals will invest in the allocation of sex with lower cost of production, usually male gender. In plants, there are some andromonoecy species, presence of hermaphrodite and male flowers in the same individual. Andromonoecy provides a strategy to optimally allocate resources to male and female function, evolving a reproductive energy-saving strategy. Thus, our objective was to investigate the size-dependent sex allocation in Solanum lycocarpum St. Hil. We tested the hypothesis that plants with larger size will invest in the production of hermaphrodite flowers, because higher individuals have greater availability of resources to invest in more complex structures involving greater energy expenditure. The studied species was S. lycocarpum, an andromonoecious species. From June 2016 to March 2017 the data were collected in 38 individuals, divided in two groups: the larger plant group (n=18; height=3-5 m) and the smaller plant group (n=20; height=1-2 m).Our data show that there was effect of plant size on the flower production and the sexual gender allocation. The larger plants showed more flowers and higher production of hermaphrodite flowers. Furthermore, in the flower scale, we observed allometric relationship among the flower's traits with proportional investments in biomass, anther size and gynoecium size. Our results are in agreement with size-dependent sex allocation theory and andromonoecy hypothesis related to mechanisms for optimal resource allocation to male and female function.

A alocação de recursos para reprodução pode mudar dependendo do tamanho, conforme previsto pela alocação sexual dependente do tamanho. Essa teoria é baseada no fato de que indivíduos pequenos investirão na alocação sexual com menor custo de produção, geralmente do sexo masculino. Nas plantas, existem algumas espécies andromonoicas, presença de hermafrodita e flores masculinas no mesmo indivíduo. A andromonoicia fornece uma estratégia para alocar recursos de maneira ideal às funções masculina e feminina, desenvolvendo uma estratégia reprodutiva de economia de energia. Assim, nosso objetivo foi investigar a alocação sexual dependente do tamanho em Solanum lycocarpum St. Hil. Testamos a hipótese de que plantas de maior tamanho investirão na produção de flores hermafroditas, pois indivíduos mais altos economizam mais disponibilidade de recursos para investir em estruturas mais complexas que envolvem maior gasto de energia. A espécie estudada foi S. lycocarpum, uma espécie andromonoica. De junho de 2016 a março de 2017, os dados foram coletados em 38 indivíduos, divididos em dois grupos: o maior grupo de plantas (n = 18; altura = 3-5 m) e o menor grupo de plantas (n = 20; altura = 1-2 m). Nossos dados mostram que houve efeito do tamanho da planta na produção de flores e na alocação sexual. As plantas maiores apresentaram mais flores e maior produção de flores hermafroditas. Além disso, observamos uma relação alométrica entre as características da flor, com investimentos proporcionais em biomassa, tamanho da antera e tamanho do gineceu. Nossos resultados estão de acordo com a teoria de alocação de sexo dependente de tamanho e a hipótese de andromonoicia relacionada a mecanismos para a alocação ótima de recursos para a função masculina e feminina.

Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus availability on the early growth of two congeneric pairs of savanna and forest species / Efeitos da disponibilidade de nitrogênio e fósforo no crescimento inicial de dois pares congenéricos de espécies de savana e floresta

In the tropical region, savannas and seasonal forests, both highly diverse biomes, occur side by side, under the same climate. If so, that mosaic cannot be explained solely by climatic variables, but also by fire, water availability and soil status. Nutrient availability in the soil, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, has been postulated to explain the abrupt transitions between savannas and seasonal forests in tropical regions. Plants from these two biomes may present different nutritional strategies to cope with nitrogen and phosphorus limitation. We used two congeneric pairs of trees — each pair with a species from the savanna and another from the neighboring seasonal forest — to test whether savanna and forest species presented different nutritional strategies during their early development. We cultivated 56 individuals from each of these species in a hydroponics system with four treatments: (1) complete Hoagland solution, (2) Hoagland solution without nitrogen, (3) Hoagland solution without phosphorus, and (4) Hoagland solution without nitrogen and phosphorus. After 45 days, we harvested the plants and measured total biomass, root to shoot ratio, height, leaf area, and specific leaf area. Overall, savanna species were lighter, shorter, with smaller leaves, higher specific leaf areas, and higher root to shoot ratios when compared to the forest species. Nitrogen increased the performance of species from both biomes. Phosphorus improved the performance of the forest species and caused toxicity symptoms in the savanna species. Hence, savanna and forest species presented different demands and were partially distinct already as seedlings concerning their nutritional strategies.

Em regiões tropicais, savanas e florestas estacionais, biomas altamente diversos, ocorrem lado a lado, sob o mesmo clima. Sendo assim, esse mosaico não pode ser explicado somente por variáveis climáticas, devendo ser considerada a frequência e intensidade de incêndios, disponibilidade de água e status do solo. A disponibilidade de nutrientes no solo, especialmente nitrogênio e fósforo, tem sido postulada para explicar as transições abruptas entre savanas e florestas estacionais nos trópicos. Espécies vegetais desses dois biomas podem apresentar estratégias nutricionais diferentes para lidar com a limitação tanto de nitrogênio como de fósforo. Utilizamos dois pares de árvores congenéricas — cada par com uma espécie típica de savana e outra de floresta estacional vizinha — para testar se as espécies da savana e da floresta apresentaram estratégias nutricionais diferentes durante seu desenvolvimento inicial. Cultivamos 56 indivíduos de cada uma dessas espécies em um sistema hidropônico com quatro tratamentos: (1) solução Hoagland completa, (2) solução Hoagland sem nitrogênio, (3) solução Hoagland sem fósforo e (4) solução Hoagland sem nitrogênio e fósforo. Após 45 dias, colhemos as plantas e medimos a biomassa total, a relação raiz / parte aérea, altura, área foliar e área foliar específica. No geral, as espécies savânicas foram mais leves, menores em altura, área foliar e área foliar específica e apresentaram maiores razões entre biomassa radicular por biomassa aérea quando comparadas às espécies florestais. A oferta de nitrogênio aumentou o desempenho das espécies de ambos biomas. O fósforo melhorou o desempenho das espécies florestais e causou sintomas de toxicidade nas espécies savânicas. Concluímos que, já como mudas, espécies congenéricas de savana e floresta apresentaram demandas distintas e foram parcialmente diferentes em relação a suas estratégias nutricionais.

Size-dependent sex allocation in Solanum lycocarpum St. Hil. (Solanaceae) / Alocação de sexo dependente de tamanho em Solanum lycocarpum St. Hil. (Solanaceae)

Resource allocation to reproduction can change depending on size, as predicted by the size-dependent sex allocation. This theory is based on the fact that small individuals will invest in the allocation of sex with lower cost of production, usually male gender. In plants, there are some andromonoecy species, presence of hermaphrodite and male flowers in the same individual. Andromonoecy provides a strategy to optimally allocate resources to male and female function, evolving a reproductive energy-saving strategy. Thus, our objective was to investigate the size-dependent sex allocation in Solanum lycocarpum St. Hil. We tested the hypothesis that plants with larger size will invest in the production of hermaphrodite flowers, because higher individuals have greater availability of resources to invest in more complex structures involving greater energy expenditure. The studied species was S. lycocarpum, an andromonoecious species. From June 2016 to March 2017 the data were collected in 38 individuals, divided in two groups: the larger plant group (n=18; height=3-5 m) and the smaller plant group (n=20; height=1-2 m).Our data show that there was effect of plant size on the flower production and the sexual gender allocation. The larger plants showed more flowers and higher production of hermaphrodite flowers. Furthermore, in the flower scale, we observed allometric relationship among the flower's traits with proportional investments in biomass, anther size and gynoecium size. Our results are in agreement with size-dependent sex allocation theory and andromonoecy hypothesis related to mechanisms for optimal resource allocation to male and female function.

A alocação de recursos para reprodução pode mudar dependendo do tamanho, conforme previsto pela alocação sexual dependente do tamanho. Essa teoria é baseada no fato de que indivíduos pequenos investirão na alocação sexual com menor custo de produção, geralmente do sexo masculino. Nas plantas, existem algumas espécies andromonoicas, presença de hermafrodita e flores masculinas no mesmo indivíduo. A andromonoicia fornece uma estratégia para alocar recursos de maneira ideal às funções masculina e feminina, desenvolvendo uma estratégia reprodutiva de economia de energia. Assim, nosso objetivo foi investigar a alocação sexual dependente do tamanho em Solanum lycocarpum St. Hil. Testamos a hipótese de que plantas de maior tamanho investirão na produção de flores hermafroditas, pois indivíduos mais altos economizam mais disponibilidade de recursos para investir em estruturas mais complexas que envolvem maior gasto de energia. A espécie estudada foi S. lycocarpum, uma espécie andromonoica. De junho de 2016 a março de 2017, os dados foram coletados em 38 indivíduos, divididos em dois grupos: o maior grupo de plantas (n = 18; altura = 3-5 m) e o menor grupo de plantas (n = 20; altura =1-2 m). Nossos dados mostram que houve efeito do tamanho da planta na produção de flores e na alocação sexual. As plantas maiores apresentaram mais flores e maior produção de flores hermafroditas. Além disso, observamos uma relação alométrica entre as características da flor, com investimentos proporcionais em biomassa, tamanho da antera e tamanho do gineceu. Nossos resultados estão de acordo com a teoria de alocação de sexo dependente de tamanho e a hipótese de andromonoicia relacionada a mecanismos para a alocação ótima de recursos para a função masculina e feminina.

HPLC-DAD analysis, antifungal and antioxidant activity of Solanum dolichosepalum bitter extracts and fractions

Abstract Solanum dolichosepalum is a plant with anti-infective effects. It is a healing agent and has ethnopharmacological uses. In this study, the antifungal activity of extracts and fractions of this species on C. albicans and F. oxysporum was evaluated. The antioxidant activity was measured using the ABTS and DPPH methods, and by determining the total content of phenolic compounds. An HPLC-DAD qualitative analysis was carried out to identify phenolic compounds and alkaloids. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated. Inhibitory effects were found in all the extracts and fractions on the analyzed microorganisms. F. oxysporum was the microorganism most sensitive to the action of S. dolichosepalum extracts. All extracts and fractions showed antioxidant activity, with the acetone extract and the acetone fraction being those that generated the best results. The content of total phenolic compounds showed that acetone has a greater affinity with the phenolic compounds present in S. dolichosepalum. In this plant, p-Hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, ferulic, trans-cinnamic, caffeic, p-coumaric, and rosmarinic acids were found, as well as theobromine, quercetin, and luteolin. The content of total phenolic compounds was determined to be directly proportional to the inhibition of the ABTS and DPPH radicals, and the inhibition of the analyzed microorganisms. It was determined that the extracts and fractions obtained from S. dolichosepalum show antioxidant and antifungal activity.

Steroidal saponins from the roots of Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. (Solanaceae) have inhibitory activity against dengue virus and yellow fever virus

Dengue is the most important arthropod-borne viral disease worldwide. Infection with any of the four dengue virus (DENV) serotypes can be asymptomatic or lead to disease with clinical symptoms ranging from undifferentiated and self-limiting fever to severe dengue disease, which can be fatal in some cases. Currently, no specific antiviral compound is available for treating DENV. The aim of this study was to identify compounds in plants from Paraguayan folk medicine with inhibitory effects against DENV. We found high virucidal activity (50% maximal effective concentration (EC50) value of 24.97 µg/mL) against DENV-2 in the ethanolic extract of the roots of Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. (Solanaceae) without an evident cytotoxic effect on Vero E6 cells. Three saponins isolated from the root extract showed virucidal effects (EC50 values ranging from 24.9 to 35.1 µg/mL) against DENV-2. Additionally, the saponins showed inhibitory activity against yellow fever virus (EC50 values ranging from 126 to 302.6 µg/mL), the prototype virus of the Flavivirus genus, suggesting that they may also be effective against other members of this genus. Consequently, these saponins may be lead compounds for the development of antiviral agents.

Media preferences, micro-morphometric analysis, and cardinal growth temperature determination for Phytophthora infestans sensu lato isolated from different hosts in Colombia / Preferências de mídia, análise micro-morfométricos e determinação da temperature cardeal de crescimento para Phytophthora infestans sensu lato isolada de diferentes hospedeiros na Colômbia

Abstract During the last years Phytophthora infestans sensu lato (Mont. De Bary) has caused epidemics in Colombia in Andean fruit crops such as Solanum quitoense and Solanum betaceum. Establishment of new or modified experimental procedures to study this pathogen is a mandatory subject for scientists. Twelve isolates of Phytophthora spp. obtained from six different Solanum hosts in Colombia were used to evaluate the effect of five different solid media for growth and ability to produce sporangia and liberate zoospores. Determination of the best media culture and optimal growth temperature were necessary to perform measurements and correlate the provenance of isolates with phenotypic traits. Modifications were made to use ingredients available in local markets on the following media: lime bean agar (LBA), Tree tomato or tree tomato agar (TA), carrot agar (AZ), Rye A modified agar and 32% non-clarified V8 agar. Cardinal temperature determination was performed at 10, 15, 20, and 25 °C. Morphometric traits were measured once the optimal media culture and temperature were defined. Correlation analysis showed that there is a relationship between the host and isolate's preferences for media culture and optimal growth temperature. In addition, the production of characteristic sporangia, sporangiophore and mycelia was related with the media type used and host from which the isolate was collected. In this work useful information was provided to make studies about the biology and development of isolates gathered from cultivated and wild non-traditional hosts.

Resumo Durante os últimos anos Phytophthora infestans sensu lato causou epidemias na Colômbia em lavouras de frutos andinos, como Solanum quitoense e Solanum betaceum. Estabelecimento de procedimentos experimentais novos ou modificados para estudar este patógeno é um assunto obrigatório para os cientistas. Doze isolados de Phytophthora spp. obtidos de seis diferentes hosts Solanum na Colômbia foram usados para avaliar o efeito de cinco diferentes mídias sólidas para o crescimento e a capacidade de produzir esporângios e libertar zoósporos. Determinação da melhor cultura de mídia e temperatura de crescimento ideal foram necessárias para realizar medições e correlacionar a proveniência de isolados com traços fenotípica. Foram feitas modificações para usar os ingredientes disponíveis nos mercados locais nos seguintes meios: ágar do feijão de cal (LBA), tomate da árvore ou ágar do tomate da árvore (TA), ágar da cenoura (AZ), centeio um ágar modificado e 32% de ágar-V8 não-esclarecido. A determinação da temperatura Cardeal foi realizada em 10, 15, 20 e 25 °C. Traços morfométricos foram medidos uma vez que a cultura de mídia ideal e temperatura foram definidos. Análise de correlação mostrou que há uma relação entre o hospedeiro e isolar as preferências para a cultura de mídia e temperatura de crescimento ideal. Além disso, a produção de esporângios característica, esporangióforo e mycelia foi relacionada com o tipo de mídia utilizado e hospedeiros a partir do qual o isolado foi coletado. Neste trabalho foram fornecidas informações úteis para fazer estudos sobre a biologia e o desenvolvimento de isolados recolhidos de hospedeiros não-tradicionais cultivados e selvagens.

Neurological diseases in cattle caused by plants and mycotoxins in Santa Catarina state, Brazil / Enfermidades neurológicas em bovinos causadas por plantas e micotoxinas no estado de Santa Catarina

This study described the epidemiological and clinical-pathological aspects of 25 outbreaks of neurological diseases in cattle caused by plants and mycotoxins in Santa Catarina state. Six of them were due to Sida carpinifolia poisoning, five to Solanum fastigiatum, five to Phalaris angusta, three to Claviceps paspali, three to Claviceps purpurea, and three outbreaks were of unknown etiology. The clinical signs observed in the affected cattle were mild to severe and characterized by generalized muscle tremors, incoordination, hypermetria, wide-based stance, intentional head tremors, dull staring eyes, and frequent ear twitching, with convulsions in some cases. At necropsy, lesions were observed only for P. angusta poisoning, characterized by gray-greenish discoloration in thalamus and midbrain. Microscopically, rarefaction and/or disappearance of Purkinje neurons with substitution by Bergmann cells were observed for S. carpinifolia and S. fastigiatum poisoning. For P. angusta poisoning, thin granular brown-yellowish pigment was observed in the cytoplasm of some neurons. Gross and microscopic findings were not observed in three outbreaks of tremorgenic disease of unknown etiology. Experiments conducted with leaves, flowers and seeds of Ipomoea indivisa and Ipomoea triloba, as well as with maize and soybean residues contaminated with Ipomoea spp. did not reproduced clinical signs.(AU)

Descrevem-se os aspectos epidemiológicos e clinico-patológicos de 25 surtos de enfermidade neurológica em bovinos no estado de Santa Catarina causadas por plantas e micotoxinas. Destes, seis corresponderam a intoxicação por Sida carpinifolia, cinco por Solanum fastigiatum, cinco por Phalaris angusta, três por Claviceps paspali, três por Claviceps purpurea e três surtos de etiologia não definida. Os sinais clínicos observados nos bovinos afetados eram de intensidade leve a acentuada e caracterizados por tremores musculares generalizados, incoordenação, hipermetria, aumento da base de sustentação, balanço contínuo de cabeça, olhar atento e movimentos frequentes de orelhas, e em alguns surtos convulsões. Por meio de necropsia foram observadas alterações somente na intoxicação por P. angusta as quais caracterizaram por coloração cinza-esverdeada no tálamo e mesencéfalo. Na histologia, rarefação e/ou desaparecimento de neurônios de Purkinje com substituição por células de Bergmann foram observadas na intoxicação por S. carpinifolia e S. fastigiatum. Na intoxicação por P. angusta foi observado no citoplasma de alguns neurônios do tronco encefálico com pigmentação finamente granular marrom-amarelada. Nos três surtos de enfermidade tremorgênica com etiologia não definida não foram observadas lesões macroscópicas e microscópicas. Experimentos com folhas, flores e sementes de Ipomoea indivisa e Ipomoea triloba e resíduos de milho e soja contaminados com sementes destas duas plantas não produziram alterações clínicas.(AU)

New steroidal alkaloid and furostanol glycosides isolated from Solanum lyratum with cytotoxicity / 中国天然药物

Two previously undescribed steroidal compounds, 16, 23-epoxy-22, 26-epimino-cholest-22(N), 23, 25(26)-trien-3β-ol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside (1) and 26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(25R)-5α-furost-20(22)-en-3β, 26-diol (2), together with 7 known ones including 26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(25R)-5, 20(22)-dien-furost-3β, 26-diol (3), (25R)-5-en-spirost-3β-ol-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-[α-L-rhmanopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-galactopyranoside (4), funkioside D (5), aspidistrin (6), tigogenin-3-O-β-D-lucotrioside (7), desglucolanatigonin II (8), and degalactotigonin (9), were isolated from Solanum lyratum Thunb. Their cytotoxic activities were tested in two cancer cell lines by MTT method. One of the steroidal glycosides (6) showed significant cytotoxic activity against gastric cancer SGC7901 and liver cancer BEL-7402 cells.

New steroidal alkaloid and furostanol glycosides isolated from Solanum lyratum with cytotoxicity / 中国天然药物

Two previously undescribed steroidal compounds, 16, 23-epoxy-22, 26-epimino-cholest-22(N), 23, 25(26)-trien-3β-ol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside (1) and 26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(25R)-5α-furost-20(22)-en-3β, 26-diol (2), together with 7 known ones including 26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(25R)-5, 20(22)-dien-furost-3β, 26-diol (3), (25R)-5-en-spirost-3β-ol-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-[α-L-rhmanopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-galactopyranoside (4), funkioside D (5), aspidistrin (6), tigogenin-3-O-β-D-lucotrioside (7), desglucolanatigonin II (8), and degalactotigonin (9), were isolated from Solanum lyratum Thunb. Their cytotoxic activities were tested in two cancer cell lines by MTT method. One of the steroidal glycosides (6) showed significant cytotoxic activity against gastric cancer SGC7901 and liver cancer BEL-7402 cells.

Reproductive biology of endemic Solanum melissarum Bohs (Solanaceae) and updating of its current geographic distribution as the basis for its conservation in the Brazilian Cerrado / Biologia reprodutiva da endêmica Solanum melissarum Bohs (Solanaceae) e atualização da distribuição geográfica atual, como base para a sua conservação no Cerrado Brasileiro

Abstract The genus Solanum (family Solanaceae) includes more than 1400 species and has buzz-pollinated flowers with poricidal anthers. The present study aimed to describe the distribution, breeding system and pollination mechanism of Solanum melissarum, a species endemic to Brazil. The study of breeding system was conducted in an urban forest fragment in Jataí, GO. Distribution data were gathered from floristic surveys and digital plant databases. The floral morphology and the pollination mechanism were studied on through field observations and preserved flowers. The breeding system was determined through hand pollination treatments. The species has a distribution only in the Brazilian Atlantic forest coastal, and this study provides the first records of S. melissarum for the state of Goiás. The pendulous flowers have poricidal anthers close to the stigma, with membranous thecae joined by a connective bearing osmophores that attract males of Euglossa cordata bees. As they collect fragrances, the bees press the thecae and pollen is released through a bellows mechanism. Based on the hand-pollination treatments, this species is self-incompatible. Isolated forest fragments may not include enough pollinators to ensure the pollination of plants with specialized systems. However, they are essential for the conservation of species with interesting phytogeographic patterns, such as the vicariance observed in S. melissarum, and for the conservation of regional diversity.

Resumo O gênero Solanum (família Solanaceae) inclui mais de 1400 espécies e apresenta polinização vibrátil e flores com anteras poricidas. O estudo tem o objetivo de descrever a distribuição, sistema reprodutivo e o mecanismo de polinização de Solanum melissarum, uma espécie endêmica do Brasil. O estudo da biologia reprodutiva foi conduzido em um fragmento florestal urbano em Jataí, GO. As informações de distribuição foram obtidas através de trabalhos florísticos e de banco de dados digitais de plantas. A morfologia floral e o mecanismo de polinização foram estudados através de observações diretas em campo e em flores preservadas. O sistema reprodutivo foi determinado a partir de tratamentos de polinização manual. A espécie apresentava distribuição somente na Mata Atlântica litorânea brasileira, e este estudo demonstrou o primeiro registro de S. melissarum para o estado de Goiás. As flores são pendentes e com anteras poricidas próximas ao estigma, com tecas membranosas envoltas por um conectivo giboso com osmóforos que atraem machos da abelha Euglossa cordata. Na coleta de fragrâncias, as abelhas pressionam as tecas e o polén é liberado por um mecanismo de fole. Baseado nos tratamentos de polinização manual, a espécie é autoincompatível. Fragmentos florestais isolados podem não incluir polinizadores suficientes para garantir a polinização das plantas com sistemas especializados, no entanto, eles são essenciais para a conservação de espécies com padrões fitogeográficos interessantes, como o vicariância observada em S. melissarum, e também para a conservação da diversidade regional.

Estudio fitoquímico preliminar y evaluación de la actividad antibacteriana del Solanum Dolichosepalum Bitter (Frutillo) / Preliminary phytochemical study and evaluation of the antibacterial activity of Solanum Dolichosepalum Bitter (frutillo)

Introducción: Solanum dolichosepalum Bitter, llamada comúnmente frutillo, es tradicionalmente usada en Colombia como antibacteriano, antiinflamatorio, cicatrizante y en enfermedades renales. La escasa información en bases de datos sobre la planta en estudio no permitió referenciar un mayor número de artículos actuales. Objetivo: evaluar la actividad antibacteriana de extractos obtenidos del fruto de S. dolichosepalum y realizar un estudio fitoquímico preliminar. Método: la actividad antimicrobiana fue evaluada a partir de cuatro fracciones (F) obtenidas del extracto etanólico de los frutos secos deS. dolichosepalum frente a cepas de Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus y Pseudomona aeruginosa por el método de Kirby-Bauer. La primera fracción se sometió a cromatografía en columna y a sus fracciones se les evaluó la concentración inhibitoria mínima (MIC) por el método de microdilución. Los metabolitos responsables de la actividad antimicrobiana se identificaron por cromatografía de capa delgada en placas de sílica gel (MERCK) y lámpara ultravioleta (365nm). Se realizó finalmente un estudio fitoquímico del extracto etanólico de los frutos para evaluar la presencia de metabolitos bioactivos. Resultados: las pruebas fitoquímicas del extracto etanólico revelaron la presencia de alcaloides, esteroides y/o triterpenoides libres, taninos, saponinas, flavonoides y glucósidos cardiotónicos. De las cuatro fracciones obtenidas a partir de este extracto, las fracciones F1 y F2 tuvieron MIC de 31,25 y 15,62 mg/mL, respectivamente frente a E. coli y de 500 y 31,25 mg/mL frente a S. aureus. F3 y F4 no presentaron inhibición y ninguna fracción tuvo actividad frente a P. aeruginosa. Las fracciones obtenidas por cromatografía en columna a partir de F1 se denominaron F1A, F1B, F1C y F1D; la fracción F 1B mostró la mayor actividad antimicrobiana, con MICs de 35 y 17,5 mg/mL frente a S. aureus y E. coli respectivamente. Conclusiones: los resultados obtenidos confirman el uso tradicional delS. dolichosepalum como antibacteriana, con actividad frente a E. coli y S. aureus(AU)

Introduction: Solanum dolichosepalum Bitter, commonly known as frutillo, has been traditionally used in Colombia as antibacterial, antiinflammatory and cicatrizant, and to treat renal disease. Due to the scant information about the study plant contained in databases, it was not possible to reference a larger number of current papers. Objective: Evaluate the antibacterial activity of extracts obtained from the fruit of S. dolichosepalum and conduct a preliminary phytochemical study. Method: The Kirby-Bauer method was applied to four fractions (F) obtained from the ethanolic extract of dry fruits of S. dolichosepalum to evaluate antimicrobial activity against strains ofEscherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomona aeruginosa. The first fraction underwent column chromatography and its fractions were tested for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using the microdilution method. Metabolites responsible for antimicrobial activity were identified by thin layer chromatography on silica gel plates (MERCK) with an ultraviolet lamp (365 nm). Finally, a phytochemical study was conducted of the ethanolic extract of the fruits to determine the presence of bioactive metabolites.Results: Phytochemical testing of the ethanolic extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, steroids and/or free triterpenoids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids and cardiotonic glucosides. Of the four fractions obtained from the extract, fractions F1 and F2 had an MIC of 31.25 and 15.62 mg/mL, respectively, against E. coli, and 500 and 31.25 mg/mL against S. aureus. F3 and F4 did not show any inhibition, and no fraction displayed any activity against P. aeruginosa. The fractions obtained by column chromatography from F1 were named F1A, F1B, F1C and F1D. Fraction F1B showed the highest antimicrobial activity, with MICs of 35 and 17.5 mg/mL against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. Conclusions: The results obtained confirm the validity of the traditional use ofS. dolichosepalum as antibacterial, with activity against E. coli and S. aureus(AU)

Bioguided fractionation from Solanum elaeagnifolium to evaluate toxicity on cellular lines and breast tumor explants / Fraccionamiento biodirigido de Solanum elaeagnifolium para evaluar la toxicidad en líneas celulares y explantes de tumor de mama

Background: Bioactive compounds from the fruit of S. elaeagnifolium were isolated since could be highly potential source to develop functional foods or pharmaceutical products. Objectives: In this study a bioguided fractionation of the methanolic extract from S. elaeagnifolium fruit was carried out to evaluate their cytotoxicity and antitumoral potential on several cell lines and breast tumor explants, respectively. Methods: Microdilution method with A. salina was used to isolate bioactive compounds. Fractionation was performed by vacuum liquid chromatography, and the monitoring from fractions was done by thin layer chromatography. The effect of the fractions on viability in Vero, HeLa, and MCF-7 cells was assessed using WST-1 assay, whereas in breast tumor explants was evaluated by Alamar blue assay. A qualitative phytochemical analysis was performed to partially identify the compounds contained in the fractions and a spectroscopic characterization by RP-HPLC-MS was done to identify the group of compounds responsible for the effect on the cell lines and the mammary explants. Results: Several fractions were isolated from the fruit of S. elaeagnifolim. Notwithstanding, the FVLC7 showed a higher activity in A. salina assay. This fraction reduced the viability at 39 ± 1.67, 15.05 ± 0.09 and 66.10 ± 4 % in Vero, HeLa and MCF-7 cells, at 100 mg/mL, respectively. On the other hand, showed an effect in breast tumor explants obtained from a patient in remission. Qualitative phytochemical analysis showed that FVLC7 contains alkaloids, coumarins, and sesquiterpene lactones. Characterization by RP-HPLC-MS detected quinic acid, chlorogenic acid, dicaffeoylquinic acid as well as presence of an alkaloid. Conclusion: On this basis, our results suggest that cytotoxic effect of FVLC7 isolated from the fruit of S. elaeagnifolium could be mediated by quinic, chlorogenic, and dicaffeoylquinic acids

Antecedentes: Los compuestos bioactivos del fruto de S. elaeagnifolium fueron aislados ya que representan compuestos con un alto potencial para el desarrollo de alimentos funcionales o productos farmacéuticos. Objetivos: En este estudio se realizó un fraccionamiento biodirigido de un extracto metanólico de frutos de S. elaeagnifolium para evaluar la citotoxicidad y el potencial antitumoral en los explantes de tumor de mama. Métodos: Se utilizó el método de microdilución con A. salina para aislar los compuestos bioactivos. El fraccionamiento se realizó mediante cromatografía de líquido a vacío, y la monitorización de las fracciones se realizó por cromatografía en capa fina. La viabilidad de las fracciones en las líneas de células Vero, HeLa y MCF-7 se evaluó usando el ensayo WST-1, mientras que en los explantes tumorales de mama se evaluaron mediante el ensayo azul de Alamar. Así mismo, se realizó un análisis fitoquímico cualitativo para identificar parcialmente los compuestos que contenían las fracciones y una caracterización espectroscópica por RPHPLC-MS de los compuestos responsables del efecto sobre las líneas celulares y los explantes mamarios. Resultados: De todas las fracciones aisladas de S. elaeagnifolium, la fracción FVLC7 (100 µg/mL) tuvo la actividad más alta en el ensayo de A. salina. Por otra parte, redujo la viabilidad un 39 ± 1,67, 15,05 ± 0,09 y 66,10 ± 4,44% en las células Vero, HeLa y MCF-7, respectivamente. Esta fracción mostró un efecto en los explantes de tumor de mama obtenidos de un paciente en remisión. El análisis fitoquímico cualitativo reveló que la FVLC7 contiene alcaloides, cumarinas y lactonas sesquiterpénicas. La caracterización por RP-HPLC-MS detectó ácido quínico, ácido clorogénico, ácido dicafeoilquínico así como presencia de un alcaloide. Conclusión: Nuestros resultados sugieren que el efecto tóxico de la fracción FVLC7 aislada del fruto de S. elaeagnifolium podría deberse a los ácidos quínico, clorogénico y dicafeoilquínico.

Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) ethanol extract elicits anti-inflammatory effects via the nuclear factor kappa B pathway and rescues mice from septic shock

Solanum lycopersicum, commonly known as tomato, is widely used in raw, cooked, or liquid forms because it contains nutritional compounds that are beneficial for human health, including carotenoids, lycopene, ascorbic acid, vitamins, and minerals. The tomato is perhaps the most widely studied fruit, especially with respect to its cardioprotective effects. In this study, we aimed to identify the anti-inflammatory mechanisms by which the tomato elicits its anti-inflammatory properties. We treated murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells with a tomato ethanol extract and performed various biochemical assays including nitric oxide inhibition, cell viability, RNA extraction, expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines, and immunoblotting, as well we assessed cell survival rates. Our results have shown for the first time that a tomato ethanol extract treatment can suppress nitric oxide production in a dose-dependent manner without cytotoxicity. Moreover, it inhibits the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines and elicits its anti-inflammatory effects via the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. In addition, administration of tomato syrup potently rescued mice from septic shock induced by lipopolysaccharide injection. Collectively, our results elucidate details regarding the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of tomato.

Frugivory and seed dispersal of Solanum granuloso-leprosum Dunal (Solanaceae) by birds in deciduous seasonal forest / Frugivoria e dispersão de sementes em Solanum granuloso-leprosum Dunal (Solanaceae) por aves em Floresta Estacional Decidual

Abstract The goal of this study was to identify which bird species consume Solanum granuloso-leprosum fruits and disperse its seeds. 60 hours of focal observations were carried out between April and May 2006 on the edge of a deciduous forest fragment in the Uruguay River region, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Ten species were observed in total removing 443 fruits. Saltator similis removed 61.8% of the fruits, followed by Tangara sayaca (17.1%), Pipraeidea bonariensis (11.7%), and T. preciosa (6.8%), while the remaining six species accounted for only 2.5% of the fruits removed. Most fruit removal occurred early in the day or mid-afternoon. The most common feeding behaviors were picking (60.7%), followed by stalling (23%) and hovering (16%). Birds flew more than 10 m from the fruit plant in 62% of the removal events. All bird species observed here may be considered potential dispersers of S. granuloso-leprosum, as they moved the seeds away from the mother plant where strong competition and predation are likely to occur. Results also suggest that S. granuloso-leprosum may be useful in ecological restoration programs.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar quais as espécies de aves consomem frutos de Solanum granuloso-leposum e dispersam suas sementes. Para tanto, 60 horas de observações focais foram realizadas entre abril e maio de 2006 na borda de um fragmento de floresta decídua na região do rio Uruguai, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Dez espécies foram observadas removendo 443 frutos. Saltator similis removeu 61,8% dos frutos, seguido de Tangara sayaca (17,1%), Pipraeidea bonariensis (11,7%), e T. preciosa (6,8%), enquanto as restantes seis espécies representaram apenas 2,5% dos frutos removidos. A maioria das remoções dos frutos ocorreram no início do dia ou meio da tarde. Os comportamentos alimentares mais comuns foram picking (60,7%), seguido por stalling (23%) e hovering (16%). As aves voaram mais de 10 m da planta de onde removeram frutos em 62% dos eventos de remoção. Todas as espécies de aves observadas aqui podem ser consideradas potenciais dispersores de S. granuloso-leprosum, moveram sementes para longe da planta-mãe, onde a concorrência e a predação são mais susceptíveis de ocorrer. Os resultados também sugerem que S. granuloso-leprosum pode ser útil em programas de restauração ecológica.

Vasodilatory properties of Solanum crispum Ruiz & Pav. a South American native plant / Propiedad vasodilatadora de Solanum crispum Ruiz & Pav. una planta nativa de América de Sur

Solanum crispum Ruiz & Pav. (S. crispum) is a southern South American native plant that is usually used in traditional medicine for the treatment of symptoms associated with both, acute and chronic ailments. Enema and infusion of leaves and stems are used to treat fever, headache, inflammation and hypertension. In this study, we aim to assess the vasoactive effect of hydroalcoholic extracts of S. crispum on isolated rat aorta rings. The hydroalcoholic extract of S. crispum induced a vasodilatory effect (42.6 +/- 4.1 percent) in aortic rings precontracted with phenylephrine (0.1 μM). The aortic relaxation was largely endothelium-dependent and mediated by nitric oxide (NO). The endothelium- and NO-dependence was demonstrated by a drastic fall in the dilatation induced by the extract when the endothelium was removed (10.6 +/- 2.3 percent) and when nitric oxide synthase (NOS) was inhibited (12.3 +/- 2.5 percent) by nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA). This result supports the popular use of S. crispum in the treatment of hypertension that may be due, at least in part, to the vasodilator effect of one o more compounds present in their leaves and stems. Further studies should be performed to clarify this phenomenon.

Solanum crispum Ruiz & Pav. (S. crispum) es una planta nativa de América del Sur meridional que se utiliza generalmente en medicina tradicional para el tratamiento de los síntomas asociados con dolencias agudas y crónicas. El enema y la infusión de las hojas y tallos se utilizan para tratar la fiebre, el dolor de cabeza, la inflamación y la hipertensión. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto vasoactivo de un extracto hidroalcohólico de S. crispum en anillos aislados de aorta de rata. El extracto hidroalcohólico de S. crispum indujo un efecto vasodilatador (42,6 +/- 4,1 por ciento) en anillos aórticos precontraídos con fenilefrina (0,1 μM). La relajación de la aorta fue en gran parte dependiente del endotelio y mediada por el óxido nítrico (NO). La dependencia de endotelio y NO se demostró por una caída drástica de la dilatación inducida por el extracto cuando el endotelio fue removido (10,6 +/- 2,3 por ciento) y cuando se inhibió la óxido nítrico sintasa (NOS) (12,3 +/- 2,5 por ciento) mediante nitro-L-arginina (L-NNA). Este resultado apoya el uso popular de S. crispum en el tratamiento de la hipertensión que puede ser debido, al menos en parte, al efecto vasodilatador de uno o más compuestos presentes en sus hojas y tallos. Se deben realizar más estudios para aclarar este fenómeno.