Quais as medicações antiarrítmicas indicadas para o tratamento da taquicardia ventricular no paciente com cardiopatia estrutural? / Which antiarrhythmic drugs are indicated for the management of ventricular tachycardia in patients with structural heart disease?

As taquicardias ventriculares são as arritmias cardíacas com maior potencial de instabilidade clínica e mortalidade cardíaca. Embora possam ocorrer no contexto de pacientes sem cardiopatia estrutural demonstrável, quase sempre ocorrem em coração estruturalmente alterado, com substrato anatômico para reentradas. As alterações cardíacas podem ser isquêmicas e não isquêmica. A distinção entre as etiologias é importante por terem diferentes mecanismos e origens de taquicardia ventricular, que irá determinar a escolha do tratamento adequado das arritmias ventriculares e prevenção de morte súbita. Os principais objetivos no manejo destes pacientes são: a reversão imediata da taquicardia, a prevençãode recorrências e a redução da mortalidade cardiovascular. Atualmente os fármacos com eficácia e perfil de segurança mais utilizados para tratamento de taquicardia ventricular em pacientes com cardiopatia estrutural são os betabloqueadores, amiodarona e sotalol. Com exceção dos betabloqueadores, os antiarrítmicos não possuem a eficácia em manejo primário ou na prevenção de morte súbita demonstrada em estudos clínicos randomizados atuais de forma consistente. Em portadores de cardiodesfibrilador implantável, os antiarrítmicos podem atuar na supressão das taquicardias ventriculares não sustentadas e sustentadas, na lentificação das taquicardias ventriculares com intuito de facilitar a reversão por antitachycardia pacing e prevenir sincopes, além de controlas as taquicardias supraventriculares. Devido aos efeitos colaterais e potencial efeito pró-arrítmico, devem ser utilizados com precaução e com controle adequado...

Ventricular tachycardia is the cardiac arrhythmia with the most potential to result in clinical instability and cardiac mortality. Although it can occur in patients without structural heart disease, it tends to occur where there is underlying heart disease, with anatomical substrate for reentry. It can be subdivided into ischemic and non-ischemic. This is an important distinction, because the mechanisms and origins of ventricular tachycardia may differ between the two, which will determine the choice of treatment for the ventricular arrhythmia and help prevent sudden death. The objective in clinical management of these patients includes: immediate reversal of tachycardia, prevention of relapses, and reducing cardiovascular mortality. The beta-blockers amiodarone and sotalol are currently the most commonly used antiarrhythmic agents, with the best efficacy and safety profile for treating ventricular tachycardia in patients with structural heart disease. With the exception of beta-blockers, currently available antiarrhythmic drugs have not been shown, in randomized clinical trials, to be effective in the primary management of patients with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias or in the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Inpatients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, the potential beneficial effects of antiarrhythmic drugs may be the suppression of non-sustained and sustained ventricular tachycardias, slowing of ventricular tachycardia rate to facilitate pace termination or prevent syncope, and control of atrial tachyarrhythmias. Due to potential adverse effects of antiarrhythmic drugs and the risk of proarrhythmia, close monitoring of the patient is recommended...

Arritmias en el embarazo: cómo y cuándo tratar? / Arrhythmias in pregnancy: how and when to treat?

Cardiac arrhythmias can develop during pregnancy. The risk of arrhythmias is relatively higher during labor and delivery. Potential factors that can promote arrhythmias in pregnancy or during labor and delivery, include the direct cardiac electrophysiological effects of hormones, changes in autonomic tone, hemodynamic perturbations, hypokalemia, and underlying heart disease. In this review, the basis for treatment of supraventricular and ventricular tachycardias are described. No drug therapy is usually needed for the management of supraventricular or ventricular premature beats, but potential stimulants, such as smoking, caffeine, and alcohol should be eliminated. In paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, vagal stimulation maneuvers should be attempted first. In pregnant women with atrial fibrillation, the goal of treatment is conversion to sinus rhythm by electrical cardioversion. Rate control can be achieved by a cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocker drug and/ or digoxin. Ventricular arrhythmias may occur in the pregnant women, specially when cardiomyopathy, congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, or mitral valve prolapse exists. Electrical cardioversion or treatment with sotalol may be used (amiodarone is not safe for the fetus). Finally, in women with congenital long QT syndrome, beta-blocker therapy must be continued during pregnancy and postpartum period.

Seventy-four defibrillations for sotalol-induced torsades de pointes.

We report a patient with sotalol-induced torsades de pointes episodes that did not respond to magnesium and amiodarone. Electrical defibrillation totaling 15,120 joules had to be applied. However, torsades de pointes episodes could be brought under control only after the induction of general anesthesia with pentothal.