RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether Tai Chi Chuan or ballroom dancing promotes better performance with respect to postural balance, gait, and postural transfer among elderly people. METHODS: We evaluated 76 elderly individuals who were divided into two groups: the Tai Chi Chuan Group and the Dance Group. The subjects were tested using the NeuroCom Balance Master¯ force platform system with the following protocols: static balance tests (the Modified Clinical Tests of Sensory Interaction on Balance and Unilateral Stance) and dynamic balance tests (the Walk Across Test and Sit-to-stand Transfer Test). RESULTS: In the Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction on Balance, the Tai Chi Chuan Group presented a lower sway velocity on a firm surface with open and closed eyes, as well as on a foam surface with closed eyes. In the Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction on Unilateral Stance, the Tai Chi Chuan Group presented a lower sway velocity with open eyes, whereas the Dance Group presented a lower sway velocity with closed eyes. In the Walk Across Test, the Tai Chi Chuan Group presented faster walking speeds than those of the Dance Group. In the Sit-to-stand Transfer Test, the Tai Chi Chuan Group presented shorter transfer times from the sitting to the standing position, with less sway in the final standing position. CONCLUSION: The elderly individuals who practiced Tai Chi Chuan had better bilateral balance with eyes open on both types of surfaces compared with the Dance Group. The Dance Group had better unilateral postural balance with eyes closed. The Tai Chi Chuan Group had faster walking speeds, shorter transfer times, and better postural balance in the final standing position during the Sit-to-stand Test. .
Asunto(s)
/metabolismo , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Dictyostelium/enzimología , Dictyostelium/genética , Subunidades alfa de la Proteína de Unión al GTP Gi-Go/metabolismo , Proteínas Protozoarias/metabolismo , /genética , Dictyostelium/crecimiento & desarrollo , Dictyostelium/metabolismo , Regulación hacia Abajo/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas de la Matriz Extracelular/genética , Proteínas de la Matriz Extracelular/metabolismo , Ácido Fólico/farmacología , /deficiencia , /genética , /metabolismo , Subunidades alfa de la Proteína de Unión al GTP Gi-Go/deficiencia , Subunidades alfa de la Proteína de Unión al GTP Gi-Go/genética , Mutación , Proteína Quinasa 1 Activada por Mitógenos/genética , Proteína Quinasa 1 Activada por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Proteínas Protozoarias/genética , Transducción de Señal , Esporas Protozoarias/enzimología , Esporas Protozoarias/genética , Complejo Vitamínico B/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The Cre/LoxP system is a well-established approach to spatially and temporally control genetic inactivation. The calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha subunit (CaMKIIalpha) promoter limits expression to specific regions of the forebrain and thus has been utilized for the brain-specific inactivation of the genes. Here, we show that CaMKIIalpha-Cre can be utilized for simultaneous inactivation of genes in the adult brain and in male germ cells. Double transgenic Rosa26(+/stop-lacZ)::CaMKIIalpha-Cre(+/Cre) mice generated by crossing CaMKIIalpha-Cre(+/Cre) mice with floxed ROSA26 lacZ reporter (Rosa26(+/stop-lacZ)) mice exhibited lacZ expression in the brain and testis. When these mice were mated to wild-type females, about 27% of the offspring were whole body blue by X-gal staining without inheriting the Cre transgene. These results indicate that recombination can occur in the germ cells of male Rosa26(+/stop-lacZ)::CaMKIIalpha-Cre(+/Cre) mice. Similarly, when double transgenic Gnao(+/f)::CaMKIIalpha-Cre(+/Cre) mice carrying a floxed Go-alpha gene (Gnao(f/f)) were backcrossed to wild-type females, approximately 22% of the offspring carried the disrupted allele (Gnao(Delta)) without inheriting the Cre transgene. The Gnao(Delta/Delta) mice closely resembled conventional Go-alpha knockout mice (Gnao(-/-)) with respect to impairment of their behavior. Thus, we conclude that CaMKIIalpha-Cre mice afford recombination for both tissue- and time-controlled inactivation of floxed target genes in the brain and for their permanent disruption. This work also emphasizes that extra caution should be exercised in utilizing CaMKIIalpha-Cre mice as breeding pairs.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Femenino , Masculino , Ratones , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Proteína Quinasa Tipo 2 Dependiente de Calcio Calmodulina/genética , Subunidades alfa de la Proteína de Unión al GTP Gi-Go/genética , Eliminación de Gen , Técnicas de Inactivación de Genes/métodos , ARN no Traducido/genética , Recombinación Genética , Espermatozoides/metabolismoRESUMEN
Diversas mutações em oncogenes promovem o crescimento tumoral através da indução de atividade de proteínas que normalmente transmitem sinais proliferativos a partir de fatores extracelulares. As proteínas G são uma família de proteínas ligadas ao nucleotídeo guanina que apresentam homologia estrutural e estão amplamente distribuídas em células eucariotas. Elas são constituídas por três sub-unidades (alfa, beta e gama). A sub-unidade alfa apresenta o sítio de ligação ao nucleotídeo guanina e é única para cada proteína G. A proteínas G estão acopladas aos receptores de superfície celular com sete hélices transmembrana com uma grande variedade de efetores intracelulares e segundos mensageiros. Um subgrupo de tumores endócrinos, incluindo os tumores hipofisários secretores de GH e ACTH, nódulos tireoideanos autônomos, tumores adrenocorticais e gonadais, foram associados a mutações somáticas ativadoras em códons altamente conservados das proteínas Gs (Arg201 e Gln227) e Gi (Arg179, Gln205). Estes achados moleculares indicaram que as proteínas G atuam como oncogenes, contribuindo no processo da tumorigênese endócrina em humanos.