Evaluation of sulfadimidine, amprolium and triquen to treat coccidiosis in wild pigeons / Avaliação da sulfadimidina, amprólio e triquenho no tratamento da coccidiose em pombos selvagens de Lower Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão

Coccidiosis remains one of the major problems in poultry all over the world. Very limited data on anticoccidial drugs in wild pigeons is available. The current study was aimed to understand the comparative efficacy of sulfadimidine, amprolium and triquen in wild pigeons of Dir district, Pakistan suffering from coccidiosis. The faecal matter of wild pigeons were purchased from the local market for coccidian infection. Results revealed that 88.8% (16/18) were found infected with Eimeria spp. Three positive groups were treated with sulfadimidine (0.2mg/L), amprolium (25mg/L) and triquen. Sulfadimidine was most effective (45%) followed by amprolium (44.6%) while triquen (24.0%) showed less effectiveness against coccidiosis in pigeons. Number of oocysts were 79, 81 and 80 before treatment and 60, 44 and 44 after treatment with sulfadimidine, amprolium and triquen respectively. This study showed that sulphadimidine, amprolium and triquen could not significantly reduce the coccidiosis in pigeons. Further studies are required to clear the mechanism of anti-coccidial drugs in wild pigeons.

A coccidiose continua sendo um dos maiores problemas em aves de todo o mundo. Dados muito limitados sobre drogas anticoccidiais em pombos selvagens estão disponíveis. O presente estudo teve como objetivo compreender a eficácia comparativa da sulfadimidina, amprólio e triquenho em pombos selvagens do distrito de Dir, no Paquistão, que sofrem de coccidiose. A matéria fecal dos pombos selvagens foi comprada no mercado local para infecção por coccídios. Os resultados revelaram que 88,8% (16/18) foram encontrados infectados com Eimeria spp. Três grupos positivos foram tratados com sulfadimidina (0,2mg / L), amprólio (25mg / L) e triquenho. A sulfadimidina foi mais eficaz (45%), seguida pelo amprólio (44,6%), enquanto o triquenho (24,0%) apresentou menor efetividade contra a coccidiose em pombos. O número de oocistos foram 79, 81 e 80 antes do tratamento e 60, 44 e 44 após o tratamento com sulfadimidina, amprólio e triquenho, respectivamente. Este estudo mostrou que sulphadimidine, amprolium e triquen não poderiam reduzir significativamente a coccidiose em pombos. Mais estudos são necessários para limpar o mecanismo de drogas anticoccidiais em pombos selvagens.

Evaluation of sulfadimidine, amprolium and triquen to treat coccidiosis in wild pigeons / Avaliação da sulfadimidina, amprólio e triquenho no tratamento da coccidiose em pombos selvagens de Lower Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão

Coccidiosis remains one of the major problems in poultry all over the world. Very limited data on anticoccidial drugs in wild pigeons is available. The current study was aimed to understand the comparative efficacy of sulfadimidine, amprolium and triquen in wild pigeons of Dir district, Pakistan suffering from coccidiosis. The faecal matter of wild pigeons were purchased from the local market for coccidian infection. Results revealed that 88.8% (16/18) were found infected with Eimeria spp. Three positive groups were treated with sulfadimidine (0.2mg/L), amprolium (25mg/L) and triquen. Sulfadimidine was most effective (45%) followed by amprolium (44.6%) while triquen (24.0%) showed less effectiveness against coccidiosis in pigeons. Number of oocysts were 79, 81 and 80 before treatment and 60, 44 and 44 after treatment with sulfadimidine, amprolium and triquen respectively. This study showed that sulphadimidine, amprolium and triquen could not significantly reduce the coccidiosis in pigeons. Further studies are required to clear the mechanism of anti-coccidial drugs in wild pigeons.

A coccidiose continua sendo um dos maiores problemas em aves de todo o mundo. Dados muito limitados sobre drogas anticoccidiais em pombos selvagens estão disponíveis. O presente estudo teve como objetivo compreender a eficácia comparativa da sulfadimidina, amprólio e triquenho em pombos selvagens do distrito de Dir, no Paquistão, que sofrem de coccidiose. A matéria fecal dos pombos selvagens foi comprada no mercado local para infecção por coccídios. Os resultados revelaram que 88,8% (16/18) foram encontrados infectados com Eimeria spp. Três grupos positivos foram tratados com sulfadimidina (0,2mg / L), amprólio (25mg / L) e triquenho. A sulfadimidina foi mais eficaz (45%), seguida pelo amprólio (44,6%), enquanto o triquenho (24,0%) apresentou menor efetividade contra a coccidiose em pombos. O número de oocistos foram 79, 81 e 80 antes do tratamento e 60, 44 e 44 após o tratamento com sulfadimidina, amprólio e triquenho, respectivamente. Este estudo mostrou que sulphadimidine, amprolium e triquen não poderiam reduzir significativamente a coccidiose em pombos. Mais estudos são necessários para limpar o mecanismo de drogas anticoccidiais em pombos selvagens.

Evaluation of furazolidone, sulfadimidine and amprolium to treat coccidiosis in beetal goats under field conditions

Coccidiosis is a protozoal and occasionally fatal diarrheic disease of goats imposing heavy economic losses to farming community. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacies of Furazolidone, Sulfadimidine and Amprolium against coccidiosis in Beetal goats. Twenty-four [24] Beetal goats naturally infected with coccidiosis were randomly divided into four groups of 6 [A-D]. Goats in groups A, B and C were treated orally with Furazolidone [10mg/Kg], Sulfadimidine [100mg/Kg] and Amprolium [55mg/Kg], respectively for 7 days. Goats in-group D served as positive control. Oocysts per gram [OPG] of feces counts of individual goats in each group were performed on Days; 0 [pre-treatment] 7, 14 and 21 [post-treatment]. OPG counts amongst goats in all groups at day 0 were not significant [P>0.05]. On days 7, 14 and 21, OPG values decreased significantly [P<0.05] in groups A, B and C compared to group D. The efficacy of Furazolidone, Sulfadimidine and Amprolium was 98.6, 98.0 and 99.6 percent, respectively on Day 21 [end of trial]. Statistically, the efficacies of three drugs were not significantly different [P>0.05]. In conclusion, Furazolidone, Sulfadimidine and Amprolium are well-tolerated and any one of these may be recommended to effectively treat coccidiosis in Beetal goats

Effect of black seed oil on rabbits infected with some intestinal eimeria species

Black seed [Nigella sativa] is a herb used on large scale in veterinary practice for many purposes. The protective effect of black seed oil was studied on rabbits experimentally infected with some field strains of intestinal Eimeria species. For this purpose, 30 New-Zealand rabbits, 28 days old were divided into 6 groups. Group [1] was used as prophylactic, given N. sativa oil at a dose of 2.5 ml/ kg body weight orally for 3 weeks daily, then challenged with 6 x 104 Eimeria oocysts. Group [2] was treated with sulphadimidine 33% after being infected. Group [3] was treated as group [2], in addition to N.sativa oil for 2 weeks. Group [4] was as infected control one, while group [5]] was given N. sativa oil only. Group [6] was non infected and non treated. The results revealed a significant decrease of Eimeria oocysts in faeces of both prophylactic and treated groups. However, there were increase in phago-cytic activities of neutrophils expressed in phago-cytic percent and phagocytic index. Furthermore, N. sativa oil improved body weight gain and increased serum total protein, albumin and Albumin /Globulin ratio in treated rabbits. So, it was concluded that, N. saliva seeds which is cheap local plant, can be used as immune enhancing factor and growth stimulant in ration of animal

Evaluation of a Bacillus stearothermophilus tube test as a screening tool for anticoccidial residues in poultry

A Bacillus stearothermophilus var. calidolactis C953 tube test was evaluated for its ability in detecting the residue of selected anticoccidial drugs in poultry, specically sulfamethazine, furazolidone, and amprolium. Various concentrations of each drug were injected into chicken liver and kidney tissues and these tissues were tested to determine the drug detection limits for each drug. The detection limit was defined as the drug concentration at which 95% of the test results were interpreted as positive. The limits of detection in liver tissue were 0.35 microgram/ml for furazolidone, 0.70 microgram/ml for sulfamethazine and 7.80 microgram/ ml for amprolium. In kidney tissues, they were 0.30 microgram/ml for furazolidone, 0.54 microgram/ml for sulfamethazine, and 7.6 microgram/ml for amprolium. It was concluded that this tube test could be used to screen for the residue of these three drugs in poultry.

Utilización de bolos ruminales de liberación de sulfametazina sódica en el control de la coccidiosis ovina / The use of sodium sulfamethazine sustained-release ruminal bolus in the control of ovine coccidiosis / Utilização de bolos ruminais de liberação de sulfametazina sódica para ocontrole de coccidiose ovina

Se evaluó el efecto de bolos intrarruminales de liberación de sulfametazina sódica en el control de la coccidiosis ovina. Se utilizaron 60 corderos machos y hembras en dos sistemas de alimentación: pastoreo intensivo con encierro nocturno en corral y engorda en corral con granos. Los animales se dividieron en 4 grupos: Corral-Bolo (CB, n=20); Corral-Sin Bolo (CSB, n=l0); Pastoreo-Bolo (PB, n=20) y Pastoreo-Sin Bolo (PSB, n= 10). Se evaluó quincenalmente el efecto del tratamiento sobre la ganancia promedio de peso (GP), la eliminación de ooquistes y se identificaron las especies de Eimeria involucradas. No se demostraron diferencias en la GP entre los animales de los grupos PB= 0.32kg y PSB= 0.2kg (p< 0.65) y sí en los grupos CB= 3.3lkg y CSB= 4.28kg (P<0.02). La eliminación de ooquistes fue menor en los grupos que recibieron el bolo: CB:428 y PB:844 ooq./g que en los grupos CSB:2l69 y PSB:1533 ooq./g heces (P<0.009), lo que indica que el bolo logró controlar la parasitosis. Las especies de Eimeria presentes en los animales de corral fueron: E. ovina 30%, E. ovinoidalis 24%, E. granulosa 16% y E. parva 15%, otras especies 7%. En los animales en pastoreo E. ovinoidalis 28%, E. ovina 22%, E. granulosa 15% y E. parva 10%, otras especies 8%. Al final del experimento se presentaron diferencias relativas en las especies identificadas en los diferentes grupos, indicando que la condición de alimentación y el tratamiento con el bolo afectó cuantitativamente la parasitosis y la proporción de las especies involucradas

ABSTRACT: The effect of the sodium intraruminal bolus of sulphamethazine release was evaluated in the control of ovine coccidiosis. Sixty Columbia breed lambs, males and females, were employed in two feed condition systems: intensive grazing withnight coffi n and grain fattening yard system. The animals were divided in four groups: grain yard with bolus (CB, n=20); grain yard without bolus (CSB, n=10); grazing with bolus (PB, n=20) and grazing without bolus (PSB, n=10). Lambs were weighed and fecal samples were taken at the beginning of the experiment and four times afterward fortnightly. Body weight gain (BWG) and oocysts elimination were measured in treated and control animals and Eimeria species were characterized. BWG differences were demonstrated between CB= 3.31kg and CSB= 4.28kg groups (P<0.02); no differences occurred between grazing groups PB=0.32kg and PSB=0.2kg (p<0.65). Oocysts elimination was minor in bolus treated animals in the two conditions, CB:428and PB:844 ooq./g against CSB:2169 and PSB:1533 ooq./g feces (P<0.009), indicating a benefi cial effect of bolus treatment over parasitoids. Eimeriaspecies identifi ed before the treatment in yard lambs were: E. ovina 30%, E. ovinoidalis 24%, E. granulosa 16% and E. parva 15%, other species 7%. In grazing animals were: E. ovinoidalis 28%, E. ovina 22%, E. granulosa 15% and E. parva 10%, other species 8%. At the end of the experiment changes in these relatives proportion were observed suggesting that alimentation conditions and treatment modify quantitatively and qualitatively the parasite.

RESUMO: Avaliou-se o efeito de bolos intrarruminais de liberação de sulfametazina sódica no controle de coccidiose ovina. Foram utilizados 60 cordeiros machos e fêmeas em dois sistemas de alimentação: pastoreio intensivo diurno com recolhimento noturno em aprisco e engorda em confi namento, com grãos. Os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos: Confi namento-Bolo (CB, n=20); Confi namento-Sem Bolo (CSB, n=10); Pastoreio-Bolo (PB, n=20) e Pastoreio-Sem Bolo (PSB, n=10). Avaliou-se quinzenalmente o efeito do tratamento sobre o ganho médio de peso (GP), a eliminação de oocistos e identifaram-se as espécies de Eimeria envolvidas. Não se demostraram diferenças no GP entre os animais dos grupos PB= 0,32kg e PSB= 0,2kg (p< 0,65), e sim nos grupos CB= 3,31kg e CSB= 4,28kg (P<0,02). A eliminação de oocistos foi menor nos grupos que receberam o bolo: CB: 428e PB:844 ooc/g que nos grupos CSB:2169 e PSB:1533 ooq/g de fezes (p<0,009), indicando que o bolo controlou a parasitose. As espécies de Eimeria presentes nos animais confi nados foram: E. ovina 30%, E. ovinoidalis 24%, E. granulosa 16% e E. parva 15%, outras espécies 7%. Nos animais em pastoreio E. ovinoidalis 28%, E. ovina 22%, E. granulosa 15% e E. parva 10%, outras espécies 8%. Ao fi nal do experimento, observaram-se diferenças relativas nas espécies identifi cadas nos diferentes grupos, indicando que a condição de alimentação e o tratamento com o bolo afetou quantitativamente a parasitose e a proporção de espécies envolvidas

Ocorrência de resíduos de sulfametazina em fígado e músculo de suínos abatidos no Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Occurrence of sulfamethazine residues in liver and muscle of swine's carcass in Rio de Janeiro

O crescente uso na suinocultura de agentes antimicrobianos como as slufonamidas (sulfametazina), torna-se objeto de estudos cada vez mais aprofundados, uma vez que a presença destes resíduos, tanto na carne como em seus derivados, quando oriundos de animais tratados inadequadamente, podem dar origem a reações de hipersensibilidade ou resistência em seus consumidores finais. Realizou-se uma pesquisa sobre a ocorrência de resíduos de sulfametazina em fígado e músculo de 60 suínos, sendo 30 de produtores do Estado do Rio de Janeiro e outras 30 de 06 produtores dos Estados do Sul - PR e SC, totalizando 120 amostras. Estas foram colhidas aleatoriamente em matadouros frigoríficos localizados no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, inspecionados pelo Serviço de Inspeção Estadual (SIE Nº428, Nº505 e Nº572). As amostras foram inicialmente submetidas a um processo de extração e, posteriormente, de quantificação analítica através de cromatografia de camda delgada de sílica gel/densitometria. A ocorrência de resíduos de sulfametazina foi determinada definindo-se os limites de seu intervalo de confiança (p<0,05). Das 120 amostras analisadas, apenas 05 fígados (4,16 por cento das amostras e 8,33 por cento dos suínos), apresentaram concentração de sulfametazina acima do limite de detecção (0,02 ppm), não caracterizando assim nenhum caso de violação (>0,10 ppm). As amostras positivas foram originadas de 01 produtor do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (3,33 por cento) e de 02 produtores dos Estados do Sul - PR e SC (13,33 por cento), demonstrando uma diferença significativa (p<005) entre as regiões produtoras, comprovando a utilização desta sulfonamida na suinocultura brasileira. Conclui-se assim que estes 12 produtores vem atendendo ao período de retirada desta droga de acordo com a legislação vigente.

Complexing behaviour of naphthylidene sulfamethazine schiff base ligand towards some metal ions

Mn [II], Co [II], Ni [II] and Cu [II] complexes of the Schiff base derived from 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde and sulfamethazine were prepared by both chemical and electrochemical methods. The structure of the complexes was investigated by chemical microanalysis, conductance and magnetic moment measurements as well as spectral methods. The results indicated that the Schiff base ligand behaved as tetradentate dibasic for 1:2 [L:M] complexes and bidentate monobasic for 1:1 and 2:1 [L:M] complexes. The thermal behavior of the complexes was studied using TGA and DTA. The energy of activation [Ea] for the decomposition process was calculated. The values of Ea of binuclear complexes were higher than those of the mononuclear complexes. For the 1:1 complexes, Ea increased as the ionic radii of metal ion increased

Comparison between serum and urinary sulphadimidine acetylation as predictors of isoniazid acetylator status in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.

The acetylator status of 200 pulmonary tuberculosis patients was determined by sulphadimidine (SDM) acetylation in (1) urine and (2) serum. In both estimations, distribution of the patients with regard to the acetylation rates was found to be bimodal. Based on the percent frequency distribution of acetylated SDM, the antimode for urine and serum was 65% for the former and 45% for the latter. Patients acetylating above 65% or 45% of administered SDM were taken as rapid acetylators, while those acetylating less, were slow acetylators. The ratio of slow to rapid acetylators in urine and serum was 58 : 42 and 66 : 34 respectively. The renal clearance of acetylated fraction of SDM was considerably greater as compared to that of the unacetylated fraction. Agreement between the two methods as evaluated by the kappa statistic was 0.71. The determination of the acetylator status by the SDM acetylation test in the urine is simple to perform and has acceptable accuracy. It may be used as an acceptable substitute to serum for estimating the isoniazid inactivation status which is of considerable importance when patients are treated with daily/ intermittent/once-weekly drug regimens for tuberculosis.

Isoniazid induced neuropathy in slow versus rapid acetylators: an electrophysiological study.

Clinical, biochemical and nerve conduction studies were performed in 100 cases of tuberculosis taking isonicotinic acid hydrozide (isoniazid) for more than 12 weeks. Electro-physiological studies were carried out in a similar number of normal age and sex matched controls. In 16 percent of cases an abnormality was documented in the motor nerve conduction velocity, amplitude and terminal latency of the common peroneal, ulnar and median nerves; of these, only two patients had objective evidence of neuritis. The occurrence of isoniazid neuropathy was found to be more in the fourth decade of life (10 of 16), in those who had taken the drug for over six months (13 of 16), and in 'slow' inactivators (10 of 16).

Effect of caffeine on sulfamethazine N-acetylation and urinary excretion in healthy volunteers

The aim of the present work has been to study the influence of caffeine on the gastrointestinal absorption as well as the elimination of sulfamethazine following their concomitant oral administration in man. Five healthy volunteers [2 males and 3 females] participated in the study. Sulfamethazine was orally given in the does of 1 g either alone or preceded by 100 mg caffeine. Urinary excreted amounts of sulfamethazine and N-acetylsulfamethazine were determined at different time intervals during at least 36 hours. The following pharmacokinetic parameters were computed for sulfamethazine and its N- acetyl derivative in each individual: Cumulative amount excreted, urinary excretion rate, Cmax, Tmax, rate constant of elimination and AUC. The obtained data showed that the effect of caffeine on the gastrointestinal absorption of sulfamethazine is individual-dependent. Significant decrease in absorption occurred in 3 volunteers. The extent of N-acetylation was not affected. The obtained findings are discussed in view of the pharmacodynamics of caffeine as well as the possible pharmacotherapeutic consequences

Avaliacao pre-operatoria na cirurgia da otite media cronica / Chronic suppurative otitis media: preoperative evaluation

A otite media cronica supurativa (OMCSup), infeccao do ouvido medio acompanhada de perfuracao timpanica e otorreia ou suas sequelas, e enfermidade frequente, particularmente na populacao mais carente, na qual o tratamento clinico primario pode ser deficiente. Diversas bacterias aerobias e anaerobias participam da infeccao do ouvido medio, principalmente Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus e Bacterioides fragilis. Na OMCSup ativa (com otorreia), nosso tratamento inicial envolve limpeza metodica do conduto auditivo e a associacao de sulfametoxazol 800 mg+ trimetropin 160 mg po bid l4d com gotas otologicas de cloranfenicol e polimixina B. Embora empirica, essa terapeutica permite, com baixo custo, atacar os principais microrganismos, com risco inexpressivo de ototoxicidade. Cultura e antibiogramas da secrecao sao feitos apenas na falencia dessa medicacao, quando a escolha do antibiotico e baseada na bacteria (aerobia) isolada, adicionando-se metronidazol 400 mg po tid l4d, para combater presumiveis anaerobios associados. Apos, o paciente e avaliado quanto a sequelas e necessidade de tratamento cirurgico visando: 1) combater a infeccao e suas recrudescencias; 2) restaurar ou manter a audicao. Rotineiramente, sao feitos testes audiologicos e radiografias de ouvido nas posicoes de Schuller, Stenvers ou Guillen, e transorbitaria antero-posterior. Em casos especiais, podem ser necessarias tomografias lineares, e mesmo computadorizadas axiais-coronais de ouvidos, com janela ossea e para partes moles.

Influence of capsaicin on drug absorption and transport across biological membranes II Effect on gastrointestinal absorption of sulfamethazine sodium in rats

The gastrointestinal absorption of sulfamethazine sodium in rats was studied in presence and in absence of capsaicin. The absorption was evaluated by the pharmacokinetic analysis of the plasma levels of sulfamethazine following its oral administration. Capsaicin was found to increase the rate constant of absorption and the AUC of the plasma levels versus time, without changing the rate constant of elimination