Spatial distribution of Echinolitorina peruviana (Lamarck, 1882) for intertidal rocky shore in Antofagasta (23° S, Chile) / Distribuição espacial de Echinolitorina peruviana (Lamarck, 1882) para costa rochosa entremarés em Antofagasta (23 ° S, Chile)

The intertidal rocky shores in continental Chile have high species diversity mainly in northern Chile (18-27° S), and one of the most widespread species is the gastropod Echinolittorina peruviana (Lamarck, 1822). The aim of the present study is do a first characterization of spatial distribution of E. peruviana in along rocky shore in Antofagasta town in northern Chile. Individuals were counted in nine different sites that also were determined their spectral properties using remote sensing techniques (LANDSAT ETM+). The results revealed that sites without marked human intervention have more abundant in comparison to sites located in the town, also in all studied sites was found an aggregated pattern, and in six of these sites were found a negative binomial distribution. The low density related to sites with human intervention is supported when spectral properties for sites were included. These results would agree with other similar results for rocky shore in northern and southern Chile.

As costas rochosas entremarés no Chile continental apresentam alta diversidade de espécies, principalmente no norte do país (18-27 ° S), e uma das espécies mais difundidas é o gastrópode Echinolittorina peruviana (Lamarck, 1822). O objetivo do presente estudo é fazer uma primeira caracterização da distribuição espacial de E. peruviana no costão rochoso da cidade de Antofagasta no norte do Chile. Os indivíduos foram contados em nove locais diferentes onde também foram determinadas suas propriedades espectrais usando técnicas de sensoriamento remoto (LANDSAT ETM +). Os resultados revelaram que os locais sem intervenção humana marcada apresentam maior abundância em comparação aos locais localizados no município. Também em todos os locais estudados foi encontrado um padrão agregado, sendo que em seis desses locais foi encontrada uma distribuição binomial negativa. A baixa densidade relacionada a sites com intervenção humana é suportada quando as propriedades espectrais para sites foram incluídas. Esses resultados concordariam com outros resultados semelhantes para costões rochosos no norte e no sul do Chile.

Biomass and vegetation index by remote sensing in different caatinga forest areas / Relação entre biomassa e índices de vegetação por sensoriamento remoto em diferentes áreas de florestas de caatinga

Continued unsustainable exploitation of natural resources promotes environmental degradation and threatens the preservation of dry forests around the world. This situation exposes the fragility and the necessity to study landscape transformations. In addition, it is necessary to consider the biomass quantity and to establish strategies to monitor natural and anthropic disturbances. Thus, this research analyzed the relationship between vegetation index and the estimated biomass using allometric equations in different Brazilian caatinga forest areas from satellite images. This procedure is performed by estimating the biomass from 9 dry tropical forest fragments using allometric equations. Area delimitations were obtained from the Embrapa collection of dendrometric data collected in the period between 2011 and 2012. Spectral variables were obtained from the orthorectified images of the RapidEye satellite. The aboveground biomass ranged from 6.88 to 123.82 Mg.ha-1. SAVI values were L = 1 and L = 0.5, while NDVI and EVI ranged from 0.1835 to 0.4294, 0.2197 to 0.5019, 0.3622 to 0.7584, and 0.0987 to 0.3169, respectively. Relationships among the estimated biomass and the vegetation indexes were moderate, with correlation coefficients (Rs) varying between 0.64 and 0.58. The best adjusted equation was the SAVI equation, for which the coefficient of determination was R² = 0.50, R2aj = 0.49, RMSE = 17.18 Mg.ha-1 and mean absolute error of prediction (MAE) = 14.07 Mg.ha-1, confirming the importance of the Savi index in estimating the caatinga aboveground biomass.

A exploração contínua e insustentável dos recursos naturais promove a degradação ambiental e ameaça a conservação das florestas secas no mundo. Essa situação expõe a fragilidade e a necessidade de estudar as transformações da paisagem. É necessário considerar o quantitativo de biomassa e o estabelecimento de estratégias para monitorar distúrbios naturais e antrópicos. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a relação entre o índice de vegetação e a biomassa estimada por meio de equações alométricas em diferentes áreas da caatinga brasileira a partir de imagens de satélite. Este procedimento é realizado estimando-se a biomassa de nove fragmentos de floresta tropical seca com o uso em equações alométricas. As delimitações das áreas foram obtidas da coleção da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, a partir dos dados dendrométricos coletados no período entre 2011 e 2012. As variáveis espectrais foram obtidas a partir das imagens ortorretificadas do satélite RapidEye. A biomassa acima do solo variou de 6,88 a 123,82 Mg.ha-1. Os valores de SAVI para os coeficientes L = 1 e L = 0,5, NDVI e EVI variaram de 0,1835 a 0,4294, 0,2197 a 0,5019, 0,3622 a 0,7584 e 0,0987 a 0,3169, respectivamente. As relações entre a biomassa estimada e os índices de vegetação foram moderadas, com coeficiente de correlação (rs) variando entre 0,64 e 0,58. A equação mais bem ajustada foi a Equação do SAVI, com coeficiente de determinação foi R² = 0,50, R2aj = 0.49, RMSE = 17.18 Mg.ha-1 e erro médio absoluto de predição (MAE) = 14.07 Mg.ha-1, confirmando a importância do índice SAVI na estimativa da biomassa aérea da Caatinga.

Potencial da utilização de sensoriamento remoto para complementar inspeções de veículos do ciclo diesel no Estado de São Paulo / Potential of the use of remote sensing to complement inspections of diesel vehicles in the State of São Paulo

As emissões de poluentes atmosféricos causam um grande problema à saúde. A maior parte da poluição gerada no Estado de São Paulo é proveniente de veículos automotores, que são responsáveis pela emissão de 96% do CO, 73% de HC, 62% de NOX e 40% de MP10, sendo os veículos diesel os maiores responsáveis pelas emissões de MP e NOX no Estado. No Brasil, as medidas tomadas pelo PROCONVE, que visam a mitigação da poluição causada por veículos, se mostram eficazes para homologação de veículos novos, porém requerem que a continuidade do trabalho seja realizada com inspeções dos veículos em uso. A tecnologia de sensoriamento remoto, desenvolvida no final dos anos 1980, tem sido amplamente utilizada para de monitoramento de frotas, assim como em programas de Inspeção e Manutenção em diversos locais do mundo. Os resultados alcançados são satisfatórios e, de forma geral, indicam grandes reduções nos níveis de emissão de poluentes. Estudos apontam que as emissões de NOX foram as que tiveram menores reduções reais entre fases das regulamentações. O Estado de São Paulo possui controle de poluentes de veículos do ciclo diesel em uso através de fiscalizações por opacidade, Escala de Ringelmann e sistema SCR. O sistema de sensoriamento remoto mostra-se como um bom complemento ao que é realizado atualmente. Foram propostos dois sistemas de legislação de inspeções veiculares que contemplam o SR como ferramenta de seleção dos veículos diesel. Além disso, foi mostrado como poderiam ser escolhidos limites para high e low emitters, assim como procedimentos para escolha dos pontos de instalação do sistema.

Emissions of air pollutants cause a big health problem. Most of the pollution generated in the State of São Paulo comes from motor vehicles, which are responsible for the emission of 96% of CO, 73% of HC, 62% of NOX, and 40% of PM10, with diesel vehicles being the biggest responsible for the emissions of PM and NOX in the state. In Brazil, the actions taken by PROCONVE, aimed at mitigating pollution caused by vehicles, prove to be effective for the approval of new vehicles but require that the continuity of the work be carried out by inspections of in-use vehicles. Remote sensing technology, developed in the late 1980s, has been widely used for fleet monitoring, as well as in Inspection and Maintenance programs in many locations around the world. The results achieved are satisfactory and, in general, indicate large reductions in pollutant emission levels. Studies show that NOX emissions were the ones that had the smallest real reductions between phases of regulations. The State of São Paulo controls in-use diesel vehicles pollutants by inspections of opacity, Ringelmann Scale, and SCR system. The remote sensing system proves to be a good complement to what is currently performed. Two systems of procedures for diesel vehicle inspections were proposed, which include the SR as a tool for the selection of diesel vehicles. In addition, it was shown how limits for high and low emitters could be chosen, as well as procedures for selecting the system installation points.

Correlation between vegetation indexes generated at Vitis Vinifera L. and soil, plant and production parameters for emergency application in decision making / Correlação entre indices de vegetação gerados em Vitis Vinifera L. e parâmetros de solo, planta e produção para aplicação emergencial na tomada de decisão

Correlation between proximal sensing techniques and laboratory results of qualitative variables plus agronomic attributes was evaluated of a 3,0 ha vineyard in the county of Muitos Capões, Northeast of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, in Vitis vinifera L. at 2017/2018 harvest, aiming to evaluate the replacement of conventional laboratory analysis in viticulture by Vegetation Indexes, at situations were laboratory access are unavailable. Based on bibliographic research, looking for vegetative indexes developed or used for canopy reflectance analysis on grapevines and whose working bands were within the spectral range provided by the equipment used, a total of 17 viable candidates were obtained. These chosen vegetation indices were correlated, through Pearson (5%), with agronomic soil attributes (apparent electrical conductivity, clay, pH in H2O, phosphorus, potassium, organic matter, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, effective CTC, CTC at pH 7.0, zinc, copper, sulfur and boron) for depths 0 -20 cm and 20-40 cm, and plant tissue (Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, copper, zinc, iron, manganese and boron) , in addition to some key oenological and phytotechnical parameters for the quantification of wine production and quality. One hundred and thirty ninesignificant correlations were obtained from this cross, with 36 moderate coefficients between 19 parameter variables versus 12 of the indexes. We concluded that in cases where access or availability of laboratory analyzes is difficult or impracticable, the use of vegetation indices is possible if the correlation coefficients reach, at least, the moderate magnitude, serving as a support to decision making until the lack analytical structure to be remedied.

Avaliou-se a correlação entre as técnicas de sensoriamento proximal e os resultados laboratoriais de variáveis qualitativas, mais os atributos agronômicos do solo de um vinhedo de 3,0 ha no município de Muitos Capões, região nordeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, na safra 2017/2018. Objetivou avaliar a substituição das análises laboratoriais convencionais em viticultura por Índices de Vegetação, em situações de indisponibilidade de acesso ao laboratório. Com base em pesquisa bibliográfica, buscaram-se índices vegetativos desenvolvidos ou utilizados para análise de refletância de dossel em videiras e cujas bandas de trabalho estavam dentro do intervalo espectral fornecido pelo equipamento utilizado, obtendo-se um total de 17 candidatos viáveis. Esses índices de vegetação escolhidos foram correlacionados, por meio de Pearson (5%), com atributos agronômicos do solo (condutividade elétrica aparente, argila, pH em H2O, fósforo, potássio, matéria orgânica, alumínio, cálcio, magnésio, CTC efetivo, CTC em pH 7,0, zinco, cobre, enxofre e boro) para profundidades de 0 - 20 cm e 20 - 40 cm, e tecido vegetal (nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, enxofre, cobre, zinco, ferro, manganês e boro), além de alguns parâmetros enológicos e fitotécnicos essenciais para a quantificação da produção e qualidade do vinho. Deste cruzamento foram obtidas 139 correlações significativas, resultando 36 coeficientes moderados entre 19 variáveis de parâmetros versus 12 dos índices. Concluímos que nos casos em que o acesso ou disponibilidade de análises laboratoriais é difícil ou impraticável, a utilização de índices de vegetação é possível, desde que os coeficientes de correlação atinjam, pelo menos, a magnitude moderada, servindo como suporte para a tomada de decisão até a falta de estrutura analítica ser remediada.

Utilização de sensores inerciais no teste timed up and go: uma revisão narrativa / Use of inertial sensors in the timed up and go test: a narrative review

O teste funcional Timed Up and Go (TUG) é amplamente utilizado para avaliar o risco de queda, através do equilíbrio e mobilidade, por ser de fácil aplicação e boa reprodutibilidade na prática clínica. Porém, o TUG ainda possui algumas limitações, pois se concentra no tempo total em que o teste é realizado. Uma proposta de avaliação é através da utilização de sensores inerciais, baseados na tecnologia de sistemas microeletromecânicos, e vem sendo muito utilizados para análise do movimento humano. Logo, o objetivo desse estudo foi realizar uma revisão narrativa sobre o uso dos sensores inerciais nas medidas temporais e cinemáticas do TUG e suas subfases. Metodologia: Essa revisão narrativa foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, CENTRAL, BVS e PEDro, por meio do vocabulário MeSH entre o período de maio a junho de 2020. Os critérios de inclusão foram estudos que utilizaram sensores inerciais para avaliação de medidas temporais e cinemáticas do TUG e suas subfases. Resultados: Foram incluídos 11 artigos de um total de 2305 achados. Desses, 5 utilizaram os sensores de smartphones. Não houve padronização em relação à quantidade utilizada, nem à fixação e posicionamento. Os sensores conseguiram mostrar diferenças no TUG e suas subfases nas medidas temporais e cinemáticas nos diferentes grupos avaliados. Considerações Finais: Sensores inerciais são capazes de avaliar medidas temporais e cinemáticas do TUG e de suas subfases, mostrando serem ferramentas confiáveis. Entretanto, mesmo obtendo resultados satisfatórios, necessita-se de mais estudos abrangendo uma população maior.

The Timed Up and Go (TUG) functional test is widely used to assess the risk of falling through balance and mobility since it is easy to apply and presents good reproducibility in clinical practice. However, the TUG test still has some limitations, as it focuses on the total time the test is performed. A proposal for evaluation is the use of inertial sensors, based on the microelectromechanical system technology, which has been widely used for the analysis of human movement. Therefore, the objective of this study was to carry out a narrative review on the use of inertial sensors in the temporal and kinematic measurements of TUG and its subphases. Methodology: This narrative review was carried out in the PubMed, CENTRAL, BVS, and PEDro databases using the MeSH vocabulary between the period of May to June 2020. The inclusion criteria were studies using inertial sensors to evaluate temporal and kinematic measurements of the TUG and its subphases. Results: A total of 11 articles were selected from 2305 hits. From these, five (5) used smartphone sensors. There was no standardization regarding the quantity used, nor their fixation and positioning. The sensors were able to show differences in the TUG and its subphases in the temporal and kinematic measurements in the different groups evaluated. Final Considerations: Inertial sensors are capable of evaluating temporal and kinematic measurements of the TUG and its subphases, showing that they are reliable tools. Nevertheless, although satisfactory results were obtained, further studies are needed covering a larger population.

Application of remote sensing technology in medicinal plant resources / 中国中药杂志

The sustainable use of medicinal plants is the foundation of the inheritance of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) and the acquisition of information on medicinal plants is the basis for the development of TCM. The traditional methods of investigating medicinal plant resources are disadvantageous in strong subjectivity and poor timeliness, making it difficult to real-time monitor medicinal plant resources. In recent years, remote sensing technology has become an important means of obtaining information on medicinal plants. The application of this technology has made up for the shortcomings of traditional methods. The open-access remote sensing data with medium spatial resolution satellites provide an opportunity for extracting information on medicinal plant resources. This study firstly introduced the principles of remote sensing technology, summarized the satellites and the parameters commonly used in the field of medicinal plant resources, and compared the survey methods of remote sensing technology with traditional methods. Secondly, it reviewed the applications of remote sensing technology in the extraction of information on the cultivation of medicinal plants and the common methods for extracting the planting structure information of medicinal plants based on remote sensing technology. Thirdly, the applications of remote sensing technology in the investigation and monitoring of medicinal plants were further analyzed with the research objects divided into wild and cultivated medicinal plants according to the characteristics of the habitats. Finally, it pointed out the key unsolved technical problems in the remote sensing monitoring of medicinal plant resources, and proposed solutions for the intelligent information processing of medicinal plants based on remote sensing big data, which is expected to provide references for the development of remote sensing technology in derivative application in medicinal plant resources.

A tecnologia a favor da educação continuada no implante coclear / Technology in favor of continuous professional development in cochlear implant

RESUMO Objetivo avaliar a teleconsulta de forma síncrona no mapeamento do implante coclear (IC) como ferramenta de educação continuada para fonoaudiólogos em capacitação e treinamento. Métodos estudo prospectivo longitudinal, na modalidade de preceptorado clínico, com teleconsulta de forma síncrona direcionada ao atendimento de mapeamento dos usuários de IC. A educação continuada foi oferecida aos fonoaudiólogos aprimorandos em um hospital e o fonoaudiólogo tutor, em unidade remota. A plataforma utilizada permitiu ao tutor visualizar e realizar intervenções na tela de mapeamento do IC. Foram aplicados três questionários abrangendo os marcadores de ensino; qualidade e importância da teleconsulta; interação entre os profissionais e autoavaliação sobre a confiança na realização das etapas do mapeamento antes e após as teleconsultas. Resultados participaram sete fonoaudiólogos e foram analisados 268 atendimentos, ao longo de três anos. Os marcadores clínicos mostraram, na média e individualmente, que houve correlação estatística com diminuição do número de intervenções totais, nas intervenções do mapeamento do IC e raciocínio clínico, no decorrer das sessões. A média das notas nas avaliações da importância da teleconsulta foi 9,7 e a interação com o tutor, 9,3. Na autoavaliação, todos os aprimorandos responderam que estavam "nada/pouco confiantes" para as etapas do mapeamento antes da intervenção e, ao final do curso, responderam "moderadamente/muito confiantes" para as mesmas etapas. Conclusão o uso da teleconsulta síncrona foi viável e eficiente como ferramenta de ensino para fonoaudiólogos. Foi possível observar a diminuição do número de intervenções ao longo do tempo, evidenciando a curva de aprendizado.

ABSTRACT Purpose To evaluate the teleconsultation synchronously in the mapping of the cochlear implant (CI) as an ongoing professional development tool in training programmes for audiologists. Methods It was a prospective longitudinal study, in the form of clinical preceptor with teleconsultation in a synchronous way directed at assisting the mapping of CI users. Distance learning was offered to fellow audiologists in a hospital and the audiology tutor in the remote unit. The chosen platform allowed the tutor to view and perform interventions on the CI mapping screen. Three questionnaires covering teaching markers were applied; the quality and importance of teleconsultation; interaction between professionals; and self-assessment of confidence in carrying out the mapping steps before and after teleconsultations. Results Seven audiologists participated; 268 consultations were analyzed over three years. The clinical markers showed, on average and individually, that there is a statistical correlation with a decrease in the number of total interventions, in the interventions of CI mapping and clinical reasoning throughout the sessions. The average of the scores of the importance of teleconsultation was 9.7 and the interaction with the tutor was 9.3. In the self-assessment, all audiologists responded that they were "not at all/not very confident" for the mapping steps before the intervention, and at the end of the course they responded "moderately/very confident" for the same steps. Conclusion The use of synchronous teleconsultation was feasible and efficient as a teaching tool for audiologists. It was possible to observe the decrease in the number of interventions over time, evidencing the learning curve.

Relationship between vegetation indices and agronomic performance of maize varieties under different nitrogen rates / Relação entre índices de vegetação e desempenho agronômico de variedades de milho sob diferentes doses de nitrogênio

Precision agriculture is a set of techniques that assist the monitoring of the agronomic performance of the maize crop by using vegetation indices. This study aimed to verify the relationship between vegetation indices, plant height, leaf N content, and grain yield of three maize varieties, grown under high and low N as topdressing. The experiment was carried out at the Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa Agropecuária de Chapadão (Fundação Chapadão), located in the municipality of Chapadão do Sul, during the 2017/2018 season. The experiment consisted of a randomized block design with four replications, arranged in a 3x2 split-plot scheme. The first factor (plots) corresponded to three open-pollinated maize varieties (BRS 4103, BRS Gorotuba, and SCS 154), and the second factor (subplots) consisted of two N rates applied as topdressing (80 and 160 kg- 1). All the evaluated variables showed varieties x N interaction. Vegetation indices in maize varieties were influenced by the N rate applied as topdressing. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Soil-adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) showed a higher correlation with plant height. At the same time, Normalized Difference Red Edge (NDRE) had a stronger association with leaf N content.

A agricultura de precisão é um conjunto de técnicas que auxiliam no monitoramento do desempenho agronômico da cultura do milho utilizando índices de vegetação. Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a relação entre índices de vegetação, altura de planta, teor de N foliar e rendimento de grãos de três variedades de milho, cultivadas sob alto e baixo N, em cobertura. O experimento foi realizado na Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa Agropecuária de Chapadão, localizada no município de Chapadão do Sul, na safra 2017/2018. O experimento consistiu de um delineamento de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, dispostos em esquema de parcelas subdivididas 3x2. O primeiro fator (parcelas) correspondeu a três variedades de milho de polinização aberta (BRS 4103, BRS Gorotuba e SCS 154), e o segundo fator (subparcelas) consistiu de duas doses de N aplicadas como cobertura (80 e 160 kg-1). Todas as variáveis avaliadas apresentaram interação variedades x N. Os índices de vegetação nas variedades de milho foram influenciados pela dose de N aplicada como cobertura. Os índices NDVI e SAVI mostraram uma maior correlação com a altura da planta, enquanto o NDRE apresentou uma associação mais forte com o conteúdo de N foliar.

Assessment of TerraClass and MapBiomas data on legend and map agreement for the Brazilian Amazon biome

Reliable environmental monitoring and evaluation require high-quality maps of land use and land cover. For the Amazon biome, the TerraClass and MapBiomas projects apply different methodologies to create these maps. We evaluated the agreement between land cover and land use maps generated by TerraClass and MapBiomas (Collections 2 and 3) for the Brazilian Amazon biome, from 2004 to 2014. Specifically, we: (1) described both project legends based on the LCCS (Land Cover Classification System); (2) analyzed the differences between their classes; and (3) compared the mapping differences among the Brazilian states that are totally or partially covered by the Amazon biome. We compared the classifications with a per-pixel approach and performed an evaluation based on agreement matrices. The overall agreement between the projects was 87.4% (TerraClass x MapBiomas 2) and 92.0% (TerraClass x MapBiomas 3). We analyzed methodological differences to explain the disagreements in class identification. We conclude that using these maps together without a properly adapted legend is not recommended for the analysis of land use and land cover change. Depending on the application, one mapping system may be more suitable than the other. (AU)

Study on GLI values of Polygonatum odoratum base on multi-temporal of unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing / 中国中药杂志

Unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) remote sensing and vegetation index have great potential in the field of Chinese herbal medicine planting. In this study, the visible light image of Polygonatum odoratum planting area in Changyi district of Jilin province were acquired by UAV, and the real-time monitoring of P. odoratum planting area was realized. The green leaf index(GLI) was established, and GLI values of P. odoratum were collected used the spatial sampling points. To compare the GLI values in different periods, it was found that the GLI values of P. odoratum have three stages changing rule of rising-gentle-falling related to the germination, vigorous growth and withered of P. odoratum growth. Meanwhile, the GLI values were compared with four biomass data of P. odoratum, including plant height, leaf area, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b content in leaves, and it was found that the GLI value was related to the growth potential of P. odoratum. The GLI value with a rapid increase in rising stage or at a high level in the gentle stage means the P. odoratum was in a better growth potential. GLI value has a same change trend with plant height, and has certain correlation with plant height and leaf area. However, there is no obvious relationship between chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents in leaves and GLI value. The study clarified the change rule of GLI value of P. odoratum, explained the reason for the change of GLI value, and expanded the application range of GLI. The research shows that UAV and vegetation index can be applied to monitoring the Chinese herbal medicines planting, and provides a new idea for exploring more effective information extraction methods of Chinese herbal medicines.

Research on remote sensing recognition of wild planted Lonicera japonica based on deep convolutional neural network / 中国中药杂志

Identification of Chinese medicinal materials is a fundamental part and an important premise of the modern Chinese medicinal materials industry. As for the traditional Chinese medicinal materials that imitate wild cultivation, due to their scattered, irregular, and fine-grained planting characteristics, the fine classification using traditional classification methods is not accurate. Therefore, a deep convolution neural network model is used for imitating wild planting. Identification of Chinese herbal medicines. This study takes Lonicera japonica remote sensing recognition as an example, and proposes a method for fine classification of L. japonica based on a deep convolutional neural network model. The GoogLeNet network model is used to learn a large number of training samples to extract L. japonica characteristics from drone remote sensing images. Parameters, further optimize the network structure, and obtain a L. japonica recognition model. The research results show that the deep convolutional neural network based on GoogLeNet can effectively extract the L. japonica information that is relatively fragmented in the image, and realize the fine classification of L. japonica. After training and optimization, the overall classification accuracy of L. japonica can reach 97.5%, and total area accuracy is 94.6%, which can provide a reference for the application of deep convolutional neural network method in remote sensing classification of Chinese medicinal materials.

In situ remote sensing as a strategy to predict cotton seed yield / Sensoriamento remoto in situ como estratégia para previsão do rendimento de semente de algodão

Crop harvest scheduling and profits and losses predications require strategies that estimate crop yield. This work aimed to investigate the contribution of phenological variables using path analysis and remote sensing techniques on cotton boll yield and to generate a model using decision trees that help predict cotton boll yield. The sampling field was installed in Chapadão do Céu, in an area of 90 ha. The following phenological variables were evaluated at 30 sample points: plant height at 26, 39, 51, 68, 82, 107, 128, and 185 days after emergence (DAE); number of floral buds at 68, 81, 107, 128, and 185 DAE; number of bolls at 185 DAE; Rededge vegetation index at 23, 35, 53, 91, and 168 DAE; and cotton boll yield. The main variables that can be used to predict cotton boll yield are the number of floral buds (at 107 days after emergence) and the Rededge vegetation index (at 53 and 91 days after emergence). To obtain higher cotton boll yields, the Rededge vegetation index must be greater than 39 at 53 days after emergence, and the plant must present at least 14 floral buds at 107 days after emergence.

O escalonamento de colheitas e a previsão de ganhos e perdas requerem estratégias que estimam a produtividade das culturas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a contribuição de variáveis fenológicas utilizando técnicas de análise de trilha e sensoriamento remoto sobre a produtividade de algodão em caroço e gerar um modelo utilizando árvores de decisão que ajudam a prever esta variável. O campo de amostragem foi instalado em Chapadão do Céu, em uma área de 90 ha. As seguintes variáveis fenológicas foram avaliadas em 30 pontos amostrais: altura das plantas aos 26, 39, 51, 68, 82, 107, 128 e 185 dias após a emergência (DAE); número de gemas florais aos 68, 81, 107, 128 e 185 DAE; número de cápsulas a 185 DAE; Índice de vegetação Rededge em 23, 35, 53, 91 e 168 DAE; e produção de algodão em caroço. As principais variáveis que podem ser utilizadas para prever a produção de caroço de algodão são o número de gemas florais (aos 107 dias após a emergência) e o índice de vegetação de Rededge (aos 53 e 91 dias após a emergência). Para obter maiores produtividades de algodão, o índice de vegetação de Rededge deve ser superior a 39 aos 53 dias após a emergência e a planta deve apresentar pelo menos 14 gemas florais aos 107 dias após a emergência.

Nitrogen doses in topdressing affect vegetation indices and corn yield / Deses de nitrogênio em cobertura afetam índices de vegetação e produtividade de milho

Nitrogen is the main nutrient required by corn crop, especially in Cerrado soils. Remote sensing techniques can be used to generate additional information now of nitrogen fertilization recommendation. This work investigated the association of plant height and dry matter phenological variables together with NDVI, REDEDGE, SAVI, and IV 760/550 vegetation indices (VIs) with corn grain yield, under different N doses. Sowing occurred in November 2016, at a spacing of 0.45 m between rows and a 60,000 ha-1 plant population. Four N doses (0, 80, 160, and 240 kg of N ha-1) were applied at phenological stage V4. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks, containing four N doses in topdressing and 16 replications. The active optical sensor Crop Circle ACS-470 was used to obtain the VIs. The NDVI, SAVI, and RE indices have a high positive association with each other and with the variables plant height and dry matter. Polynomial regression equations were adjusted between the variables in response as doses of N. Afterwards, they were estimated as correlations between variables and results expressed through the network of correlations. Finally, a multivariate analysis of canonical variables was performed to understand the interrelationship between the variables and each dose of N applied. NDVI and RE have a positive relationship of moderate magnitude with grain yield in corn crops.

O nitrogênio (N) é o principal nutriente requerido pela cultura do milho, principalmente em solos do Cerrado. Técnicas de sensoriamento remoto podem ser usadas para gerar informações adicionais agora sobre a recomendação de fertilização nitrogenada. Este trabalho investigou a associação de variáveis fenológicas de altura de plantas e matéria seca com os índices de vegetação (IVs) NDVI, REDEDGE, SAVI e IV 760/550 com a produtividade de grãos de milho, sob diferentes doses de N. A semeadura ocorreu em novembro de 2016, com espaçamento de 0,45 m entre linhas e 60.000 ha-1 de população de plantas. Quatro doses de N (0, 80, 160 e 240 kg de N ha-1) foram aplicadas no estádio fenológico V4. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados contendo quatro doses de N em cobertura e 16 repetições. O sensor óptico ativo Crop Circle ACS-470 foi usado para obter os IVs. Equações de regressão polinomial foram ajustadas entre as variáveis em resposta como doses de N. Posteriormente, foram estimadas como correlações entre variáveis e resultados expressos através da rede de correlações. Por fim, foi realizada uma análise multivariada de variáveis canônicas para entender a inter-relação entre as variáveis e cada dose de N aplicada. Os índices NDVI, SAVI e RE apresentam alta associação positiva entre si e com as variáveis altura de planta e matéria seca. NDVI e REDEDGE têm uma relação positiva de magnitude moderada com a produtividade de grãos na cultura do milho.

Bletilla striata planting area in Ningshan county extraction based on multi-temporal remote sensing images / 中国中药杂志

Traditional Chinese medicine is planted in mountainous areas with suitable natural conditions. The planting area is complex in terrain,and the planting plots are mostly irregularly shaped. It is difficult to accurately calculate the planting area by traditional survey methods. The method of extracting Chinese herbal medicine planting area combined with remote sensing and GIS technology is of great significance for the rational development and utilization of traditional Chinese medicine resources. Taking Bletilla striata planting in Ningshan county of Shaanxi province as an example,the extraction method of planting area of traditional Chinese medicine in county was studied. High-resolution ZY-3 and GF-1 multi-spectral multi-temporal remote sensing images were used as data sources. Through field sampling,samples such as B. striata,cultivated land,forest land,water body,artificial surface,alpine meadow,etc. are collected. The spectral features,texture features and shape features of remotely identifiable objects in different planting areas and cultivated land,vegetable sheds were analyzed,confusing ground objects were eliminated and interpretation marks were establish. The method of visual interpretation is used to realize the extraction of B. striata planting areas,and the B. striata planting area are calculated by combining GIS technology. The results showed that the method of visual interpretation,using high-resolution ZY-3 and GF-1 multi-spectral multi-temporal remote sensing image data extracted the planting area of 403.05 mu. It can effectively extract the B. striata planting area in research region.

Extraction of distribution information of Angelicae sinensis plants in Weiyuan county based on remote sensing technology / 中国中药杂志

Due to the large amount of nutrients required during the cultivation of Angelica sinensis and in order to prevent the occurrence of pests and diseases,and the annual reduction of the planting area of Angelica and the balance of supply and demand of A. sinensis,the A. sinensis plantation adopts the rotation mode. This paper takes Wuyuan county of Gansu province as the research scope and use GF-1 Satellite data as the data source,using remote sensing technology combined with field survey results,to explore the effective method of visual interpretation for the extraction of A. sinensis planting area. A sample was selected to generate a spectrum according to different feature types. The different characteristics of A. sinensis and other features were analyzed and distinguished in remote sensing images,so that the A. sinensis planting plots were extracted and verified in remote sensing images. The results showed that the accuracy verification value of the visual interpretation method was 95. 85%. It is determined that the visual interpretation method can effectively extract the A. sinensis planting plots within the research scope and realize the comprehensive grasp of the spatial distribution information of A. sinensis.

Remote sensing extraction method of Codonopsis pilosula planting area in Weiyuan county / 中国中药杂志

Due to the large amount of Codonopsis pilosula planted in Weiyuan county,and the arable land area,the local medicinal materials office uses a large amount of manpower,financial resources and material resources to estimate its area every year. In order to extract the information of local Chinese medicinal materials more quickly and simply,we try to apply remote sensing technology to the extraction of Chinese medicinal materials. This paper will use Weiyuan county of Gansu province as the research area,and use the domestic ZY-3 Satellite multi-spectral remote sensing image as the data source to find out the spectral characteristics of the party's participation in other remote sensing images. The visual interpretation method was used to extract the planting area of the C. pilosula in Weiyuan county. The estimated value of the planting area of C. pilosula using satellite remote sensing technology was 75 965 mu( 1 mu≈667 m2),which was basically consistent with the field survey data of the local medicinal materials office. After the accuracy verification,it was found that the precision of C. pilosula planted by visual interpretation was more than 70%. It is concluded that the satellite remote sensing technology can be used to extract the information of C. pilosula and it can provide the relevant information of the planting area of Chinese medicinal materials quickly and accurately.

Planting area estimation of Paeonia ostii based on RS--by case study in Dangshan of Anhui province / 中国中药杂志

Moutan Cortex is one kind of famous medicinal materials. The dry root bark of Paeonia ostii which is a genuine medicinal material produced in Tongling,Anhui province,and later was introduced to Heze,Shandong province and Bozhou,Anhui province.Dangshan county is located at the northern end of Anhui province and adjacent to Shandong province. Its medicinal seedlings were came from Heze,Shandong province. At present,there is a lack of scientific investigation on the planting area of P. ostii in north China plain. On the basis of field investigation and remote sensing technology,through the data source provided by the remote sensing image of " Resources 3"( ZY-3),combined with the biological characteristics of P. ostii,the planting area of P. ostii in Dangshan county was extracted by field investigation and supervisory classification. The supervise classification method with the highest interpretation accuracy so far,the overall accuracy was 97. 81%,Kappa coefficient 0. 96. The results showed that the remote sensing classification method based on the maximum likelihood classification could extract P. ostii plots in the study area effectively. This study provides a scientific basis for the protection and rational utilization of traditional Chinese medicine resources,the development policy of traditional Chinese medicine industry and the long-term development plan in Dangshan county,and provides technical support for the poverty alleviation of traditional Chinese medicine industry in Dangshan county. It provides scientific reference for the application of remote sensing technology to investigate the planting area of P. ostii in in north China plain.

Extracting Paeonia lactiflora planted area in Dangshan of Anhui province based on ZY-3 remote sensing image / 中国中药杂志

In order to comprehensively monitor the dynamic change of Paeonia lactiflora planting area,the investigation of P. lactiflora planting area in Dangshan was carried out. It can provide reference for the planting detection of P. lactiflora in Huaibei Plain.Based on remote sensing technology,this paper extracts the planting area of P. lactiflora in Dangshan in 2018 by using the minimum distance method,maximum likelihood method,parallel hexahedron method and Mahalanobis distance method,using the remote sensing image of ZY-3 Satellite as the data source,and makes a comparative analysis with the results. The results show that the maximum likelihood method is better than the other three methods. This method can provide reference for remote sensing monitoring of P. lactiflora planting area in China.

Study of extracting natural resources of Chinese medicinal materials planted area in Luoning of Henan province based on UAV of low altitude remote sensing technology and remote sensing image of satellite / 中国中药杂志

The study is aimed to effectively obtain the planting area of traditional Chinese medicine resources. The herbs used as the material for traditional Chinese medicine are mostly planted in natural environment suitable mountainous areas. The UAV low altitude remote sensing data were used as the samples and the GF-2 remote sensing images were applied for the data source to extract the planting area of Salvia miltiorrhiza and Artemisia argyi in Luoning county combined with field investigation. Remote sensing satellite data of standard processing obtain specific remote sensing data coverage. The UAV data were pre-processed to visually interpret the species and distribution of traditional Chinese medicine resources in the sample quadrat. Support vector machine( SVM) was used to classify and estimate the area of traditional Chinese medicine resources in Luoning county,confusion matrix was used to determine the accuracy of spatial distribution of traditional Chinese medicine resources. The result showed that the application of UAV of low altitude remote sensing technology and remote sensing image of satellite in the extraction of S. miltiorrhiza and other varieties planting area was feasible,it also provides a scientific reference for poverty alleviation policies of the traditional Chinese medicine Industry in local areas.Meanwhile,research on remote sensing classification of Chinese medicinal materials based on multi-source and multi-phase high-resolution remote sensing images is actively carried out to explore more effective methods for information extraction of Chinese medicinal materials.