How to tell a happy from an unhappy schizotype: personality factors and mental health outcomes in individuals with psychotic experiences

Objective: It is unclear why some individuals reporting psychotic experiences have balanced lives while others go on to develop mental health problems. The objective of this study was to test if the personality traits of harm avoidance, self-directedness, and self-transcendence can be used as criteria to differentiate healthy from unhealthy schizotypal individuals. Methods: We interviewed 115 participants who reported a high frequency of psychotic experiences. The instruments used were the Temperament and Character Inventory (140), Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, and the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences. Results: Harm avoidance predicted cognitive disorganization (β = 0.319; t = 2.94), while novelty seeking predicted bipolar disorder (β = 0.136, Exp [β] = 1.146) and impulsive non-conformity (β = 0.322; t = 3.55). Self-directedness predicted an overall decrease in schizotypy, most of all in cognitive disorganization (β = -0.356; t = -2.95) and in impulsive non-conformity (β = -0.313; t = -2.83). Finally, self-transcendence predicted unusual experiences (β = 0.256; t = 2.32). Conclusion: Personality features are important criteria to distinguish between pathology and mental health in individuals presenting high levels of anomalous experiences (AEs). While self-directedness is a protective factor, both harm avoidance and novelty seeking were predictors of negative mental health outcomes. We suggest that the impact of AEs on mental health is moderated by personality factors.

As relações entre temperamento e as funções executivas em crianças de 6 e 7 anos de idade / Relationships between temperament and executive functions in 6 and 7 years old children / Relaciones entre el temperamento y las funciones ejecutivas en niños de 6 y 7 años de edad

As funções executivas são um conjunto de processos cognitivos envolvidos no controle do pensamento, comportamento e afeto. Estudos em crianças pré-escolares indicam que esses processos estão associados às características temperamentais delas, no entanto, em crianças mais velhas, as relações entre essas construções têm sido pouco exploradas. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a relação entre temperamento e as funções executivas de controle inibitório, memória de trabalho, planejamento e tomada de decisão em crianças do primeiro ano do Ensino Básico. Um grupo de 289 crianças com idade média de 80,94 meses, com desvio padrão de 3,75 meses, foi avaliada. Os resultados indicaram que aquelas crianças com maior capacidade de autorregular a sua reatividade temperamental apresentam melhor desempenho no planejamento, em comparação a crianças com maiores dificuldades para se autorregular. No entanto, não foram observadas relações entre temperamento e memória de trabalho, inibição perceptual e tomada de decisão. Conclui-se apontando alguns critérios metodológicos para a elaboração de futuras pesquisas que explorem a relação entre as funções executivas e o temperamento.

Executive functions are a set of cognitive processes involved in the control of thought, behavior and affect. Studies in preschool children indicate that these processes are associated with their temperamental characteristics; however, in older children the relationships between these constructs have been little explored. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between temperament and executive functions of inhibitory control, working memory, planning and decision making in children in the first year of the Basic Primary Education. A group of 289 children whose average age was 80.94 months with a standard deviation of 3.75 months was evaluated. The results indicated that children with greater capacity to regulate their temperamental reactivity present better performance in planning compared to children with higher difficulty to regulate temperamental reactivity. However, no relationships were observed between temperament and working memory, perceptual inhibition and decision making. We conclude by pointing out some methodological criteria for future research design that explores the relationship between temperament and executive functions.

Las funciones ejecutivas conforman un conjunto de procesos cognitivos implicados en el control del pensamiento, comportamiento y afectividad. Estudios en niños de preescolar indican que dichos procesos se asocian con las características temperamentales de éstos, sin embargo, en niños de mayor edad las relaciones entre estos constructos han sido poco exploradas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar las relaciones entre el temperamento y las funciones ejecutivas de control inhibitorio, memoria de trabajo, planificación y toma de decisiones, en niños de primer año de la Educación Primaria Básica. Se evaluó un grupo de 289 niños cuya edad media fue de 80.94 meses, con una desviación estándar de 3.75 meses. Los resultados indicaron que aquellos niños con mayor capacidad de autorregular la reactividad temperamental presentan mejor desempeño en planificación, respecto de los niños con mayores dificultades para autorregular la misma. No obstante, no se observaron relaciones del temperamento con la memoria de trabajo, la inhibición perceptual y la toma de decisiones. Se concluye señalando algunos criterios metodológicos para el diseño de futuras investigaciones que exploren las relaciones entre el temperamento y las funciones ejecutivas.

The joint structure of major depression, anxiety disorders, and trait negative affect

Background: Dimensional models of psychopathology demonstrate that two correlated factors of fear and distress account for the covariation among depressive and anxiety disorders. Nevertheless, these models tend to exclude variables relevant to psychopathology, such as temperament traits. This study examined the joint structure of DSM-IV-based major depression and anxiety disorders along with trait negative affect in a representative sample of adult individuals residing in the cities of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Methods: The sample consisted of 3,728 individuals who were administered sections D (phobic, anxiety and panic disorders) and E (depressive disorders) of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) 2.1 and a validated version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Data were analyzed using correlational and structural equation modeling. Results: Lifetime prevalence ranged from 2.4% for panic disorder to 23.2% for major depression. Most target variables were moderately correlated. A two-factor model specifying correlated fear and distress factors was retained and confirmed for models including only diagnostic variables and diagnostic variables along with trait negative affect. Conclusions: This study provides support for characterization of internalizing psychopathology and trait negative affect in terms of correlated dimensions of distress and fear. These results have potential implications for psychiatric taxonomy and for understanding the relationship between temperament and psychopathology. .

Metabolic syndrome prevalence in different affective temperament profiles in bipolar-I disorder

Objective: Temperament originates in the brain structure, and individual differences are attributable to neural and physiological function differences. It has been suggested that temperament is associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) markers, which may be partly mediated by lifestyle and socioeconomic status. Therefore, we aim to compare MetS prevalence between different affective temperamental profiles for each season in bipolar patients. Methods: Twenty-six bipolar type-I patients of a specialized outpatient mood disorder unit were evaluated for MetS according to new definition proposed by the International Diabetes Federation in the four seasons of a year. Temperament was assessed using the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego - autoquestionnaire version (TEMPS-A). Results: The proportions of MetS were 19.2, 23.1, 34.6, and 38.5% in the summer, fall, spring, and winter, respectively. Only depressive temperament scores were higher (p = 0.002) during the winter in patients with MetS. Conclusion: These data suggest that depressive temperament profiles may predispose an individual to the development of MetS in the winter. .

Factores psicobiológicos en vitiligo infantil: Posible rol en su génesis e impacto en la calidad de vida / Possible role of psychological and environmental factors in the genesis of chilhood vitiligo

Background: The exposure to stressing situations may play a role in the appearance of vitiligo. Patients with the disease have a greater sensitivity to environmental stress and a lower threshold to generate catecholamine mediated responses. Aim: To evaluate the temperament and character of patients with vitiligo and explore the relationship of the disease withnegative life events and life quality impairment. Material and methods: The study population were 21 patients with vitiligo aged 5 to 12 years, and two control groups (G1 and G2). G1 was composed by 14 healthy siblings of vitiligo patients. G2 was composed by 21 age and gender matched healthystudents from two schools in Santiago, Chile. The Junior Temperament and Character Inventory (JTCI), the Qualitative Psychosocial Development Survey (QPDS), the Life Event Checklist (LEC) and the Childrens’ Life Quality Index (CDLQI) were applied (LEC only to vitiligo patients). Results: On thetemperament dimensions, vitiligo patients scored high on the “harm avoidance“ scale in comparison toG2 (13.7 v/s 10.6). Compared with G1, QPDS showed in vitiligo patients a higher frequency of fear to strangers (71% and 36%, respectively) and a predominant feeling of fear and shyness in response to changes in a close relative (80% and 8%, respectively). There was a negative correlation (protective factor) between the character dimension “self-directedness“ and CDLQI score (r =–0.703). Conclusions: In this group of patients, we found a possible relationship between a specific temperament dimension, vitiligo and its impact on life quality.

Personality traits and treatment outcome in obsessive-compulsive disorder / Traços de personalidade e resposta terapêutica no transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo

OBJECTIVE: Comorbidity with personality disorders in obsessive-compulsive patients has been widely reported. About 40 percent of obsessive-compulsive patients do not respond to first line treatments. Nevertheless, there are no direct comparisons of personality traits between treatment-responsive and non-responsive patients. This study investigates differences in personality traits based on Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory scores between two groups of obsessive-compulsive patients classified according to treatment outcome: responders and non-responders. METHOD: Forty-four responsive and forty-five non-responsive obsessive-compulsive patients were selected. Subjects were considered treatment-responsive (responder group) if, after having received treatment with any conventional therapy, they had presented at least a 40 percent decrease in the initial Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale score, had rated "better" or "much better" on the Clinical Global Impressions scale; and had maintained improvement for at least one year. Non-responders were patients who did not achieve at least a 25 percent reduction in Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale scores and had less than minimal improvement on the Clinical Global Impressions scale after having received treatment with at least three selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (including clomipramine), and at least 20 hours of cognitive behavioral therapy. Personality traits were assessed using Temperament and Character Inventory. RESULTS: Non-responders scored lower in self-directedness and showed a trend to score higher in persistence than responders did. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that personality traits, especially self-directedness, are associated with poor treatment response in obsessive-compulsive patients.

OBJETIVO: Comorbidade com transtornos de personalidade tem sido extensamente descrita no transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo. Aproximadamente 40 por cento dos pacientes com transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo não respondem a tratamentos de primeira linha. Não obstante, não existem estudos comparando diretamente traços de personalidade entre pacientes responsivos e refratários ao tratamento do transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo. Este estudo investiga diferenças nos traços da personalidade baseados no Inventário de Temperamento e Caráter de Cloninger (TCI) entre dois grupos de pacientes com transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo classificados segundo desfecho terapêutico: responsivos e refratários. MÉTODO: Quarenta e cinco pacientes refratários e 44 responsivos foram selecionados. Os indivíduos foram considerados responsivos se, após tratamento com terapêutica convencional, apresentaram diminuição de ao menos 40 por cento no escore inicial da Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, foram classificados como "melhor" ou "muito melhor" na Clinical Global Impressions; e mantiveram melhora por pelo menos um ano. Os refratários eram os pacientes que não atingiram redução de ao menos 25 por cento na Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale e tiveram a melhoria menor que "mínima" na Clinical Global Impressions após o tratamento com ao menos três inibidores seletivos da recaptura de serotonina, incluindo clomipramina, e ao menos 20 horas da terapia cognitiva-comportamental. Os traços da personalidade foram avaliados através do Temperament and Character Inventory. RESULTADOS: Refratários pontuaram menos em autodirecionamento e tenderam a pontuar mais em persistência. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo sugere que os traços de personalidade, especialmente autodirecionamento, estão associados com a resposta pobre do tratamento em pacientes com transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo.

Constituição e temperamento: uma visão unicista e aplicação prática / Constitution and temperament: A Oneness vision and practical application

Constituição e Temperamento é fruto de uma ampla sistematização dos conhecimentos de grandes mestres da escola francesa que desenvolveram trabalhos reconhecidamente importantes no campo da morfologia. Nesta, buscou-se reconhecer a sintomatologia característica de um medicamento não só pelo imaginário mental, mas observando a expressão mais física desta sintomatologia por meio da constituição e do temperamento. São abordadas as diversas constituições: Sulfúrica, Carbônica, Fosfórica, Fluórica e as Mistas, bem como os temperamentos, a saber: Linfático, Sangüineo, Biliar e Atrabiliar, acompanhados de ilustrações, resumo e exemplos práticos...

Temperamento y personalidad en deficientes mentales / Temperament and personality in mental deficients

Se revisan los estudos sobre el temperamento y la personalidad de los deficientes mentales, se discute la hipótesis del déficit de inhibición y se estudia la aplicación de las dimensiones temperamentales básicas de extraversión y neuroticismo. Se concluye que no puede hablarse de un temperamento propio de los deficientes, puesto que se encuentra tanta variabilidad en el temperamento de los deficientes mentales como entre la población general; y que la consideración conjunta del temperamento, por un lado, y de la historia personal y la situación actual, por otro, permite dar cuenta, como en la población general, de las deficiencias individuales en los rasgos de personalidad de los deficientes mentales.