Factores asociados a la mala adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral en pacientes VIH positivo / Factors associated with poor adherence to antiretroviral treatment in HIV-positive patients

Introducción: La infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana representa un problema de salud pública en el mundo. La adherencia a la terapia antirretroviral es necesaria para alcanzar un estado de supresión viral máxima y disminuir la tasa de infecciones oportunistas. Sin embargo, diversos son los factores que pueden influir en la adherencia terapéutica. Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo asociados a la mala adherencia a la terapia antirretroviral en pacientes con el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana. Métodos: Se empleó un estudio con diseño observacional, analítico, de tipo casos y controles. El tamaño muestral fue de 276, a partir del cual 138 fueron casos y 138 controles. Los datos recolectados fueron analizados utilizando métodos de estadística descriptiva y estadística inferencial. Resultados: El análisis multivariado determinó una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la variable adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral y las variables depresión (odds ratio OR ajustado= 2,15), esquema de terapia antirretroviral alternativo (OR ajustado= 2,40), efectos secundarios (OR ajustado= 4,24) y cambio en la adherencia durante el estado de emergencia (OR ajustado= 5,67), independientemente de las otras variables intervinientes. Conclusiones: La depresión, el uso del esquema de terapia antirretroviral alternativo, la presencia de efectos secundarios a terapia antirretroviral y el cambio en la adherencia durante el estado de emergencia aumentan el riesgo de mala adherencia a la terapia antirretroviral(AU)

Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus infection represents a public health public problem in the world. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy is necessary to achieve a state of maximum viral suppression and decrease the rate of opportunistic infections. However, there are several factors that can influence therapeutic adherence. Objective: To identify the risk factors associated with poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy in patients with the human immunodeficiency virus. Methods: A study with an observational, analytical, case-control type design was used. The sample size was 276, from which 138 were cases and 138 controls. The collected data was analyzed using methods of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Results: The multivariate analysis determined a statistically significant association between the variable adherence to antiretroviral treatment and the variables depression (adjusted Odds Ratio OR = 2.15), alternative antiretroviral therapy scheme (adjusted OR= 2.40), side effects (adjusted OR= 4.24), and change in adherence during the state of emergency (adjusted OR= 5.67) independently of the other intervening variables. Conclusions: Depression, the use of alternative antiretroviral therapy regimens, the presence of side effects to antiretroviral therapy, and the change in adherence during the state of emergency increase the risk of poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy(AU)

Reasons, safety and efficacy analysis for conversion of HAART to TAF/FTC/BIC among HIV-infected patients / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#This study aimed to determine the reasons for conversion and elucidate the safety and efficacy of transition to tenofovir alafenamide/emtricitabine/bictegravir sodium (TAF/FTC/BIC) in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-experienced HIV-infected patients in real-world settings.@*METHODS@#We conducted a retrospective cohort study. The treatment conversion rationales, safety, and effectiveness in 1684 HIV-infected patients with previous HAART experience who switched to TAF/FTC/BIC were evaluated at Beijing Ditan Hospital from September 2021 to Auguest 2022.@*RESULTS@#Regimen simplification (990/1684, 58.79%) was the most common reason for switching, followed by osteoporosis or osteopenia (375/1684, 22.27%), liver dysfunction (231/1684, 13.72%), decline in tenofovir alafenamide/emtricitabine/elvitegravir/cobicistat (TAF/FTC/EVG/c) with food restriction (215/1684, 12.77%), virological failure (116/1684, 6.89%), and renal dysfunction (90/1684, 5.34%). In patients receiving non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI)-containing regimens, lipid panel changes 1 year after switching indicated a difference of 3.27 ± 1.10 mmol/L vs . 3.40 ± 1.59 mmol/L in triglyceride ( P  = 0.014), 4.82 ± 0.74 mmol/L vs . 4.88 ± 0.72 mmol/L in total cholesterol ( P  = 0.038), 3.09 ± 0.70 mmol/L vs . 3.18 ± 0.66 mmol/L in low-density lipoprotein ( P  <0.001), and 0.99 ± 0.11 mmol/L vs . 0.95 ± 0.10 mmol/L in high-density lipoprotein ( P  <0.001). Conversely, among patients receiving booster-containing regimens, including TAF/FTC/EVG/c and lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r), lipid panel changes presented decreased trends. We also observed an improved trend in viral load suppression, and alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and serum creatinine levels after the transition ( P  <0.001).@*CONCLUSION@#The transition to TAF/FTC/BIC demonstrated good treatment potency. Furthermore, this study elucidates the motivations behind the adoption of TAF/FTC/BIC in real-world scenarios, providing clinical evidence supporting the stable conversion to TAF/FTC/BIC for HAART-experienced patients.

Síndrome metabólica em pessoas vivendo com HIV: prevalência e concordância de critérios / Síndrome metabólico en personas que viven con el VIH: prevalencia y concordancia de criterios / Metabolic syndrome in people living with HIV: criteria prevalence and agreement

Resumo Objetivo Identificar a prevalência da síndrome metabólica e a concordância entre os critérios do National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATPIII) e da International Diabetes Federation (IDF) em pessoas vivendo com HIV. Métodos Estudo analítico transversal, realizado em cinco serviços especializados em município do interior paulista, de 2014 a 2016, com 340 pessoas vivendo com HIV. Variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas necessárias para classificação da síndrome metabólica pelos critérios do NCEP-ATPIII e da IDF foram coletadas por meio de entrevistas. Para avaliar a concordância entre os critérios da SM, NCEP-ATPIII e IDF, foi utilizada a estatística first-order agreement coefficient. Para verificar a relação entre a síndrome metabólica e as variáveis do estudo, utilizou-se a regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Resultados A prevalência da síndrome metabólica foi de 28,5% pelo critério NCEP-ATPIII e 39,3% IDF. As maiores prevalências foram associadas ao sexo feminino e faixas etárias a partir dos 50 anos, enquanto que, no tempo de diagnóstico entre 2 a 10 anos, prevalências menores. A concordância entre os dois critérios foi considerada substancial. Conclusão A concordância substancial entre os critérios IDF e NCEP-ATPIII sugere a possibilidade de intercambio entre eles. Ademais, os resultados sinalizam para a necessidade de atenção especial dos serviços para a avaliação do perfil metabólico e identificação das pessoas vivendo com HIV que possuem alto risco cardiovascular.

Resumen Objetivo Identificar la prevalencia del síndrome metabólico y la concordancia entre los criterios del National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATPIII) y de la International Diabetes Federation (IDF) en personas que viven con el VIH. Métodos Estudio analítico transversal, realizado en cinco servicios especializados en un municipio del interior del estado de São Paulo, de 2014 a 2016, con 340 personas que viven con el VIH. Por medio de entrevistas se recopilaron las variables sociodemográficas y clínicas necesarias para la clasificación del síndrome metabólico mediante los criterios del NCEP-ATPIII y de la IDF. Para evaluar la concordancia entre los criterios del SM, NCEP-ATPIII e IDF, se utilizó la estadística first-order agreement coefficient. Para verificar la relación entre el síndrome metabólico y las variables del estudio, se utilizó la regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta. Resultados La prevalencia del síndrome metabólico fue del 28,5 % mediante el criterio NCEP-ATPIII y 39,3 % por la IDF. Las mayores prevalencias se asociaron al sexo femenino y los grupos de edad a partir de los 50 años, mientras que hubo prevalencias menores en el tiempo de diagnóstico entre 2 y 10 años. La concordancia entre los dos criterios fue considerada sustancial. Conclusión La concordancia sustancial entre los criterios IDF y NCEP-ATPIII sugiere la posibilidad de intercambio entre ellos. Además, los resultados señalan la necesidad de una atención especial de los servicios para evaluar el perfil metabólico e identificar a las personas que viven con el VIH con alto riesgo cardiovascular.

Abstract Objective To identify the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and the agreement between the criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATPIII) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) in people living with HIV. Methods This is a cross-sectional analytical study, carried out in five specialized services in a city in the interior of São Paulo, from 2014 to 2016, with 340 people living with HIV. Sociodemographic and clinical variables necessary for classification of the metabolic syndrome by the NCEP-ATPIII and IDF criteria were collected through interviews. To assess the agreement between MS, NCEP-ATPIII and IDF criteria, the first-order agreement coefficient statistic was used. To verify the relationship between the metabolic syndrome and the study variables, Poisson regression with robust variance was used. Results The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 28.5% by the NCEP-ATPIII criterion and 39.3% IDF. The highest prevalence was associated with females and age groups from 50 years old, while, in the time of diagnosis between 2 and 10 years, lower prevalence. The agreement between the two criteria was considered substantial. Conclusion The substantial agreement between the IDF and NCEP-ATPIII criteria suggests the possibility of interchange between them. Moreover, the results signal the need for special attention from services for the assessment of the metabolic profile and identification of people living with HIV who are at high cardiovascular risk.

Política pública transcultural y factores no adherentes al TARGA del VIH-sida etnia Perú-Amazónica Kusu Pagata / Cross-cultural public policy and factors not adherent to HIV-aids HAART-Peru-Amazon ethnic group Kusu Pagata

Introducción: Uno de los problemas que afecta los pueblos indígenas latinoamericanos es la falta de datos epidemiológicos respecto a la prevalencia del VIH-sida, debido a que los sistemas de información y vigilancia no registran la variable etnicidad. Objetivo: Proponer una política pública transcultural para prevenir factores asociados a la no adherencia a la terapia antirretroviral de gran actividad del VIH-Sida de la etnia Amazónica Kusu Pagata. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, con 18 pobladores diagnosticados de VIH-sida en la comunidad Kusu Pagata, Perú. 2018-2019. Se aplicó cuestionario validado por expertos y confiabilidad alfa de Cronbach (0,71). La variable investigada fue factores asociados a la no adherencia a terapia antirretroviral, la propuesta fue una política pública basada en la Teoría de Madeleine Leininger. Se utilizaron estadísticas descriptivas (promedio, desviación estándar) e inferencial (prueba de comparación de promedios para varianzas homogéneas Shapiro-Wilk y prueba F para comparación de varianzas de 1 cola). Resultados: La edad promedio del paciente no adherente al tratamiento fue 21 años, significativamente mayor que la de los adherentes (18,2) años. El 80 por ciento de los que acudieron al curandero fueron no adherentes al tratamiento, el 50 por ciento fueron adherentes y acudieron al establecimiento sanitario. El 64 por ciento consumió tratamientos con productos elaborados con plantas, los que se consideraron no adherentes al tratamiento farmacológico, el 71 por ciento tomó otros tratamientos alternos. Conclusión: Se propuso una política pública transcultural según Teoría de Madeleine Leininger para prevenir factores asociados a la no adherencia a la terapia antirretroviral del VIH-sida de la etnia Amazónica Kusu Pagata(AU)

Introduction: One of the problems affecting Latin American indigenous peoples is the lack of epidemiological data regarding the prevalence of HIV-Aids, due to the fact that the information and surveillance systems do not register the ethnicity variable. Objective: To propose a cross-cultural public policy to prevent factors associated with non-adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy for HIV-Aids of the Amazon Kusu Pagata ethnic group. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study with 18 residents diagnosed with HIV-Aids in the Kusu Pagata community, Peru. 2018-2019. An expertly validated questionnaire and Cronbach's alpha reliability (0.71) were applied. The variable investigated was factors associated with non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy; the proposal was a public policy based on the Theory of Madeleine Leininger. Descriptive (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (means comparison test for homogeneous Shapiro - Wilk variances and F-test for comparison of 1-tail variances) were used. Results: The average age of the patient not adherent to the treatment was 21 years, significantly higher than that of the adherents (18.2) years. 80.00 percent of those who went to the healer were non-adherent to the treatment, 50.00 percent were adherent and went to the health facility. 64.00 percent consumed treatments with products made with plants, those who were considered non-adherent to the pharmacological treatment, 71.00 percent took other alternative treatments. Conclusion: A cross-cultural public policy was proposed according to Madeleine Leininger's Theory to prevent factors associated with non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy for HIV-AIDS of the Amazon Kusu Pagata ethnic group(AU)

Self-reported HIV/HAART-associated Lipodystrophy and Modifiable Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease

Abstract Background Patient self-report is the most common diagnostic tool in the literature to detect HIV/HAART-associated lipodystrophy. However, data on the association of cardiovascular risk factors with HIV/HAART-associated lipodystrophy assessed by self-report are still missing. Objectives To determine the prevalence of self-reported HIV/HAART-associated lipodystrophy and to identify independent associations between traditional modifiable cardiovascular risk factors and self-reported lipodystrophy. Methods We conducted a retrospective observational study at an outpatient infectious disease clinic in the Central-West of Brazil to identify the association between traditional modifiable cardiovascular risk factors and self-reported lipodystrophy. Sedentary lifestyle, smoking status, family history of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, increased waist circumference and overweight were the cardiovascular risk factors assessed. Self-reported HIV/HART-associated lipodystrophy was categorized as: mild (noticeable by patients' close inspection), moderate (easily noticeable by patient and physician) or severe (readily noticeable by a casual observer). Prevalence ratio (PR) and 95% confidence interval (CI95%) were calculated. Multivariate Poisson's regression was used to analyze factors associated to HIV/HAART-associated lipodystrophy assessed by self-report considering a significance level of 5%. Results A total of 183 patients were included, with a mean age of 39.3±10.9 years. Most of the sample were male (77.6%), non-white (50.8%) and single (53.0%). The overall prevalence of HIV/HAART-associated lipodystrophy was 52.5% (95% CI 44.96 - 59.88). Severe lipodystrophy was observed in more than half patients (55.2%). No traditional modifiable cardiovascular risk factor was independently associated with lipodystrophy. Female sex (PR 1.49; 95% CI 1.15 - 1.95; p =0.003), time of HIV infection diagnosis of 1-3 years (PR 1.83; 95% CI 1.09 - 3.08; p =0.002) and a positive family history of CVD (PR 1.62; 95% CI 1.11 - 2.36; p <0.001) were independently associated with lipodystrophy. Conclusion HIV/HAART-associated lipodystrophy assessed by patient self-report was not associated with traditional modifiable cardiovascular risk factors. Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0

Profile of drug-drug interactions and impact on the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy among patients living with HIV followed at an Infectious Diseases Referral Center in Belo Horizonte, Brazil

ABSTRACT HIV infection may be considered a chronic condition for people living with HIV with access to antiretrovirals and this has effectively increased survival. Moreover, this has also facilitated the emergence of other comorbidities increasing the risk for drug-drug interactions and polypharmacy. The profile of these interactions as well as their consequences for people living with HIV are still not completely elucidated. The objectives of this study were to describe the profile of these interactions, their prevalence and their classification according to the potential for significant or non-significant drug-drug interactions. From June 2015 to July 2016, people living with HIV on follow-up at an Infectious Diseases Referral Center in Belo Horizonte, Brazil have been investigated for the presence of drug-drug interactions. A total of 304 patients were included and the majority (75%) had less than 50 years of age, male (66.4%), and 37.8% self-defined as brown skinned. Approximately 24% were on five or more medications and half of them presented with drug-drug interactions. Patients older than 50 years had a higher frequency of antiretrovirals drug-drug interactions with other drugs compared to younger patients (p = 0.002). No relationship was found between the number of drug-drug interactions and the effectiveness of antiretrovirals. As expected, the higher the number of non-HIV medications used (OR = 1.129; 95%CI 1.004-1.209; p = 0.04) was associated with an increase in drug-drug interactions. The high prevalence of drug-drug interactions found and the data collected should be useful to establish measures of quaternary prevention and to increase the medication security for people living with HIV.

Factors associated to modification of first-line antiretroviral therapy due to adverse events in people living with HIV/AIDS

ABSTRACT Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has modified the outcome of patients with HIV infection, providing virological control and reducing mortality. However, there are several reasons as to why patients may discontinue their antiretroviral therapy, with adverse events being one of the main reasons reported in the literature. This is a case-control nested in a cohort of people living with HIV/AIDS, conducted to identify the incidence of ART modification due to adverse events and the associated factors, in two referral services in Recife, Brazil, between 2011 and 2014. Of the modifications occurred in the first year of ART, 25.7% were driven by adverse events. The median time elapsed between initiating ART and the first modification due to adverse events was 70.5 days (95% CI: 26-161 days). The main adverse events were dermatological, neuropsychiatric and gastrointestinal. Dermatological events were the earliest to appear after initiating ART. Efavirenz was the most prescribed and most modified drug during the study period. The group of participants who used zidovudine, lamivudine, and efavirenz had a 2-fold greater chance (adjusted OR: 2.16 95% CI: 1.28-3.65) of switching ART due to adverse events when compared to the group that used tenofovir with lamivudine and efavirenz.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a systematic review

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in patients with HIV/AIDS. METHODS The systematic review included articles indexed in MEDLINE (by PubMed), Web of Science, IBECS, and LILACS. Studies eligible included the year of publication, diagnose criteria of NAFLD and HIV, and were published in English, Portuguese, or Spanish from 2006 to 2018. The exclusion criteria were studies with HIV-infection patients and other liver diseases. Two reviewers were involved in the study and applied the same methodology, according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). RESULTS One hundred and sixteen papers were selected, including full articles, editorial letters, and reviews. Twenty-seven articles were excluded because they did meet the inclusion criteria. A total of 89 articles were read, and 13 were considered eligible for this review. Four case series used imaging methods to identify NAFLD, and nine included histology. The prevalence of NAFLD in HIV-patients ranged from 30%-100% and, in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), from 20% to 89%. A positive association between dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and body mass index was observed. There was no agreement between the studies that evaluated the relationship between antiretroviral drugs and NAFLD. CONCLUSION This systematic review showed a high prevalence of NAFLD in HIV-patients, which was associated with metabolic risk factors. The possible association between antiretroviral therapy and NAFLD needs further studies.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar a relevância da doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (DHGNA) em pacientes com HIV / AIDS. MÉTODOS A revisão sistemática foi realizada utilizando instrumentos de busca de material científico indexado, incluindo MEDLINE (pela PubMed), Web of Science, IBECS e LILACS. Estudos elegíveis incluíram o ano de publicação, critérios para diagnostico de DHGNA e HIV, publicados em inglês, português e espanhol, entre 2006 a 2018. Os critérios de exclusão incluíram estudos com pacientes com outras doenças do fígado. Dois revisores foram envolvidos na pesquisa dos artigos e o PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta - Analyses) foi utilizado nas análises. RESULTADOS Cento e dezesseis artigos foram selecionados, 27 excluídos porque não preencheram critérios de inclusão e assim, 89 foram lidos pelos investigadores. Desses, 13 artigos foram incluídos na revisão. Quatro séries de casos utilizaram métodos por imagens para identificação de DHGNA e nove estudos utilizaram biópsia hepática. A prevalência de DHGNA em pacientes com HIV variou de 30% a 100% e esteato-hepatite não alcoólica (EHNA) entre 20% e 89%. Na avaliação das principais variáveis estudadas, observou-se a associação positiva entre dislipidemia, resistência à insulina e índice de massa corporal. Não houve concordância entre os artigos que avaliaram a relação dos antiretrovirais com a DHGNA. CONCLUSÕES A presente revisão sistemática sugere elevada prevalência de DHGNA em pacientes infectados com HIV. DHGNA nesses pacientes foi associada principalmente a fatores metabólicos. A possível associação entre terapia antiretroviral e DHGNA nesses pacientes vem sendo discutida, mas são necessários mais estudos para estabelecer essa associação.

Widespread use of anti-retroviral therapy elevated the prevalence of dyslipidemia in HIV-infected Chinese patients

With the widespread use of high-efficiency antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the life expectancy of HIV-infected patients has been significantly extended. However, the metabolic complications among HIV-infected patients treated with HAART have become the most common problem in the world. It is very important to explore the incidence of dyslipidaemia and studies on the role of potential risk factors in HIV-infected Chinese patients treated with HAART are sparse. Therefore, we designed current study, to investigate the effects of therapeutic intervention and continuous information support on the lifestyle of HIV/AIDS patients with dyslipidaemia. Three hundred and six HIV/AIDS patients admitted to the AIDS clinic in Beijing from January 2016 to January 2017 were recruited and assigned into two groups: the treatment group (n=64) and the control group (n=64). The median age of the participants was 38.8±11.0 years (range 20-75 years). The prevalence of dyslipidemia in control and treatment group was (59/64) 92.2% and (53/64) 82.8%, respectively. In this study, low HDL-cholesterol (HDLC) led to abnormalities 47/64 (73.3%) in the control group and 35/64 (54.7%) in HAART-treatment group. Additionally, HAART group showed higher triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (246.1±171.8, 1.73±1.61 mmol/L, 4.46±1.1 mmol/L, 2.54±0.74 mmol/L). In multivariate analysis, gender, marital status, high BMI, dietary habits and physical activity were potential risk factors for dyslipidemia in HIV-infected Chinese patients. In this study, we reported high prevalence dyslipidemiain two HIV infected groups. We suggest that the appropriate diagnosis should be performed for analyzing the metabolic complications in HIV-infected Chinese patients. Further studies are very important to understand the role of potential risk factors in metabolic complications.

HIV-related nephropathy: new aspects of an old paradigm

SUMMARY The scenario of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been undergoing changes in recent years, both in relation to the understanding of HIV infection and regarding the treatments available. As a result, the disease, which before was associated with high morbidity and mortality, is now seen as a chronic disease that can be controlled, regarding both transmission and symptoms. However, even when the virus replication is well controlled, the infected patient remains at high risk of developing renal involvement, either by acute kidney injury not associated with HIV, nephrotoxicity due to antiretroviral drugs, chronic diseases associated with increased survival, or glomerular disease associated to HIV. This review will cover the main aspects of kidney failure associated with HIV.

RESUMO O panorama da infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) vem sofrendo alterações nos últimos anos, tanto em relação ao entendimento da infecção pelo HIV quanto aos tratamentos disponíveis. Como resultado, a doença, que antes estava associada a alta morbimortalidade, é agora considerada uma doença crônica que pode ser controlada, tanto em relação à transmissão quanto aos sintomas. No entanto, mesmo quando a replicação viral é bem controlada, o paciente infectado tem um alto risco de desenvolver complicações renais, seja através de lesão renal aguda não relacionada ao HIV, por nefrotoxicidade causada por drogas antirretrovirais, por doenças crônicas associadas com o aumento da sobrevida ou por doença glomerular associada ao HIV. Esta revisão abordará os principais aspectos da insuficiência renal associada ao HIV.

Perforación intestinal por citomegalovirus durante un Síndrome de Reconstitución Inmune / Intestinal Perforation for Cytomegalovirus in Immune Reconstitution Syndrome

RESUMEN El síndrome de reconstitución inmune se produce debido a un aumento de la inmunocompetencia en pacientes previamente inmunocomprometidos. La situación es frecuente tras iniciar un tratamiento antirretroviral de alta eficacia, en pacientes con infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana. En determinados casos, puede conllevar un empeoramiento paradójico de una infección previa. El citomegalovirus, es un germen oportunista que, en el seno de un síndrome de reconstitución inmune, puede dar lugar a perforación intestinal multifocal y peritonitis secundaria de difícil tratamiento. Es más frecuente en pacientes con recuento de linfocitos cooperadores inferior a 50 células/mm3 al iniciar el tratamiento antirretroviral. El objetivo es comunicar dicha situación a través, de un caso clínico para facilitar su sospecha lo más pronto posible, y realizar un tratamiento adecuado. Presentamos el caso de un paciente con virus de inmunideficiencia humana de reciente diagnóstico, en tratamiento con terapia antirretroviral de alta eficacia, que acude a urgencias con abdomen agudo secundario a perforación por citomegalovirus. La infección conlleva importante morbimortalidad, siendo imprescindible un diagnóstico temprano e iniciar precozmente el tratamiento antiviral intravenoso, asociado generalmente a tratamiento quirúrgico(AU)

ABSTRACT Immune reconstitution syndrome occurs due to increased immunocompetence in previously immunocompetent patients. The condition is frequent in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection who have started a highly active antiretroviral therapy. In certain cases, the syndrome can lead to a paradoxical worsening of a previous infection. Cytomegalovirus is an opportunistic germ that, during an immune reconstitution syndrome, can lead to multifocal intestinal perforation and secondary peritonitis, in cases that are difficult to treat. The syndrome is more frequent in patients with CD4 lymphocyte count below 50/mm3 at the time of starting antiretroviral treatment. The objective is to communicate this situation through a clinical case presentation in order to facilitate suspicion as soon as possible, and to carry out appropriate treatment. We present the case of a patient with a recently diagnosed human immunodeficiency virus, under treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy, who attended the emergency department with an acute abdomen secondary to perforation due to cytomegalovirus. Infection carries significant morbidity and mortality, and early diagnosis is essential and intravenous antiviral treatment should be started early, generally associated with surgical treatment(AU)

Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in HIV/AIDS patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the central-southern region of the state of Paraná - Brazil / Fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular em pacientes com HIV / AIDS tratados com terapia antirretroviral altamente ativa (HAART) na região centro-sul do estado do Paraná-Brasil

Abstract The aim of this study was to describe metabolic changes in HIV/AIDS patients according to the treatment regimen. It was a retrospective cohort conducted from 2002 to 2014. Researchers surveyed clinical variables and treatment regimen of 538 individuals. They used measures of central tendency and marginal logistic regression to determine the influence of the treatment regimen on clinical variables over time; survival was estimated using Kaplan-Meier curves. 56.2% of patients were male, 82.2% white, 33.8% had 4 to 7 years of study, 49.2% were married, 98.5% had sexual transmission, and 89.0% were heterosexuals. During the study period, 24.4% had hypertension, 18.2% changed cholesterol, 39.7% low HDL, 51.3% high triglycerides and 33.3% hyperglycemia. Treatment regimens with nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors associated with protease inhibitors, and the association of different classes of antiretrovirals have been associated with greater lipid changes. Higher metabolic changes were observed in patients with longer treatment time. It is concluded that preventive measures, as well as early treatment, can contribute to minimize the risks of developing cardiovascular diseases.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever os fatores de risco cardiovascular em pacientes HIV/AIDS de acordo com o esquema terapêutico utilizado. Estudo de Coorte retrospectiva no período de 2002 a 2014. Foram levantadas variáveis clínicas e esquema de tratamento de 538 indivíduos. Utilizaram-se medidas de tendência central, e regressão marginal logística para verificar a influência do esquema de tratamento sobre variáveis clinicas ao longo do tempo. Dos pacientes, 56,2% eram homens, 82,2% brancos, 33,8% tinham entre 4 a 7 anos de estudo, 49,2% eram casados, 98,5% tiveram transmissão sexual e 89,0% eram heterossexuais. A idade média no diagnóstico foi de 36,3 anos. Durante o período de estudo, 24,4% hipertensão arterial, 18,2% colesterol alterado, 39,7% HDL baixo, 51,3% triglicerídeos elevados e 33,3% hiperglicemia. Os esquemas de tratamento com Inibidores da transcriptase reversa nucleotídeos associados a inibidores da protease, e a associação de diferentes classes de antirretrovirais estiveram associados a maiores alterações lipídicas e maiores alterações metabólicas com maior tempo de tratamento. Conclui-se que medidas preventivas, bem como tratamento precoce pode contribuir para minimizar os riscos de desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares.

Ausencia de efectos adversos del SNC en tratamientos de más de tres años con efavirenz / Abscense of CNS adverse reactions of efavirenz therapy after three years of treatment

En el presente trabajo se seleccionaron pacientes adultos HIV en tratamiento antirretroviral que contenían efavirenz de más de tres años de duración que hubieron tenido efectos adversos del sistema nervioso central iniciales, comprobando la desaparición completa de los mismos en el 94% de los pacientes evaluados al cabo de 36 meses de tratamiento. Se empleó como método el análisis observacional retrospectivo, utilizando una encuesta de valoración de frecuencia temporal de efectos adversos del sistema nervioso central. Se tuvieron en cuenta los siguientes: mareos: depresión; trastornos del sueño; pesadillas e ideación suicida. De los efectos adversos del sistema nervioso central investigados, los más frecuente fue pesadillas 100% y mareos 81%. Esta frecuencia decreciente hasta su desaparición, fortalece la hipótesis del "fenómeno de tolerancia" similar al observado con ciertas indolaminas, debido a que efavirenz presenta una similitud estructural con estas e interacciona con algunos receptores de la superfamilia de receptores de 5 hidroxitriptamina (5HT). Además las diferencias interindividuales de efectos adversos del SNC podrían estar dadas por las diferencias alélicas en citocromo p 450 que determinan niveles plasmáticos de metabólitos hidroxilados neurotóxicos

In the present study, adult HIV patients were selected on antiretroviral treatment that contained efavirenz for more than three years that had adverse effects on the initial central nervous system, proving their complete disappearance in 94% of the patients evaluated after 36 months of treatment. A retrospective observational analysis was used as a method, using a survey of temporal frequency assessment of adverse effects of the central nervous system. The following were taken into account: dizziness; anxiety; depression; sleep disorders; nightmares and suicidal ideation. Of the adverse effects of the central nervous system investigated, the most frequent was nightmares 100% and dizziness 81%. This decreasing frequency until its disappearance, strengthens the hypothesis of the "tolerance phenomenon" similar to that observed with certain indolamines, because efavirenz has a structural similarity with these and interacts with some receptors of the superfamily of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) receptors. In addition, the interindividual differences of CNS adverse effects could be due to allelic differences in cytochrome p 450 that determine plasma levels of neurotoxic hydroxylated metabolites.

Trasplante hepático exitoso en un paciente portador del Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH) / Liver transplantation in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): case report

Abstrac: Before the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were considered as having an absolute contraindication for liver transplantation (LT). Considering the increased life expectancy in HIV positive patients under HAART and the improvements in the management of graft recipients, these patients are now suitable for carrying out transplants in selected cases. We report a 26 years old HIV positive male who developed acute liver failure possibly caused by drug induced liver injury who underwent a successful liver transplantation.

Audiological and electrophysiological alterations in HIV-infected individuals subjected or not to antiretroviral therapy / Alterações audiológicas e eletrofisiológicas em indivíduos infectados pelo HIV submetidos ou não à terapia antirretroviral

Abstract Introduction: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and infections related to it can affect multiple sites in the hearing system. The use of High Activity Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) can cause side effects such as ototoxicity. Thus, no consistent patterns of hearing impairment in adults with Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome have been established, and the problems that affect the hearing system of this population warrant further research. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the audiological and electrophysiological data of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-positive patients with and without Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, who were receiving High Activity Anti-Retroviral Therapy, to healthy individuals. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted with 71 subjects (30-48 years old), divided into groups: Research Group I: 16 Human Immunodeficiency Virus-positive individuals without Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (not receiving antiretroviral treatment); Research Group II: 25 Human Immunodeficiency Virus-positive individuals with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (receiving antiretroviral treatment); Control Group: 30 healthy subjects. All individuals were tested by pure-tone air conduction thresholds at 0.25-8 kHz, extended high frequencies at 9-20 kHz, electrophysiological tests (Auditory Brainstem Response, Middle Latency Responses, Cognitive Potential). Results: Research Group I and Research Group II had higher hearing thresholds in both conventional and high frequency audiometry when compared to the control group, prolonged latency of waves I, III, V and interpeak I-V in Auditory Brainstem Response and prolonged latency of P300 Cognitive Potential. Regarding Middle Latency Responses, there was a decrease in the amplitude of the Pa wave of Research Group II compared to the Research Group I. Conclusions: Both groups with Human Immunodeficiency Virus had higher hearing thresholds when compared to healthy individuals (group exposed to antiretroviral treatment showed the worst hearing threshold) and seemed to have lower neuroelectric transmission speed along the auditory pathway in the brainstem, subcortical and cortical regions.

Resumo Introdução: O HIV e as infecções relacionadas a ele podem afetar vários locais do sistema auditivo. O uso de terapia antirretroviral altamente ativa pode causar efeitos colaterais, como ototoxicidade. Assim, não foram estabelecidos padrões consistentes de deficiência auditiva em adultos com HIV/Aids e os problemas que afetam o sistema auditivo dessa população justificam pesquisas futuras. Objetivos: Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar os dados audiológicos e eletrofisiológicos de pacientes HIV positivos com e sem Aids que recebiam terapia antirretroviral altamente ativa com os de indivíduos saudáveis. Método: Estudo transversal com 71 indivíduos (30-48 anos), divididos em grupos: Grupo de Pesquisa I: 16 indivíduos HIV-positivos sem Aids (não recebiam tratamento antirretroviral); Grupo de Pesquisa II: 25 indivíduos HIV-positivos com Aids (recebiam tratamento antirretroviral); Grupo Controle: 30 indivíduos saudáveis. Todos os indivíduos foram testados para limiares de condução aérea de tons puros a 0,25-8 kHz, altas frequências de 9-20 kHz, testes eletrofisiológicos (potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico, potencial evocado auditivo de média latência, potencial cognitivo). Resultados: Os grupos de pesquisa I e II apresentaram limiares auditivos mais elevados em audiometria convencional e nas frequências altas quando comparados com o grupo controle, latência prolongada das ondas I, III, V e interpico I-V em resposta auditiva de tronco encefálico e latência prolongada de P300. Em relação às respostas de latência média, houve uma diminuição na amplitude da onda Pa do Grupo de pesquisa II em comparação com o grupo de pesquisa I. Conclusões: Ambos os grupos com HIV apresentaram limiares auditivos mais elevados quando comparados aos indivíduos saudáveis (o grupo exposto ao tratamento antirretroviral apresentou o pior limiar auditivo) e parecem ter menor velocidade de transmissão neuroelétrica ao longo da via auditiva nas regiões do tronco encefálico, subcortical e cortical.

Safety of monitoring antiretroviral therapy response in HIV-1 infection using CD4+ T cell count at long-term intervals / Segurança do monitoramento da resposta à terapia antirretroviral em pacientes com infecção pelo HIV-1 através da contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ a intervalos mais longos / Seguridad en la monitorización de la respuesta a la terapia antirretroviral ante el VIH-1, usando el recuento celular CD4+ T en intervalos a largo plazo

Abstract: The latest Brazilian guideline recommended the reduction of routine CD4+ T cell counts for the monitoring of patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) under combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety of monitoring response to cART in HIV-1 infection using routine viral load at shorter intervals and CD4+ T cell count at longer intervals. CD4+ T cell counts and HIV-1 viral load were evaluated in 1,906 HIV-1-infected patients under cART during a three-year follow-up. Patients were stratified as sustained, non-sustained and non-responders. The proportion of patients who showed a CD4+ T > 350cells/µL at study entry among those with sustained, non-sustained and non-responders to cART and who remained with values above this threshold during follow-up was 94.1%, 81.8% and 71.9%, respectively. HIV-1-infected patients who are sustained virologic responders and have initial CD4+ T cell counts > 350cells/µL showed a higher chance of maintaining the counts of these cells above this threshold during follow-up than those presenting CD4+ T ≤ 350cells/µL (OR = 39.9; 95%CI: 26.5-60.2; p < 0.001). This study showed that HIV-1-infected patients who had sustained virologic response and initial CD4+ T > 350cells/µL were more likely to maintain CD4+ T cell counts above this threshold during the next three-year follow-up. This result underscores that the evaluation of CD4+ T cell counts in longer intervals does not impair the safety of monitoring cART response when routine viral load assessment is performed in HIV-1-infected patients with sustained virologic response.

Resumo: O último consenso brasileiro recomenda reduzir a rotina de contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ para monitorar os pacientes com HIV-1 sob terapia antirretroviral combinada (TARV). O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a segurança do monitoramento à TARV na infecção pelo HIV-1, realizando a carga viral a intervalos mais curtos e a contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ a intervalos mais longos. Foram avaliadas a contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ e a carga viral do HIV-1 em 1.906 pacientes com HIV-1 em uso de TARV durante um seguimento de três anos. Os pacientes foram estratificados em: resposta sustentada, não sustentada e não respondedores. As proporções de pacientes com linfócitos T CD4+ > 350células/µL na linha de base do estudo entre de resposta sustentada, não sustentada e não respondedores à TARV e que permaneceram com valores acima desse limiar ao longo do seguimento foram 94,1%, 81,8% e 71,9%, respectivamente. Os pacientes com resposta virológica sustentada e que tinham contagem de T CD4+ > 350células/µL mostraram maior probabilidade de manter a contagem acima desse limiar durante o seguimento, quando comparados àqueles com T CD4+ ≤ 350células/µL (OR = 39,9; 95%CI: 26,5-60,2; p < 0,001). O estudo mostrou que pacientes HIV-1+ com resposta virológica sustentada e contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ > 350células/µL tinham maior probabilidade de manter a contagem de células T CD4+ acima desse limiar durante o seguimento de três anos subsequentes. O resultado corrobora que a contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ com intervalos mais longos não compromete a segurança do monitoramento da resposta à TARV quando a avaliação da carga viral é feita de rotina em pacientes HIV-1+ com resposta virológica sustentada.

Resumen: Las últimas directrices brasileñas recomendaron la reducción de la rutina en el recuento celular CD4+ T para pacientes con el virus de inmunodeficiencia humano tipo 1 (VIH-1), con terapia de combinación antirretroviral (cART por sus siglas en inglês). El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la seguridad de la monitorización de la respuesta a la cART en una infección por VIH-1, usando rutinas de carga viral en intervalos más cortos y recuento celular CD4+ T en intervalos más largos. Se evaluaron el recuento celular CD4+ T y la carga viral VIH-1 en 1.906 pacientes infectados con VIH-1 y con cART durante un seguimiento que duró tres años. Los pacientes fueron estratificados como constantes, inconstantes y sin respuesta. La proporción de pacientes que mostraron CD4+ T > 350células/µL en el estudio entran dentro del grupo de los constantes, inconstantes y sin respuesta al cART, y quienes permanecieron con valores por encima de este umbral durante los seguimientos fueron 94,1%, 81,8% y 71,9%, respectivamente. Los pacientes infectados por VIH-1 que cuentan con la respuesta virológica constante y tienen un recuento inicial CD4+ T > 350células/µL mostraron una oportunidad más alta de mantener el recuento de estas células por encima del umbral durante los seguimientos, respecto a quienes presentaban CD4+ T células ≤ 350células/µL (OR = 39,9; IC95%: 26,5-60,2; p < 0,001). Este estudio expuso que los pacientes infectados por VIH-1, que habían tenido una respuesta virológica constante e inicial CD4+ T > 350células/µL, eran más propensos a mantener el recuento de células CD4+ T por encima de este umbral durante los tres años posteriores de seguimiento. Este resultado destaca que la evaluación del cómputo de células CD4+ T en intervalos más largos no obstaculiza la seguridad al realizar una monitorización en la respuesta a cART, cuando la evaluación de la carga viral rutinaria se realiza en pacientes infectados por VIH-1 con una respuesta virológica constante.

Xerostomia em pacientes com HIV/ Aids: revisão sistemática de literatura

Introdução: a transmissão do vírus da imunodeficiênciahumana (HIV) leva à redução da resposta imunológicado indivíduo, podendo ocorrer alterações na cavidadebucal, entre elas, a xerostomia. Objetivo: por meio deuma revisão sistemática, este trabalho objetiva analisara presença e as correlações da presença de xerostomiaem pacientes HIV positivos ou com Aids. Métodos: foifeita busca nas bases de dados PubMed, SciELO e Lilacsutilizando os descritores "oral manifestations", "HIV","Aids" e "xerostomia", sendo os critérios de inclusãotrabalhos epidemiológicos descritivos e observacionaiscom no máximo 10 anos de publicação e em línguainglesa, portuguesa ou espanhola. Resultados: foramencontrados 162 artigos que, após critérios exclusivos,foram reduzidos a 15 trabalhos desenvolvidos em setepaíses, nos quais se encontraram valores variando entre2% e 76,2% na presença de xerostomia em pacientescom HIV/Aids, a maioria homens entre a terceira e aquarta década de vida. Conclusão: a xerostomia em pacientescom HIV/Aids necessita de diversas pesquisasclínicas, devido aos inúmeros fatores que podem ocasionara etiologia, além da grande divergência de resultadosencontrados. Estudos afirmam que patologias queacometem as glândulas salivares podem levar à sensaçãode boca seca nesses indivíduos e são decorrentesda utilização prolongada da terapia antirretroviral altamenteativa (Haart). (AU)

Introduction: the human immunodeficiency virus transmission reduces the immune response of individuals and may cause changes in the oral cavity, such as xerostomia. Objective: by means of a systematic review, the present study aims to analyze the presence and correlations of the presence of xerostomia in HIV+ patients or those living with AIDS. Methods: the databases PubMed, SciELO, and Lilacs were searched using the descriptors "oral manifestations", "HIV", "AIDS", and "xerostomia". Inclusion criteria consisted of observational descriptive epidemiological studies with up to 10 years of publication, in English, Portuguese, or Spanish. Results: a total of 162 articles were found, which after exclusive criteria were reduced to the quantity of 15 studies from seven countries. These studies found varying values in the presence of xerostomia in HIV/ AIDS patients, ranging from 2% to 76.2%, most of them in men between the third and fourth decades of life. Conclusion: xerostomia in HIV/AIDS patients requires several clinical studies due to the numerous factors that may cause the etiology, besides the great divergence of results found. Studies indicate that pathologies affecting the salivary glands may cause dry mouth sensation in these patients, which derives from the prolonged use of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART). (AU)

Prevalence and risk factors of mild chronic renal failure in HIV-infected patients: influence of female gender and antiretroviral therapy

ABSTRACT Background In people living with HIV, much is known about chronic kidney disease, defined as a glomerular filtration rate under 60 mL/min. However, there is scarce data about prevalence and risk factors for milder impairment (60-89 mL/min). Objective The present study aims to assess the influence of sex, antiretroviral therapy, and classical risk factors on the occurrence of mild decreased renal function in a large Spanish cohort of HIV-infected patients. Methods Cross-sectional, single center study, including all adult HIV-1-infected patients under antiretroviral treatment with at least two serum creatinine measures during 2014, describing the occurrence of and the risk factors for mildly decreased renal function (eGFR by CKD-EPI creatinine equation of 60-89 mL/min). Results Among the 4337 patients included, the prevalence rate of mildly reduced renal function was 25%. Independent risk factors for this outcome were age older than 50 years (OR 3.03, 95% CI 2.58-3.55), female sex (OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.02-1.48), baseline hypertension (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.25-1.97) or dyslipidemia (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.17-1.87), virologic suppression (OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.39-2.53), and exposure to tenofovir disoproxil-fumarate (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.33-2.08) or ritonavir-boosted protease-inhibitors (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.03-1.39). Conclusions Females and patients over 50 seem to be more vulnerable to renal impairment. Potentially modifiable risk factors and exposure to tenofovir disoproxil-fumarate or ritonavir-boosted protease-inhibitors are present even in earlier stages of chronic kidney dysfunction. It remains to be determined whether early interventions including antiretroviral therapy changes (tenofovir alafenamide, cobicistat) or improving comorbidities management will improve the course of chronic kidney disease.

Lipid accumulation product index in HIV-infected patients: a marker of cardiovascular risk

ABSTRACT The lipid accumulation product (LAP) index is an emerging cardiovascular risk marker. We aimed to assess the accuracy of this index as a marker of cardiovascular risk in HIV-infected patients. A cross-sectional study of 133 HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral drugs and 20 non-infected controls was conducted at the outpatient clinic of a referral center of infectious and parasitic diseases. Evaluations included LAP index, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, glucose tolerance test, and cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Body mass index (BMI) was similar in both groups; however, waist circumference was greater in the HIV-infected patients. Triglyceride levels were significantly higher (p < 0.001) and HDL cholesterol levels were lower in HIV-infected patients (p < 0.001). Plasma glucose (p = 0.01) and insulin (p = 0.005) levels two hours after a glucose load, HOMA-IR index (p < 0.001) and LAP index (p < 0.001) were higher in the HIV-infected patients. A positive and significant correlation was found between HOMA-IR index and LAP (r = 0.615; p < 0.01), BMI (r = 0.334; p < 0.01) and waist circumference (r = 0.452; p < 0.01) in the HIV-infected patients. In male HIV-infected patients and controls, ROC curve analyses revealed that the best cut-off value of LAP to define the presence of insulin resistance was 64.8 (sensitivity 86%, specificity 77% and area under the curve 0.824). These results confirm that insulin resistance is more common in HIV-patients on antiretroviral drugs than in HIV-negative controls. A positive and significant correlation was found between the LAP index and the HOMA index, with LAP ≥ 64.8 constituting an additional risk factor for cardiovascular disease in male HIV patients.