Aportes de la biotecnología al diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad renal crónica y comorbilidades frecuentes / Biotechnology contribution to the diagnosis and treatment of chronic kidney disease and frequent comorbidities

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo revisar las contribuciones de la biotecnología, en relación con el tratamiento, diagnóstico y la monitorización de la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) y sus comorbilidades más frecuentes, especialmente la anemia. En relación con los tratamientos, enfocamos el desarrollo de productos biofarmacéuticos como los agentes estimulantes de la eritropoyesis (ESA), que fueron los primeros biofármacos utilizados para el tratamiento de la anemia asociada a la ERC; analizamos sus características y utilización actual después de varios años de experiencia clínica, así como también otras alternativas en desarrollo. Revisamos distintos tipos de bioterapias, la utilización de las células estromales mesenquimales de médula ósea (MSC) y tratamientos alternativos con modificaciones dietarias, que se basan en la asociación entre la microbiota intestinal de los pacientes renales crónicos y sus condiciones fisiopatológicas. Finalmente, en relación con el diagnóstico y monitorización, nos referimos al estudio y validación de biomarcadores diagnósticos, predictivos y terapéuticos que han permitido optimizar los resultados clínicos en este tipo de pacientes. (AU)

The aim of this work is to review the contributions of biotechnology, in relation to the treatment, diagnosis and monitoring of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its most frequent comorbidities, especially anemia. Regarding the treatment, we focus on the development of biopharmaceutical products such as erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESA), which were the first biopharmaceuticals used to treat anemia associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We analyzed their characteristics and their current use after several years of clinical experience, as well as other alternatives in development. We also review different types of biotherapies, the use of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) and alternative treatments with dietary modifications, which are based on the association between the intestinal microbiota of chronic kidney patients and their pathophysiological conditions. Finally, in relation to diagnosis and monitoring, we refer to the study and validation of diagnostic, predictive and therapeutic biomarkers that have made clinical results possible to be optimized in this type of patient. (AU)

New Insights in the Clinical Understanding of Behcet's Disease

Behcet's disease is a chronic relapsing multisystemic inflammatory disorder characterized by four major symptoms (oral aphthous ulcers, genital ulcers, skin lesions, and ocular lesions) and occasionally by five minor symptoms (arthritis, gastrointestinal ulcers, epididymitis, vascular lesions, and central nervous system symptoms). Although the etiology of Behcet's disease is still unknown, there have been recent advances in immunopathogenic studies, genome-wide association studies, animal models, diagnostic markers, and new biological agents. These advances have improved the clinical understanding of Behcet's disease and have enabled us to develop new treatment strategies for this intractable disease, which remains one of the leading causes of blindness.

Curso de reumatologia: aula 10: tratamento atual da artrite reumatoide / Course of rheumatology: class 10: current treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

Os autores discutem a terapêutica para a artrite reumatoide (AR), com foco no tratamento biológico. Novos conhecimentos dos mecanismos patogênicos da AR mais a aplicação de biotecnologia propiciaram o desenvolvimento de tratamentos específicos contra moléculas envolvidas na inflamação da doença, os chamados tratamentos biológicos. Estes fármacos representam o maior avanço no controle da AR nesta última década. 0s agentes biológicos habitualmente aprovados para uso na AR são: etanercepte, receptor solúvel do TNE infliximabe e adalimumabe, ambos anticorpos monoclonais contra TNF. Todos estão disponíveis para uso pela secretaria de saúde. Outros aprovados para uso e não disponibilizados pela secretaria são o rituximabe e o abatacepte. Neste artigo discutimos cada um destes biológicos.

Authors discuss the therapies for rheumatoid arthritis focused on biological therapies. Biological therapies are the result of new insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of RA and the application of biotechnology on the development of therapies directed specifically against molecules involved with the inflammatory process of the disease. These agents represent the greatest advance in the control of RA during the last decade. Biological agents currently approved and accessible by government for the treatment of RA include: etanercept, a soluble recombinant anti-TNF receptor construct, in fliximab and adalimumab, both monoclonal antibodies against TNF. The others biologic, rituximab and abatacept, are also approved for treatment of RA but not available by government. In this essay authors study each one of these biologics agents.

Novel therapeutic approaches to squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck using biologically targeted agents.

Despite significant improvements in the treatment and outcomes of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) that have resulted from technological advances in radiation delivery and the use of cytotoxic chemotherapy, there is still a pressing need for novel therapies. In the last two decades, our understanding of the molecular biological basis of cancer has provided us with a new framework for developing specific targeted therapies. It is likely that the next wave of developments will include active small molecule inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (and other members of the c-erbB family of receptors), antiangiogenic agents, and drugs that can increase proapoptotic signaling in cancer cells. As with cetuximab, it is most likely that these new agents will first find a niche in the context of combination regimens with standard anticancer therapeutics.

Perspectivas no tratamento da perda auditiva com células-tronco / Perspectivas in the treatment of hearing loss with stem cells

Dano e perda de células ciliadas na orelha externa é a causa mais frequente de perda auditiva, desde que a perda das células ciliadas de mamíferos é irreversível. O tratamento de perda auditiva consiste o uso de aparelhos de amplificação sonora ou implante cocleares, porém ambos...

Damage and loss of hair cells in the inner ear is the most frequent cause of hearing loss, since mammalian hair cells are not replenishid once lost. The treatment of hearing loss consists of hearing aids or cochlear implants, but both...

Tratamiento del linfagioma en niños con fraciones ribosómicas bacterianas / Treatment of lymphangioma in children with bacterial ribosomal fractions

Introducción: el propósito del presente estudio fue demostrar la efectividad del extracto de las fracciones ribosómicas bacterianas como tratamiento del linfangioma en niños. Material y métodos: se realizó un análisis prospectivo de enero de 2003 a enero de 2006 de los pacientes que consultaron con diagnóstico de linfangioma en quienes se administró intracavitariamente extracto de fracciones ribosómicas bacterianas como único régimen terapéutico. Se aplicaron de 1 a 3 infiltraciones seriados con un intervalo de 1 mes entre cada uno...

Rheumatoid arthritis: new developments in biologic therapy.

With the development of biologic agents our therapeutic approach to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and inflammatory diseases in general, has dramatically changed within the last few years. Biologic technically means a substance as the product of biologic system and functionally as an agent that targets specific biologic molecule. Recently a number of endogenous antigens have been identified and these are known to activate CD4+ T cells leading to production of cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6] and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and immunoglobulins like rheumatoid factor and expression of osteoprotegerin ligands that stimulate osteogenesis leading to joint distruction. Rheumatologists and other practitioners are facing a remarkable wave of new therapies for RA like infliximab, adalimumab, atlizumab, etanercept, anakinra, prosorbacolumn, anti-IL-6 agents, IL-10 and inferferon-r. To date combination therapy of methotrexate plus a single biologic has been widely studied with synergistic effect. Etanercept and infliximab are two biologics available in India.

Del código genético al código epigenético: nuevas estrategias terapéuticas / From genetic code to epigenic code: new therapeutic strategies

El papel crítico del remodelamiento de la cromatina en la expresión de los genes se halla bajo la influencia de los cambios epigenéticos que conforman un lenguaje inesperado en el DNA y las histonas. Este trabajo actualiza el conocimiento sobre la metilación del DNA y la acetilación de las histonas, con especial interés en su aplicación clínica. Se ha propuesto, la identificación de los patrones heredables de metilación como herramienta útil en el diagnóstico y pronóstico del cáncer. Los inhibidores de las DNA-metiltransferasas y de las desacetilasas de histonas que actúan como reprogramadores de la expresión génica, han generado una nueva y promisoria aproximación terapéutica