Controle de termômetros / Control de los termómetros / Control of thermometers

Esta Norma Técnica tem por objetivo estabelecer as orientações necessárias para aferição e leitura dos termômetros utilizados no controle de temperatura nos Bancos de Leite Humano e Postos de Coleta de Leite Humano, visando a garantia da qualidade nestes serviços e sua certificação.

Esta Norma Técnica tiene como objetivo establecer las orientaciones necesarias para la medición y la lectura de los termómetros utilizados en el control de la temperatura en los Bancos de Leche Humana y en los Centros de Recolección de Leche Humana, con el fin de garantizar la calidad de estos servicios y su certificación.

Controle de temperatura dos freezers / Control de la temperatura de los congeladores / Freezer temperature control

Esta Norma Técnica tem por objetivo estabelecer as orientações necessárias para o controle de temperatura dos freezers em Bancos de Leite humano e Postos de Coleta de Leite Humano, visando a garantia da qualidade em Bancos de Leite Humano e sua certificação.

Esta Norma Técnica tiene como objetivo establecer las directrices necesarias para el control de la temperatura de los congeladores en los Bancos de Leche Humana y en los Centros de Recolección de Leche Humana con el fin de asegurar la calidad en los Bancos de Leche Humana y su certificación.

Avaliação da concordância entre diferentes termômetros na aferição da temperatura corporal de crianças / Assessment of concordance between different thermometers in measuring body temperature of children

Introdução: Os termômetros feitos com mercúrio, ainda utilizados, têm alto risco tóxico para o indivíduo e o meio ambiente. Busca-se o termômetro ideal que deverá substituir os termômetros de mercúrio. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a concordância entre os termômetros eletrônicos axilar e instantâneos (auricular e cutâneo frontal) com os termômetros eletrônico retal e axilar de mercúrio na aferição da temperatura corporal de crianças. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado no Serviço de Pediatria do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, em amostra de conveniência de crianças cujas temperaturas foram medidas sequencialmente com termômetros eletrônicos e axilar de mercúrio. Para as comparações, foi utilizada a análise de Bland e Altman, avaliando médias de diferenças de temperaturas (MDT) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) de até 0,2°C. Resultados: Foram avaliadas 20 crianças febris e 43 eutérmicas, com idades entre um mês e dois anos, totalizando 633 aferições da temperatura corporal. Houve concordância parcial entre os termômetros axilar de mercúrio aos três minutos e axilar eletrônico, com MDT de -0,02°C e IC95% de -0,73°C a 0,68°C, e entre os termômetros eletrônicos retal e axilar de mercúrio aos três minutos, com MDT de -0,12°C e IC95% de -1,08°C a 0,84°C. Conclusões: Os termômetros eletrônicos instantâneos cutâneo frontal e auricular não apresentaram boa concordância, enquanto o termômetro eletrônico axilar apresentou a melhor concordância com o termômetro retal, sendo aquele considerado o melhor substituto do termômetro axilar de mercúrio para a aferição da temperatura corporal de crianças (AU)

Introduction: Mercury thermometers, though still used, have a high toxic risk for humans and the environment. The ideal thermometer is sought to replace mercury thermometers. The aim of this study was to assess the correlation of axillary and instantaneous electronic thermometers (ear and forehead) with rectal and axillary mercury thermometers in measuring body temperature of children. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted in the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, in a convenience sample of children whose temperatures were measured sequentially with electronic and axillary mercury thermometers. For comparisons, Bland and Altman's analysis was used to evaluate differences in mean temperatures (MDT) and confidence intervals of 95% (CI 95%) of up to 0.2 °C. Results: Twenty feverish children and 43 euthermic children, aged between one month and two years, were evaluated, with a total of 633 measurements of body temperature. There was partial concordance between the axillary mercury and electronic thermometer at three minutes, with MDT -0.02 °C and CI 95% of -0.73 ° C to 0.68 °C, and between electronic rectal and axillary mercury thermometers at three minutes, with MDT -0.12 °C and 95% CI of -1.08 ° C to 0.84 °C. Conclusions: The instantaneous electronic ear and forehead thermometers did not show good agreement, while the axillary electronic thermometer showed the best agreement with the rectal thermometer, being considered the best substitute for axillary mercury thermometer to measure body temperature of children (AU)

Infrared Thermometer: an accurate tool for temperature measurement during renal surgery

Purpose To evaluate infrared thermometer (IRT) accuracy compared to standard digital thermometer in measuring kidney temperature during arterial clamping with and without renal cooling. Materials and Methods 20 pigs weighting 20Kg underwent selective right renal arterial clamping, 10 with (Group 1 - Cold Ischemia with ice slush) and 10 without renal cooling (Group 2 - Warm Ischemia). Arterial clamping was performed without venous clamping. Renal temperature was serially measured following clamping of the main renal artery with the IRT and a digital contact thermometer (DT): immediate after clamping (T0), after 2 (T2), 5 (T5) and 10 minutes (T10). Temperature values were expressed in mean, standard deviation and range for each thermometer. We used the T student test to compare means and considered p < 0.05 to be statistically significant. Results In Group 1, mean DT surface temperature decrease was 12.6 ± 4.1°C (5-19°C) while deep DT temperature decrease was 15.8 ± 1.5°C (15-18°C). For the IRT, mean temperature decrease was 9.1 ± 3.8°C (3-14°C). There was no statistically significant difference between thermometers. In Group 2, surface temperature decrease for DT was 2.7 ± 1.8°C (0-4°C) and mean deep temperature decrease was 0.5 ± 1.0°C (0-3°C). For IRT, mean temperature decrease was 3.1 ± 1.9°C (0-6°C). No statistically significant difference between thermometers was found at any time point. conclusions IRT proved to be an accurate non-invasive precise device for renal temperature monitoring during kidney surgery. External ice slush cooling confirmed to be fast and effective at cooling the pig model. IRT = Infrared thermometer DT = Digital contact thermometer D:S = Distance-to-spot ratio .

Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Diagnostic Accuracy of Infrared Thermometer when Identifying Fever in Children

PURPOSE: Infrared thermometers are increasingly used as a convenient, non-invasive assessment method for febrile children. However, the diagnostic accuracy of the infrared thermometer for children has been questioned, particularly in relation to sensitivity and specificity. The aim of this study was to evaluate diagnostic accuracy of infrared thermometers in febrile children. METHODS: Articles published between 1966 and 2012 from periodicals indexed in the Ovid Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane, KoreaMed, NDSL, KERIS and other databases were selected, using the following keywords: 'infrared thermometer'. The QUADAS-II was applied to assess the internal validity of the diagnostic studies. Selected studies were analyzed using meta-analysis with MetaDisc 1.4. RESULTS: Nineteen diagnostic studies with high methodological quality, involving 4,304 children, were included. The results of meta-analysis showed that the pooled sensitivity, specificity and AUC (Area Under the Curve) of infrared tympanic thermometers in children over 1 year were 0.80 (95% CI 0.78, 0.81), 0.94 (95% CI 0.93, 0.95) and 0.95 respectively. However the diagnostic accuracy of infrared tympanic thermometers in children with hyperthermia was low. CONCLUSION: The diagnostic accuracy of infrared tympanic thermometer was similar to axillary and rectal thermometers indicating a need for further research to substantiate these findings in children with hyperthermia.

El termómetro clínico, un hito en la historia de la medicina / Termometro, a landmark in the history of the medicine

Los hombres queremos conocer la naturaleza para dominarla, obtener de ella el máximo beneficio, y satisfacer nuestras necesidades, la inventiva humana ha logrado dar saltos importantes determinando el progreso tecnológico. el bienstar humano ha sido la mayor preocupacióm y hubieron numerosos e insignes hombres de cencia, que dedicaron su vida y conocimientos en busca de devolver la salud, he aquí un ejemplo de cómo estos científicos lograron crear un instrumento valioso, como es el termómetro y su aplicación en la medicina, para bien de la humanidad. El presente trabajo de investigación comprende dos momnetos, por una parte el desarrollo evolutivo del termómetro en general que comprende el contexto histórico y por otra parte el marco teórico que trata del origen y evolución en la aplicaicón de este instrumento en medicina, como método diagnóstico de las enfermedades, que sin duda alguna , constituye un hito en la historia de la medicina y un gran aporte ala ciencia. Este trabajo sin emabrgo no pretende descubrir los descubierto, pero intenta ubicar los momentos históricos por los cuales tuvo que transitar la invención de este instrumento de medición diaria de la temperatura como método científico, de ahí que apoyado en la documentación histoórica, se utilizo el método investigativo, así como el explicativo e ilustrativo. apoyado en la lógica de la investigación y motivado por la significación que constituye el termómetro en la práctica médica, inicio este trabajo titulado: "El termómetro clínico en el registro de la temperatura: un hito en la historia de la medicina".Problema: necesidad de conocer el momento histórico de la invención y aplicación de un instrumento que permitió el diagnóstico clínico y registro de la temperatura corporal en el proceso salud enfermedad. Objeto: Signos y síntomas del proceso salud enfermedad. Campo de acción: Diagnóstico dínico y registro de la temperatura corporal. Objetivo. Establecer el hecho histórico de la invención y aplicación del termómetro en el diagnóstico clínico y e registro de la temperatura corporal.

Comparison of body temperature recordings using mercury and liquid crystal forehead thermometers

The study was carried out to compare the recordings of body temperature using oral mercury thermometer and liquid-crystal forehead thermometer, so as to assess and ascertain the accuracy and validity of the later method. Setting: Hira General Hospital, Abbottabad. Subjects and Materials: Simultaneous recordings were made using the two devices in randomly enrolled 147 patients. The ages of patients ranged from 10 years to 90 years. FeverScan liquid-crystal forehead thermometer, Boots [UK] was used for forehead temperature while Chinese made mercury thermometer [Safety] was used to check oral temperature. Significant difference existed between the recordings of two devices. The mean difference was 1.19 degree F [p<0.001]. FeverScan liquid-crystal forehead thermometer recorded higher temperatures. In patients without pyrexia both devices recorded temperature within normal range. Conclusions: The sensitivity of FeverScan liquid-crystal forehead thermometer to detect fever was comparable to mercury thermometer but was unreliable in grading fever and showed a tendency to over estimate the temperature. It is a good device for home use but health providers should not use it. Mercury thermometer remains the gold standard

Variation of axillary temperature and its correlation with oral temperature.

Unilateral axillary temperature is recorded in unconscious patients and children due to its easy approach. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate variation of axillary temperature on the two sides and its correlation with oral temperature. SUBJECTS: One hundred and 46 healthy men and women, aged 12 through 52 years. METHODS: Axillary temperature from both sides and oral temperature were recorded using digital electronic thermometer in supine position with due precautions. RESULTS: Difference in temperature on the two sides of axilla was found to vary by as much as 0 degree F to 3.4 degrees F. Therefore, the data was grouped into higher and lower temperature ranges. The difference between mean oral and mean higher axillary temperature was found to be 0.5 degree F +/- 0.6 degree F (r = 0.564) while that in comparison to mean lower axillary temperature was 1.0 degree F +/- 0.89 degree F (r = 0.64). The difference between mean oral and mean axillary temperature was 1.0 degree F +/- 0.80 degree F (r = 0.84). CONCLUSIONS: Based on our observations, it is found that an average of temperature of both sides of axilla represents the axillary temperature more accurately and to get the correct oral equivalent of axillary temperature one should add 1 degree F to the mean axillary temperature.

Conocimiento de la utilidad, uso y lectura correcta del termómetro, y valores normales de temperatura del recién nacido / Knowledge of the usefulness, use and correct reading of thermometer, and normal values of temperature of the newborn

Objetivos: Cuantificar el número de mujeres que conoce la utilidad del termómetro. Establecer el porcentaje de mujeres que sabe los valores normales de temperatura de un recién nacido. Relacionar qué número de mujeres de las que utiliza correctamente el termómetro sabe leerlo. Conocer el número de mujeres que posee el termómetro. Diseño: Prospectivo, observacional, descriptivo, con una secuencia temporal de corte transversal. Métodos: Para la medición de las variables se utilizó una encuesta además de la observación de la técnica. Resultados: fueron encuestadas 645 mujeres. El 94,7 por ciento reconoce para qué sirve el termómetro; el 67 por ciento lo utiliza en forma correcta; el 57,5 por ciento sabe leerlo; 85,9 por ciento de las que lo utilizan correctamente, sabe leerlo; 19,5 por ciento del total conoce los valores normales de temperatura axilar del recién nacido y por último 62,9 por ciento posee termómetro.