Gene floR e a resistência ao florfenicol em isolados de Aeromonas spp. autóctones de organismos aquáticos / Gene floR and resistance to florfenicol in isolated Aeromonas spp. indigenous aquatic organisms

O gene floR descrito é descrito pela literatura como o responsável pela resistência ao florfenicol, que é um antimicrobiano amplamente utilizado na aquicultura. Esse gene já foi relatado em muitas espécies de bactérias, inclusive no gênero Aeromonas. Essas bactérias causam alta mortalidade na piscicultura trazendo prejuízos econômicos. É importante que haja estudos sobre esse gene e possíveis mutações que possam levar a alterações na estrutura e função da proteína. Os objetivos desse estudo foram caracterizar o gene floR em isolados de Aeromonas spp. obtidas do Vale do São Francisco e verificar se a presença desse gene está associada com a resistência ao florfenicol. Foram realizadas reações em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) para a presença do gene floR em 27 isolados de Aeromonas spp.. Amostras positivas para a presença do gene foram sequenciadas e analisadas quanto à presença de polimorfismos por meio de alinhamentos. Os diferentes haplótipos detectados foram utilizados para análises com os programas SIFT e PolyPhen para predição de alteração de função proteica. A modelagem estrutural da proteina codificada pelo gene floR foi realizada com o programa Modeller e, os modelos foram avaliados pelo Procheck, Verify3D e Whatif. A similaridade da estrutura tridimensional da proteína referência com as estruturas tridimensionais das proteínas codificadas pelos diferentes haplótipos foi comparada através do TM-align. A resistência das bactérias ao florfenicol foi avaliada através do teste de microdiluição em caldo, o qual também foi realizado na presença do carbonil cianeto m-clorofenil hidrazona para verificar o efeito da inibição da bomba de efluxo sobre tal resistência. Dos vinte e sete isolados avaliados quanto a presença do gene floR, 14 isolados foram positivos e 10 foram sequenciados, o que permitiu a identificação de três polimorfismos no gene floR, que levaram a construção de três haplótipos diferentes (TAA, TTA e CTG). As análises realizadas com os programas SIFT e PolyPhen apontaram que os haplótipos TTA e TAA provavelmente poderiam alterar a estrutura e função da proteína. As proteínas modeladas para os três haplótipos demonstraram possuir praticamente a mesma conformação estrutural entre si. Todos os isolados que apresentaram o gene foram resistentes ao florfenicol e aqueles que não apresentavam foram sensíveis. O teste na presença do Carbonil Cianeto m-Clorofenil Hidrazona foi realizado para três isolados, cada isolado representando um haplótipo, sendo possível observar a inibição do crescimento bacteriano em todas as concentrações independente do haplótipo. Os resultados obtidos nesse estudo mostram que a resistência ao flofenicol em Aeromonas spp. pode ser explicada pela presença do gene floR, e que esse gene está relacionado com uma bomba de efluxo. As mutações verificadas no gene floR, parecem não estar envolvidas com alteração de estrutura e função da proteína codificada por esse gene.(AU)

The floR gene is described in related literature as responsible for resistance to florfenicol, which is a widely used antimicrobial agent in aquaculture. This gene has been reported in many species of bacteria, including the genus Aeromonas. These bacteria cause high mortality in fish farming bringing economic losses. It is important that studies of this gene and possible mutations that can lead to changes in the structure and function of the protein. The aim of this study was to characterize the floR gene in isolates of Aeromonas spp. and check if the presence of this gene is associated with resistance to florfenicol in Aeromonas spp. obtained from the San Francisco Valley. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) were also performed to verify the presence of the floR gene in 27 isolates of Aeromonas spp. Positive samples for the presence of the gene were sequenced and analyzed for the presence of polymorphisms using alignments. Different haplotypes detected were used for analysis with the SIFT and PolyPhen programs for prediction of changes in protein function. The structural modeling of protein encoded by the floR gene was performed using the Modeller software, and the models were evaluated by Procheck, Verify3D and Whatif. The similarity of the dimensional structure of reference protein with the dimensional structures of the proteins encoded by the different haplotypes was compared by TM-align. Bacterial resistance to florfenicol was assessed by the microdilution test, which was also performed in the presence of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone to verify the effect of inhibiting the efflux pump. 14 isolates were positive for the presence of floR gene and 10 were sequenced and allowed the identification of three polymorphisms in the floR gene, which led to construction of three different haplotypes (TAA TTA and CTG). The analyzes carried out with the SIFT and PolyPhen programs showed that the TTA and TAA haplotypes could probably change the protein structure-function. Proteins modeled for the three haplotypes were found to have substantially the same structural conformation with each other. All isolates presenting the gene were resistant to florfenicol and those who did not have were sensitive. The test in the presence of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone was conducted for three isolates, representing each single haplotype and was observed inhibition of bacterial growth at all concentrations independent of the haplotype. The results of this study show that resistance to flofenicol in Aeromonas spp. may be explained by the presence of floR gene and that this gene is associated with an efflux pump. Mutations observed in floR gene do not appear to be involved with chenges in structure and function of the protein encoded by gene.(AU)

Pesquisa de genes de resistência a antimicrobianos em filés de tilápia comercializados no município de São Paulo-SP / Search for antimicrobial resistance genes in tilapia fillets commercialized in São Paulo city SP

Introdução A utilização excessiva de antimicrobianos na medicina humana, veterinária e agricultura resultou no aparecimento da resistência bacteriana. Este fenômeno gera problemas de saúde pública que podem resultar na reemergência de doenças infecciosas. O uso de antibióticos, principalmente de forma profilática, tornou-se prática na aquicultura, como ocorre no Brasil, onde a regulamentação para o uso de medicamentos veterinários é ineficiente. Além disso, há evidências da transferência de organismos resistentes para humanos por meio do consumo de produtos de origem animal, quando, durante a fase de criação e produção destes foram administrados antibióticos. Objetivo Pesquisar a ocorrência de genes de resistência a antibióticos em filés de tilápia comercializados em supermercados do município de São Paulo SP. Material e Métodos Foram coletadas 10 amostras de filé de tilápia e realizada a pesquisa de coliformes termotolerantes como indicadores das condições higiênico-sanitárias do alimento. Em seguida, as amostras foram inoculadas em Caldo Lúria 0,5 por cento e o DNA total das bactérias cultivadas nesse meio foi extraído por meio de choque térmico para pesquisa de genes de resistência aos antibióticos -lactâmicos e tetraciclinas pela PCR. Os genes identificados pela PCR foram confirmados pelo sequenciamento. Resultados Em 100 por cento das amostras analisadas o resultado para coliformes termotolerantes foi < 3 NMP.g-1. Na pesquisa de genes de resistência a -lactâmicos, o gene blaOXY-5 foi detectado em 90 por cento das amostras, blaTEM-1b em 20 por cento , blaLEN-16 em 10 por cento , blaSHV-28 em 10 por cento , blaKPC-2 em 20 por cento , blaMOX-6 em 10 por cento e blaCphA em 60 por cento...

Introduction The excessive use of antimicrobials in human medicine, veterinary medicine and agriculture has resulted in the emergence of bacterial resistance. This phenomenon creates public health problems that may result in the re-emergence of infectious diseases. The use of antibiotics, mainly prophylactically, has become a practice in aquaculture, including Brazil, where the legislation for the use of veterinary drugs is inefficient. Furthermore, there is evidence of transmission of resistant organisms to humans through consumption of animal products, especially when the antibiotics have been administered during the raising and production of these animals. Objective To search for the occurrence of antibiotics resistance genes in tilapia fillets commercialized in supermarkets in São Paulo city - SP. Material and Methods 10 tilapia fillet samples were collected and submitted to fecal coliform search as an indicator of the sanitary conditions of the food. Then, the samples were inoculated into Luria broth 0,5 per cent and the total DNA was extracted from growing bacteria by thermal shock for the search of resistance genes to -lactam and tetracyclines antibiotics by PCR. The genes identified by PCR were confirmed by sequencing. Results In 100 per cent of samples the result was < 3 NMP.g-1 for fecal coliform organisms. In the study of -lactam resistance genes, blaOXY-5 gene was detected in 90 per cent of samples, blaTEM-1b in 20 per cent , blaLEN-16 in 10 per cent , blaSHV-28 in 10 per cent , blaKPC-2 in 20 per cent , blaMOX-6 in 10 per cent and blaCphA in 60 per cent . The tetracyclines resistance genes identified were tetB in 10 per cent of samples, tetC in 20 per cent , tetD in 80 per cent , tetE in 50 per cent , tetG in 60 per cent , tetO and tetS in 10 per cent each and tetW in 20 per cent...

Reproductive impairment of tilapia zillii [Gerv.] living in different basins of lake Mariut, Alexandria

This study aimed at inspecting pollution impact on the reproduction process of Tilapia zillii [Gerv.] living in three main basins of Lake Mariut. Our results revealed that there were two main seasons detected for males and females during a whole year of investigation, namely, non-spawning and spawning seasons. In males, though the two seasons started and ended simultaneously, gonadosomatic index values of males living in the relatively clean area were significantly higher than those of the other two polluted areas. However, no structural alterations could be detected in sections of male gonads from the three basins. All stages of maturation were represented in all gonad sections. In females, gonadosomatic index values of fish living in the relatively clean basin were significantly higher than those of fish living in the other two polluted areas. Females living in the relatively clean area attained two prominent peaks during the spawning season compared to one peak for the other two polluted areas. Spawning season for one of the two polluted areas was one month shorter than the reference area. Historically, belated and deformed maturation stages as well as ruptured and empty follicles were observed in female gonad sections from the two polluted areas

Effect of flumequine on the growth, residual measurements and chromosomal aberrations in tilapia fish

Flumequine [Flu] is a powerful antibacterial agents used against bacterial infections in fish farming because of their high potency against Gram-negative bacteria. The present work aimed to study the effect of different doses of flumequine [0, 6, 8, 10, 12 mg during 90 days and 12 mg therapeutic dose for 5 days] on growth performance, feed utilization, body composition, chromosomal aberrations and determination of flumequine residues in tissues of the tilapia fish. The results revealed that the dose of 10 mg/kg body weight/ day caused significant increase in final body weight, body length, weight gain, specific growth rate and feed intake. Moreover, it improved feed conversion ratio with the same dose whereas the other doses caused non-significant change in feed conversion ratio compared with control group. Also, he best protein efficiency ratio [1.95] was recorded by fish fed the diet with 10 mg/kg body weight/day]. Results of proximate analysis of whole fish body showed that, the fish with dose 10 mg/kg body weight/day gained the highest percentage of protein and the lowest percentage of moisture, fat and ash. Determination of flumequine residues in muscle of fish at the end of the experiment after three month showed negative results. Flumequine at dose of 10 mg/kg body weight/ day caused the lowest percentage in total chromosomal aberrations compared with the other doses that caused the highest percentage of total chromosomal aberration. In conclusion, this study recommended the addition of flumequine to fish diets at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight/ day as prophylactic dose in order to increase growth performance, feed utilization and decrease mortality of Nile tilapia