Relato de caso clínico de infecção odontogênica resultando em complicação cervicofacial / Reporte de caso clínico de infección odontogênica com resultado de complicación cervicofacial / Clinical case reportof odontogenic infectionresulting cervicofacial complication

Introdução: A saúde bucal é um aspecto que não deve ser subestimado pelos pacientes, principalmente se considerar que as infecções odontogênicas podem levar a quadros graves, incluindo complicações cervicotorácicas, como Mediastinite e cervicofaciais, como Angina de Ludwig. Para tanto, é imprescindível que os profissionais da odontologia saibam reconhecer os principais sinais e sintomas dessas infecções, sua evolução, conhecer as complicações associadas e qual o manejo adequado. Objetivo: Assim, é objetivo deste trabalho, relatar, discutir um caso clínico de uma infecção odontogênica grave que acarretou em complicação cervical, com trajeto em direção ao mediastino, necessitando manejo multidisciplinar, e explorar os principais aspectos desse quadro e a conduta necessária, que exige, no mínimo, intervenção cirúrgica, antibioticoterapia e manutenção das vias aéreas. Relato de caso: O caso trata de um paciente com infecção odontogênica, iniciada como uma pericoronarite do dente 38 semieruptado, que evoluiu para a área cervical, demandando imediata drenagem nesta região pois encaminhava-se para uma mediastinite. Após a drenagem cervical e antibioticoterapia e, assim que houve redução do trismo, foi removido o dente 38, evoluindo para a cura.Conclusões:As infecções odontogênicas, principalmente as que acometem os espaços fasciais e cervicais profundos, são potencialmente graves e devem ter suas principais manifestações clínicas entre os domínios de conhecimento dos profissionais Bucomaxilofaciais, pois necessitam de diagnóstico preciso, manejo rápido e tratamento adequado e precoce, considerando a velocidade com que podem evoluir (AU).

Introduction: Oral healthis an aspect that should not be underestimated by patients, especially considering that dental infections can lead to serious symptoms, including cervicothoracic complications, such as Mediastinitis and cervicofacial complications, such as Ludwig's Angina. Therefore, it is essential that dental professionals know how to recognize the main signs and symptoms of these infections, their evolution, know the associated complications and appropriate management.Objective: Thus, this work aims to report and discuss a clinical case of a serious odontogenic infection that resulted in a cervical complication, with a path towards the mediastinum, requiring multidisciplinary management, and to explore the main aspects of this condition and the necessary conduct, which requires, at least, surgical intervention, antibiotic therapy and airway maintenance.Case report: The case concerns a patient with odontogenic infection, which began as pericoronitis of semi-erupted tooth 38, which progressed to the cervical area, requiring immediate drainage in this region as it was heading towards mediastinitis. After cervical drainage and antibiotic therapy and, as soon as the trismus was reduced, tooth 38 was removed, progressing towards healing.Conclusions: Odontogenic infections, especially those that affect the fascial and deep cervical spaces, are potentially serious and should have their main clinical manifestations among the domains of knowledge ofOral and Maxillofacial professionals, as they require accurate diagnosis, rapid management and adequate and early treatment, considering the speed at which they can evolve (AU).

Introducción: La salud bucal es un aspecto que los pacientes no deben subestimar, especialmente considerando que las infecciones odontógenas pueden derivar en afecciones graves, incluidas complicaciones cervicotorácicas, como la mediastinitis, y complicaciones cervicofaciales, como la angina de Ludwig.Para ello, es fundamental que los profesionales odontológicos sepan reconocer las principales señalesy síntomas de estas infecciones, su evolución, conocer las complicaciones asociadas y el manejo adecuado.Objetivo: Así,el objetivo de este trabajo es reportar y discutir un caso clínico de infección odontogénica grave que resultó en una complicación cervical, con trayecto hacia el mediastino, que requirió manejo multidisciplinario, y explorar los principales aspectos de esta condicióny las medidas necesarias, que requiere, como mínimo, intervención quirúrgica, terapia con antibióticos y mantenimiento de las vías respiratorias.Reporte de caso: El caso se trata de un paciente con una infección odontogénica, que comenzó como pericoronaritis del diente 38 semi-erupcionado, la cual progresó hacia la zona cervical, requiriendo drenaje inmediato en esta región ya que se encaminaba para una mediastinitis.Después del drenaje cervical y la terapia antibiótica y, una vez reducido el trismo, se extrajo el diente 38, evolucijjonando hacia la cura.Conclusiones: Las infecciones odontogénicas, especialmente aquellas que afectan los espacios fasciales y cervicales profundos, son potencialmente graves y deben tener sus principales manifestaciones clínicas entre los dominios del conocimiento de los profesionales Orales y Maxilofaciales, pues requieren de un diagnóstico certero, un manejo rápido y un tratamiento adecuado y temprano, considerando la velocidad a la que pueden evolucionar (AU).

Ensaio clínico controlado, randomizado e cego, para avaliar a preservação alveolar, utilizando biomaterial de colágeno: resultados preliminares / Controlled, randomized and blind clinical trial to evaluate alveolar preservation using collagen biomaterial: preliminary results

Foi proposito desse trabalho analisar a eficiência na manutenção óssea alveolar após extração dentária pelo biomateral xenógeno (Hemospon®) por meio de imagens tomográficas pré e pósoperatórias de 1 mês e 18 meses de acompanhamento. Trata-se de um estudo clínico controlado, randomizado e cego, onde foram realizadas 18 exodontias, e os alvéolos dentários tratados foram selecionados de forma randomizada e divididos em dois grupos. O grupo 1, grupo teste (G1) foi inserido esponja de colágeno xenógena (porco) e o grupo controle (G2), foi mantido apenas o coágulo sanguíneo local. Os alvéolos foram analisados nos sentidos horizontais e verticais e os resultados foram avaliados através dos testes de Wilcoxon e Mann-Whitney, assumindo uma significância estatística de p<0,05. Além das análises tomográficas os pacientes foram acompanhados diariamente na primeira semana para verificar se os tecidos locais apresentavam possíveis complicações, como a presença de infecção, fistulas e dor persistente. Os resultados iniciais (1 mês) constataram que numa análise em conjunto avaliando altura (p<,0,863), comprimento total (p<1,000) e espessura total do alvéolo (p<0,222), não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos teste e controle, respectivamente. Na análise de 18 meses, observa-se diferença estatística (p < 0,05) em relação a espessura total do alvéolo, porém em relação ao comprimento total do alvéolo e a altura alveolar não foram observados diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p = 0,36; p = 0,674 ­ respectivamente). Quando de compara-se o G1 em momentos diferentes 1 mês e 18 meses em relação as variáveis observa-se diferenças estatísticas significativas no comprimento total do alvéolo e na espessura (p<0,05), porém não houve signicancia em relação à altura do alvéolo (p=0,575). Analisando em separado cada variável em relação aos grupos G1 e G2 não houve diferença estatística numa análise após 18 meses (p = 0,773 ­ altura alveolar e espessura alveolar; p = 1 ­ comprimento total do alvéolo). Durante o acompanhamento clínico em ambos os grupos não houve diferença no padrão do processo de reparo tecidual, sendo possível reabilitação oral dos pacientes. Mediante os dados preliminares apresentados, a pesquisa demonstrou que os alvéolos tratados com esponja de colágeno porcina (Hemospon®) tiveram perdas ósseas menores, principalmente em relação a espessura, podendo-se inferir que há indícios de uma manutenção alveolar com o uso do biomaterial, podendo ser um biomaterial em potencial e de baixo custo para preservação alveolar, sem aumentar os índices de complicações, porém sugere-se uma análise de uma amostra maior para uma melhor análise estatística (AU).

The purpose of this work was to analyze the efficiency of alveolar bone maintenance after tooth extraction by xenogenous biomaterial (Hemospon®) by means of pre and postoperative tomographic images of 1 month and 18 months of follow-up. This is a controlled, randomized, blinded, clinical study, in which 18 extractions were performed, and the treated dental alveolo were randomly select and devided into two groups. Group 1 test group (G1) a xenogen collagen sponge (pig) was inserted and the control grouop (G2), only the local blood clot was maintained. The alveoli were analyzed in the horizontal and vertical directions and the results were evaluated using the Wilcoxon and Mann ­ Whitney tests assumig a statistical significance of p<0,05. In addition to tomographic analyzes, patients were followed up daily in the first week to check whether local tissues had possible complications such as the presence of infection fistulas and persistent pain. The initial results (1 month) found that in a joint analysis evaluanting height (p<0,863) total length (p<1,00) and total thickness of the socket (p<0,222), no significant differences were observed between the test groups and control respectively. When G1 is compared at different times 1 month and 18 months in relation to the variables there are statistically significant differences in the total length of the alveolus and in the thickness (p<0,05) but there was no significance in relation to the height of the alveolus (p = 0,575). Analyzing each variable separately in relation to groups G1 and G2 there was no statistical difference in an analysis after 18 months (p=0,773 ­ alveolar height and alveolar thickness; p = 1 ­ total alveolar length). During clinical follow-up in both groups there was no difference in the pattern of the tissue repair process with patients oral rehabilitation being possible. Through the preliminary data presented the research demonstrated that the alveoli treated with porcine collagen sponge (Hemospon®) had smaller bone losses mainly in relation to thickness and it can be inferred that there are signs of alveolar maintenance with the use of biomaterial it can be a potential and low-cost biomaterial for alveolar preservation without increasing the complication rates however an analysis of a larger sample is suggested for a better statistical analysis (AU).

A abordagem metabolômica na indicação do tratamento de estenose de junção ureteropélvica em crianças / Metabolomics approach in the treatment of ureteropelvic junction stenosis in children

Estenose de Junção Ureteropélvica (JUP) é uma doença caracterizada pelo bloqueio do fluxo de urina da pelve renal (porção proximal do ureter no rim) ao ureter, tubo que liga o rim à bexiga. Essa formação congênita é uma das maiores causas de dilatação do rim (hidronefrose) em recém-nascidos e, em alguns casos, pode causar danos mais severos ao órgão. A hidronefrose causada pela estenose de JUP pode desaparecer espontaneamente sem perda da função renal, entretanto, é preciso um acompanhamento clínico. Por outro lado, em casos mais severos, onde a dilatação pode causar danos maiores ao rim, um tratamento cirúrgico se faz necessário. Embora existam métodos para o diagnóstico da estenose de JUP, como ultrassonografia, tomografia computadorizada, ressonância e cintilografia, é um grande desafio diferenciar os pacientes que requerem um tratamento cirúrgico e os que necessitam apenas de um acompanhamento convencional. A metabolômica global, que investiga de modo comparativo o conjunto de metabólitos de baixa massa molecular expressos em indivíduos em condições pré-selecionadas, tem o potencial de servir como ferramenta diagnóstica para os pacientes com estenose de JUP e, consequentemente, auxiliar na tomada de decisão entre um acompanhamento clínico ou tratamento cirúrgico. Assim sendo, no presente trabalho, três grupos de pacientes com estenose de JUP, pré-diagnosticados por métodos convencionais, foram investigados sob a perspectiva da metabolômica global, por meio de análises de urina, utilizando cromatografia gasosa e cromatografia líquida, ambas acoplada à espectrometria de massas (GC-MS e RPLC10 MS, respectivamente): pacientes que requerem tratamento cirúrgico (CIR), pacientes que requerem acompanhamento clínico (CLI), e indivíduos sãos (CON). Os resultados mostram que é possível encontrar metabólitos discriminantes entre todas as comparações (CON x CLI, CON x CIR e CLI x CIR); os metabólitos encontrados nas análises multivariada e univariada foram utilizados para construção da curva ROC, para confirmar a possibilidade de utilização desses compostos como biomarcadores. Foram observadas alterações em rotas metabólicas importantes para o bom funcionamento das funções renais, principalmente entre a comparação mais desafiadora (CLI x CIR), como o metabolismo da fenilalanina, da tirosina, da beta-alanina, dos aminoaçúcares e dos nucleotídeos. Há indícios de que o ciclo de Krebs também sofre alteração. Os resultados obtidos podem servir como ponto de partida para uma futura análise alvo e validação biológica

Ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) stenosis is a disease characterized by the interruption of the flow of urine from the renal pelvis (proximal part of ureter in the kidney) to the ureter, tube that links the kidney to bladder. That congenital formation is one of the main causes of kidney dilation (hydronephrosis) in newborns and, sometimes, can cause more serious damage to the organ. The hydronephrosis caused by UPJ stenosis can disappear spontaneously without compromising renal function, although a clinical follow-up is required. On the other hand, in more serious cases, when dilation can induce larger damage to the kidney, surgery intervention is necessary. Although there are methods to diagnose UPJ stenosis, such as ultrasound, computed tomography, resonance and scintigraphy, it is still a great challenge to distinguish patients that require surgery from those whose a clinical follow-up suffices. Global metabolomics, a method that investigates in a comparative manner the set of low molecular mass metabolites expressed by an individual in pre-selected conditions, has the potential to function as a diagnostic tool for patients with UPJ stenosis to support decisions about patient treatment, i.e., surgery versus clinical follow-up. In this work, three groups of UPJ stenosis patients were investigated with the aid of global metabolomics using urine analysis by gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS and RPLC-MS, respectively): one group consisted of UPJ stenosis patients requiring clinical follow-up (CLI), other group UPJ stenosis patients requiring surgery intervention (CIR) and a third group comprising healthy individuals, the control group (CON).12 The results show that it was possible to find discriminant metabolites among all pairwise comparisons (CON versus CLI, CON versus CIR and CLI versus CIR). The metabolites found by multivariate and univariate analyses were used to build ROC curves, to confirm whether it is possible to use them as biomarkers. Alterations in metabolic pathways that are important for the good maintenance of kidney functions were found, especially in the most challenged comparison (CLI versus CIR), such as the metabolism of phenylalanine, tyrosine, beta-alanine, amino acids and nucleotides. There are evidences that Krebs cycle was also impacted. The results obtained here can serve as a starting point to future targeted analysis and biological validation

3D CT Soft Tissue Craniofacial Analysis and Lip Morphology

ABSTRACT Objctive: To assess the soft tissue characteristics of Bangladeshi adults to formulate soft tissue 3D CT standards using Holdaway's (HA) and lip morphology (LM) analyses. Another aim of this study was to assess the gender dimorphism of Bangladeshi population. Material and Methods: One hundred and seventeen (Eighty-five men and Thirty-two women) Bangladeshi adults have obtained their computed tomography (CT) scan at the Radiology Department for normal diagnosis. Craniofacial deformities were undetected in all cases. The CT images were prepared by a 3D imaging programming software (Mimics 11.02 Materialise). Parameters from the identified landmark points were measured in 3D through this software. Results: Upper lip thickness (ULT) (vermillion UL-A point) measurement was significant in HA and in LM analyses, upper lip protrusion (ULP) (Ls to Sn-SPog) measurement has demonstrated significant difference among both genders, where p-value was less than 0.05. Mean measurements of Bangladeshi adults were relatively comparable except the face convexity (FC) when compared with the HA cephalometric soft tissue values. Conclusion: By using HA and LM analyses, 3D CT soft tissue standards were established for Bangladeshi adults. Measurements for all parameters have remained equivalent with the HA standard data apart from the FC measurement. This consequently may demonstrate that the Bangladeshi population retains a convex shape with a slight protrusive lip or retruded chin.

Análise bi e tridimensional das vias aéreas superiores em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia ortognática bimaxilar / Two- and three-dimensional analysis of the upper airways in patients undergoing bimaxillary orthognathic surgery

O propósito deste trabalho foi analisar as mudanças bi e tridimensionais na via área superior após procedimentos de cirurgia ortognática. Tomografias pré (T1) e pós-operatórias (T2) foram utilizadas, padronizando pontos craniométricos que serviram de referência para analisar mudanças lineares e volumétricas de diferentes áreas na via aérea superior. Vinte e dois pacientes foram incluídos no estudo, tendo sido submetidos a cirurgia bimaxilar com alteração do plano oclusal. Todos os casos foram planejados virtualmente, e o software Dolphin Imaging (versão 11.9) foi utilizado para análise das medidas lineares, bem como, o cálculo da área da via área superior total, e de suas 3 subdivisões e da região de maior constrição. A via aérea posterior e superior total, foi beneficiada com os movimentos de avanço das cirurgias bimaxilares. Houve correlação positiva entre o valor da constrição pré e pós e o valor total 3D da via aérea pré e pós. Observou-se diferença significativa quando se avalia a média Pré e Pós do seguimento de via aérea total (ST) bi e tridimensionalmente. Encontrou-se uma correlação positiva entre o giro anti-horário do plano oclusal e a ampliação da via aérea. Não foi possível determinar com precisão como cada ponto craniométrico individualmente influenciou e/ou contribui para as mudanças em cada segmento da via aérea analisada. Com bases nos dados da pesquisa a cirurgia ortognática bimaxilar demonstrou aumento das dimensões da via aérea superior, apresentando comportamentos diferentes a depender do segmento da via aérea superior avaliado, e da sua relação com os movimentos dos pontos craniométricos (AU).

The purpose of this work aimed to analyze the bi and three-dimensional changes in the upper airway after orthognathic surgery procedures. Pre (T1) and postoperative (T2) CT scans were used, standardizing craniometric points that served as a reference to analyze linear and volumetric changes in different areas in the upper airway. Twenty-two patients were included in the study, having undergone bimaxillary surgery with alteration of the occlusal plane. All cases were planned virtually, and the Dolphin Imaging software (version 11.9) was used to analyze the linear measurements, as well as the calculation of the area of the total upper area, and its 3 subdivisions and the region most significant. The posterior and upper total airways benefited from the advancing movements of bimaxillary surgeries. There was a positive correlation between the pre and post constriction value and the total 3D value of the pre and post airway. A significant difference was observed when evaluating the pre and post average of the total airway (ST) bi and three-dimensional follow-up. A positive correlation was found between the counterclockwise rotation of the occlusal plane airway's enlargement of the airway. It was not possible to accurately determine how each craniometric point individually influenced and / or contributed to the changes in each segment of the analyzed airway. Based on the research data, bimaxillary orthognathic surgery demonstrated an increase in the dimensions of the upper airway, showing different behaviors depending on the segment of the upper airway evaluated, and its relationship with the movements of the craniometric points (AU).

El diagnóstico imagenológico en la atención al paciente con infección por SARS-CoV-2 / Imaging diagnosis in SARS-CoV-2 patient care

Introducción: La pandemia de la COVID-19 ha requerido de una rápida respuesta de la especialidad Imagenología. Objetivo: Ofrecer un referente respecto a la expresión de la COVID-19 en la tomografía computarizada del pulmón y en la radiografía simple de tórax. Método: En el Hospital General Docente "Dr. Agostinho Neto", entre junio y octubre de 2020 se realizó una revisión narrativa sobre este tema a través de una búsqueda en diferentes bases de datos bibliográficas: Pubmed/Medline, Science Direct y SciELO. La búsqueda se realizó con el buscador Google Académico, y se usó palabras clave y conectores COVID-19 AND imaging; SARS-CoV-2 AND radiography; 2019-nCOV AND Computed tomography; SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, y los términos equivalentes en español. Resultados: Los hallazgos más frecuentes en la tomografía pulmonar son la presencia de opacidades pulmonares con densidad en vidrio esmerilado (53-100 por ciento), su asociación a focos de condensación (27-72 por ciento) y engrosamiento intersticial con patrón de tipo empedrado (crazy-paving) (19 por ciento). La expresión en la radiografía de pulmón es similar a la que se refleja en la tomografía computada. Conclusiones: Estos medios diagnósticos son útiles para identificar la lesión pulmonar en la COVID-19. La afectación en vidrio deslustrado, aislada o en combinación con consolidaciones pulmonares es el hallazgo imagenológico más común. Las imágenes se deben interpretar con la consideración de las manifestaciones clínicas y el contexto epidemiológico con riesgo de infección por SARS-CoV-2. No obstante, sobre su base se han propuestos diversas escalas pronósticas que requieren ser validadas(AU)

Introduction: COVID-19 pandemic has required a rapid-response capacity of the imaging services. Objective: To offer a reference regarding COVID-19 lesions in lungs and thorax based on computed tomography (CT) scan and radiographic image. Method: A narrative review was carried out at the General Teaching Hospital "Dr. Agostinho Neto" from June to October 2020, through the following databases (Pubmed/Medline, Science Direct y SciELO). Google scholar was the search engine used in the research, with the following keywords and links: COVID-19 AND imaging; SARS-CoV-2 AND radiography; 2019-nCOV AND Computed tomography; SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, and the equivalent terms in Spanish. Results: The most frequent findings in lung CT scan were lung ground-glass opacities (53 percent-100 percent), with association to pulmonary consolidation (27 percent-72 percent) and interstitial thickening with a cobblestone pattern (crazy paving) (19 percent). Lung radiographic images are similar to the images obtained via computed tomography. Conclusions: These diagnostic tools are useful to identify lung lesions caused by COVID-19. Ground-glass opacity in combination with pulmonary consolidations is the most common imaging finding. The images should be interpreted taking into account the clinical manifestations and the epidemiologic context in which SARS-CoV-2 remains a risk of infection. However, several prognostic scales based on imaging have been proposed that still need to be validated(AU)

El diagnóstico imagenológico en la atención al paciente con infección por SARS-CoV-2 / Imaging diagnosis in SARS-CoV-2 patient care

RESUMEN Introducción: La pandemia de la COVID-19 ha requerido de una rápida respuesta de la especialidad Imagenología. Objetivo: Ofrecer un referente respecto a la expresión de la COVID-19 en la tomografía computarizada del pulmón y en la radiografía simple de tórax. Método: En el Hospital General Docente Dr. Agostinho Neto, entre junio y octubre de 2020 se realizó una revisión narrativa sobre este tema a través de una búsqueda en diferentes bases de datos bibliográficas: Pubmed/Medline, Science Direct y SciELO. La búsqueda se realizó con el buscador Google Académico, y se usó palabras clave y conectores COVID-19 AND imaging; SARS-CoV-2 AND radiography; 2019-nCOV AND Computed tomography; SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, y los términos equivalentes en español. Resultados: Los hallazgos más frecuentes en la tomografía pulmonar son la presencia de opacidades pulmonares con densidad en vidrio esmerilado (53-100 por ciento), su asociación a focos de condensación (27-72 por ciento) y engrosamiento intersticial con patrón de tipo empedrado (crazy-paving) (19 por ciento). La expresión en la radiografía de pulmón es similar a la que se refleja en la tomografía computada. Conclusiones: Estos medios diagnósticos son útiles para identificar la lesión pulmonar en la COVID-19. La afectación en vidrio deslustrado, aislada o en combinación con consolidaciones pulmonares es el hallazgo imagenológico más común. Las imágenes se deben interpretar con la consideración de las manifestaciones clínicas y el contexto epidemiológico con riesgo de infección por SARS-CoV-2. No obstante, sobre su base se han propuestos diversas escalas pronósticas que requieren ser validadas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: COVID-19 pandemic has required a rapid-response capacity of the imaging services. Objective: To offer a reference regarding COVID-19 lesions in lungs and thorax based on computed tomography (CT) scan and radiographic image. Method: A narrative review was carried out at the General Teaching Hospital Dr. Agostinho Neto from June to October 2020, through the following databases (Pubmed/Medline, Science Direct y SciELO). Google scholar was the search engine used in the research, with the following keywords and links: COVID-19 AND imaging; SARS-CoV-2 AND radiography; 2019-nCOV AND Computed tomography; SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, and the equivalent terms in Spanish. Results: The most frequent findings in lung CT scan were lung ground-glass opacities (53-100 per cent), with association to pulmonary consolidation (27-72 per cent) and interstitial thickening with a cobblestone pattern (crazy paving) (19 per cent). Lung radiographic images are similar to the images obtained via computed tomography. Conclusions: These diagnostic tools are useful to identify lung lesions caused by COVID-19. Ground-glass opacity in combination with pulmonary consolidations is the most common imaging finding. The images should be interpreted taking into account the clinical manifestations and the epidemiologic context in which SARS-CoV-2 remains a risk of infection. However, several prognostic scales based on imaging have been proposed that still need to be validated.

Variations in the Cross-Sectional Shape of the Apical Thirds of the Root Canals in Maxillary and Mandibular Teeth

Abstract Objective: To determine the prevalence of cross-sectional variations in the apical thirds of the root canals in maxillary and mandibular teeth. Material and Methods: Eighty tooth samples (maxillary second premolar, maxillary first molar, and mandibular first molar) were scanned using micro-computed tomography. The apical third area of each root canal was sectioned and the maximum and minimum diameters were calculated from the mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters. The shapes were categorized as a round, oval, long oval, and flat based on the ratios obtained. Results: The most common shape of the apical third of the root canals in the maxillary second premolars was oval (66.7%), followed by long oval (24.6%), flat (7%), and round (1.7%). The corresponding values in the mesiobuccal root of the maxillary first molars were oval (68.2%), long oval (22.7%), flat (9.1%), 94.1% of the distobuccal roots were oval, while the remaining were long oval (5.9%). All the palatal root canals were oval. In the mesiobuccal root of the mandibular first molars, 47.4% were long oval in shape, followed by 36.8% oval and 15.8% flat canals. All the mesiolingual root canals were oval, whereas, in the distal root, 68.4% were oval, 21.1% long oval, and 10.5% were flat. Conclusion: The oval shape was most commonly observed in the majority of the root canals. Knowledge about the apical anatomy of the root can help the operator improve the root canal treatment's success.

Necrose mandibular associada ao uso de bifosfonato: relato de caso / Mandibular necrosis associated with biphosphonate use: case report / Necrosis mandibular asociada al uso de bifosfonato: relato de caso

Introdução:Os bifosfonatos são medicamentos que objetivam reduzir a reabsorção óssea por provocarem a apoptose de osteoclastos. Por essa razão, são frequentemente empregados em pacientes com osteoporose e no tratamento do câncer. Contudo, apesar dos benefícios associados ao tratamento com bifosfonatos, esses medicamentos vêm sendo relacionados a osteonecrose maxilo-mandibular, materializando-se como um preocupante quadro de interesse à saúde pública. Objetivo:Apresentar um caso clínico de osteonecrose mandibular associada ao uso de bifosfanato, após extração de um elemento dentário, bem como contribuir com as discussões sobre as possibilidades terapêuticas desta enfermidade.Descrição do caso:Paciente do sexo masculino,com59 anosidade, encaminhado ao serviço de Cirurgia e Traumatologia Bucomaxilofacial,dois meses após a extração do elemento dentário 45.O diagnóstico foi de Osteonecrose Maxilomandibular Relacionada a Bifosfonatos, sendo realizado,inicialmente, a remoção dos traumas existentes, como também o cuidado com a área exposta. Posteriormente,optou-se pela remoção do segmento ósseo necrótico.Conclusões:A complexafisiopatologiado tipo de osteonecrose estudadaexige dos CirurgiõesDentistas a tomada de medidas em tempo oportuno e que cause o mínimo transtorno à vida dos pacientes.Assim, deve-se avaliar o estado da lesão, havendo indicação de terapia conservadora para os achados precoces. O desbridamento cirúrgico é aconselhado para o tratamento da doença avançada e não responsiva (AU).

Introduction:Bisphosphonates are medications that aim to reduce bone resorption by causing osteoclast apoptosis. For this reason, they are often used in patients with osteoporosis and in the treatment of cancer. However, despite the benefits associated with treatment with bisphosphonates, these drugs have been linked to maxillomandibular osteonecrosis, materializing as a worrying picture of public health concern. Objective:To present a clinical case of mandibular osteonecrosis associated with the use of bisphosphateafter extraction of a dental element, as well as to contribute to the discussions about the therapeutic possibilities of this disease. Case description:Male patient, 59 years old, referred to the Buccomaxillofacial Surgery and Traumatology service, two months after extraction of the dental element 45. The diagnosis was Bisphosphonate-Related Maxillomandibular Osteonecrosis, initially performed, the removal of existing traumas, as well as care for the exposed area. Subsequently, it was decided to remove the necrotic bone segment. Conclusions: The complex pathophysiology of the type of osteonecrosis studied requires that dental surgeons take measures in a timely manner and cause the least disturbance to patients' lives. Thus, the condition of the lesion should be assessed, with an indication for conservative therapy for early findings. Surgical debridement is recommended for the treatment of advanced and unresponsive diseases (AU).

Introducción: Los bisfosfonatos son medicamentos que tienen como objetivo reducir la resorción ósea al causar apoptosis de osteoclastos. Por esta razón, a menudo se usan en pacientes con osteoporosis y en el tratamiento del cáncer. Sin embargo, a pesar de los beneficios asociados con el tratamiento con bisfosfonatos, estos medicamentos se han relacionado con la osteonecrosis maxilomandibular, materializándose como un escenario preocupante de interés para la salud pública. Objetivo: Presentar un caso clínico de osteonecrosis mandibular asociada con el uso de bisfosfanato después de la extracción de un elemento dental, así como contribuir a las discusiones sobre las posibilidades terapéuticas de esta enfermedad. Descripción del caso: un paciente masculino de 59 años fue derivado del Departamento de Traumatología y Cirugía Buccomaxilofacial después de meses de extracción dental 45. El diagnóstico era de Osteonecrosis Maxilomandibular Relacionada con Bifosfonatos, inicialmente eligiendoeliminar los traumas existente, bien como delcuidado con el área expuesta. Posteriormente, elegimos eliminar el segmento óseo necrótico.Conclusiones: La compleja fisiopatología del tipo de osteonecrosis estudiada requiere que los cirujanos dentales tomen las medidas adecuadas y causen el menor inconveniente a la vida de los pacientes. Por lo tanto, se debe evaluar el estado de la lesión, con terapia conservadora indicada para hallazgos tempranos. El desbridamiento quirúrgico se recomienda para el tratamiento de enfermedades avanzadas y que no responden (AU).

Diagnostic Accuracy of Ultrasonography in the Assessment of Facial Fractures

Abstract Objective: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of Ultrasonography (USG) in diagnosing superficial facial fractures. Material and Methods: Patients visiting our facility with facial trauma and suspected fracture of the facial skeleton, those who had undergone CT scans, and conventional radiographic examinations and those who were conscious and cooperative were included in the study. All conventional radiographs, CT scans and ultrasound examinations were done during 0-20 days after trauma in all the patients Results: A total of 20 patients participated in our study, out of which 18 were male (90%) with a mean age of 34.4 years (range of 19-75 years). Eleven sites of the face were examined bilaterally in each patient, i.e., a total of 440 sites. Of these, 84 sites were found to be fractured according to the CT scan examination whereas conventional radiographs detected 59 and ultrasonography detected 74 fractures (of which 70 were true fractures, while 4 were false-positive results). The sensitivity and specificity of USG in all fracture sites were 83.33% and 98.88% respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 94.59% and 96.17% respectively Conclusion: Ultrasound examination had a better sensitivity when compared to conventional radiography in detecting superficial facial fractures.

A lung image reconstruction from computed radiography images as a tool to tuberculosis treatment control

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious lung disease with high worldwide incidence that severely compromises the quality of life in affected individuals. Clinical tests are currently employed to monitor pulmonary status and treatment progression. The present study aimed to apply a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction method based on chest radiography to quantify lung-involvement volume of TB acute-phase patients before and after treatment. In addition, these results were compared with indices from conventional clinical exams to show the coincidence level. Methods: A 3D lung reconstruction method using patient chest radiography was applied to quantify lung-involvement volume using retrospective examinations of 50 patients who were diagnosed with pulmonary TB and treated with two different drugs schemes. Twenty-five patients were treated with Scheme I (rifampicin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide), whereas twenty-five patients were treated with Scheme II (rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol). Acute-phase reaction: Serum exams included C-reactive protein levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and albumin levels. Pulmonary function was tested posttreatment. Results: We found strong agreement between lung involvement and serum indices pre- and posttreatment. Comparison of the functional severity degree with lung involvement based on 3D image quantification for both treatment schemes found a high correlation. Conclusions: The present 3D reconstruction method produced a satisfactory agreement with the acute-phase reaction, most notably a higher significance level with the C-reactive protein. We also found a quite reasonable coincidence between the 3D reconstruction method and the degree of functional lung impairment posttreatment. The performance of the quantification method was satisfactory when comparing the two treatment schemes. Thus, the 3D reconstruction quantification method may be useful tools for monitoring TB treatment. The association with serum indices are not only inexpensive and sensitive but also may be incorporated into the assessment of patients during TB treatment.(AU)

Radicular pain caused by Schmorl's node: a case report / Dor radicular causada por nódulo de Schmorl: relato de caso

Abstract Schmorl's node a focal herniation of intervertebral disc through the end plate into the vertebral body. Most of the established Schmorl's nodes are quiescent. However, disc herniation into the vertebral marrow can cause low back pain by irritating a nociceptive system. Schmorl's node induced radicular pain is a very rare condition. Some cases of Schmorl's node which generated low back pain or radicular pain were treated by surgical methods. In this article, authors reported a rare case of a patient with radicular pain cause by Schmorl's node located at the inferior surface of the 5th lumbar spine. The radicular pain was alleviated by serial 5th lumbar transforaminal epidural blocks. Transforaminal epidural block is suggested as first conservative option to treat radicular pain due to herniation of intervertebral disc. Therefore, non-surgical treatment such as transforaminal epidural block can be considered a first treatment option for radicular pain caused by Schmorl's node.

Resumo O nódulo de Schmörl (NS) é a herniação focal do disco intervertebral através da placa terminal para dentro do corpo vertebral. A maioria dos nódulos de Schmörl já estabelecidos é quiescente. Porém, a hérnia de disco na medula vertebral pode causar dor lombar quando afeta um sistema nociceptivo. A dor radicular induzida por NS é uma condição muito rara. Alguns casos de NS que causaram dor lombar ou radicular foram tratados com procedimentos cirúrgicos. Neste artigo, relatamos o caso raro de um paciente com dor radicular causada por NS localizado na superfície inferior da quinta vértebra lombar (L5). A dor radicular foi atenuada mediante uma série de bloqueios peridurais transforaminais no nível L5. O bloqueio epidural transforaminal (BET) foi sugerido como primeira opção conservadora para tratar a dor radicular devido à herniação do disco intervertebral. Portanto, um tratamento não cirúrgico como o BET pode ser considerado como uma primeira opção de tratamento da dor radicular causada por NS.

Vertebroplastia percutánea guiada por tomografía para el manejo del dolor en pacientes con fractura del cuerpo vertebral / CT-guided Vertebroplasty for Painful Vertebral Fractures

Objetivo Describir la técnica y resultados en cuanto a la mejoría del dolor y complicaciones al realizar este procedimiento mediante guía por tomografía computada. Materiales y Métodos Estudio observacional descriptivo de una serie de 108 pacientes a quienes se les realizó vertebroplastia percutánea guiada por tomografía computada realizadas en dos hospitales universitarios, entre mayo 2007 y mayo 2017. Todos los procedimientos se realizaron de forma ambulatoria con anestesia local y se valoró el dolor mediante la escala visual análoga. Resultados Se realizaron 125 vertebroplastias, en el 87,9% de los pacientes (n = 95) se realizó el procedimiento en un cuerpo vertebral, en el 8,3% (n = 9) y 3,7% (n = 4) de los pacientes se cementaron 2 y 3 vertebras respectivamente. El rango de dolor según la escala visual análoga (EVA) previo al tratamiento varió entre 5 y 10, donde un 94% (n = 102) de los pacientes manifestaban una intensidad 10/10. En el postratamiento el rango de dolor varió entre 0a7dondeel 98% de la población reportó un valor menor o igual a 3. Se presentaron 3 complicaciones: tromboembolismo pulmonar por metil-metacrilato, extravasación al plexo de Batson y extravasación al espacio interdiscal, cada una en tres pacientes diferentes. Conclusión La vertebroplastia percutánea guiada por TC ofrece una indiscutible mejora inmediata del dolor en pacientes con fractura de uno o más cuerpos vertebrales, con una baja tasa de complicaciones.

Objetive Describe the technique, results in terms of pain improvement and complications to perform this procedure by computed tomography. Materials and Methods A descriptive observational study of a 108 cases series of percutaneous vertebroplasty guided by computed tomography performed in two university hospitals between May 2007 and May 2017. All procedures were performed with local anesthesia on an outpatient basis, pain was assessed by means of the Visual analogue scale (VAS). Results A total of 125vertebroplasties were performed. In 87.9% (n = 95) of the patients, the procedure was performed in one vertebral body, in 8.3% (n = 9) and 3.7% (n = 4) of the patientshad two or three vertebrae cemented respectively. The range of pain according to VAS prior to treatment varied between 5 and 10, where 94% (n = 102) of the patients manifested a 10/10 intensity; after treatment, the range of pain varied between 0 to 7 where 98% of the population reported a value less than or equal to 3. Three complications were reported, one pulmonary thromboembolism due to methylmethacrylate, one extravasation in to the Batson plexus and one extravasation of cement to the interdiscal space. Conclusion CT-guided percutaneous vertebroplasty offers an undeniable immediate improvement of pain in patients with fracture of one or more vertebral bodies, with a low rate of complications.

Economic Burden of Selected Diagnostic Imaging Methods in Oral Cancer

Objective: To analyse of proportion and economic burden of selected diagnostic imaging methods of oral cancer according to quarters and average percentage differences in the Slovak population in the period 2016-2017. Material and Methods: In this descriptive study, the data were retrieved from the information system of the largest public health insurance company on our request, which archives the cost and proportion of diagnostic imaging methods of oral cancer in Slovak population. It was evaluated 48,995 of selected diagnostic imaging methods (Computed Tomography [CT], Magnetic Resonance Imaging [MRI] and X-Ray) in the period 2016-2017. Results: The most frequently used diagnostic imaging method of oral cancer was magnetic resonance imaging method every quarters in 2016 and 2017 (53.7-54.7%) with slightly increasing trend in period 2016-2017. Mean economic burden of selected diagnostic imaging methods of oral cancer were 1,974,900€ for MRI method, 598,187€ for CT method and 5,394€ for RTG method in 2017. Decreasing trend of economic burden of diagnostic imaging method was found in MRI method and CT method in period 2016-2017. Conclusion: Our economic burden study provides a useful source for public health professional and clinicians in better understanding the economic burden of diagnostic methods in oral cancer.

Plasmocitoma: desafio diagnostico em paciente idosa com apresentação clínica atípica. relato de caso / Difficult to diagnose plasmocytoma with atypical clinical presentation in an older patient: a case report

INTRODUÇÃO E OBJETIVO: O plasmocitoma é uma proliferação neoplásica de um clone de plasmócitos que produzem imunoglobulina monoclonal. O plasmocitoma solitário ósseo é definido pela presença de um plasmocitoma na ausência de múltiplas lesões osteolíticas ou outros achados compatíveis com mieloma múltiplo. O presente artigo relata o caso de uma paciente idosa que apresentou plasmocitoma ósseo solitário de esterno de difícil diagnóstico devido a manifestações clínicas atípicas e possível evolução para mieloma múltiplo. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente de 74 anos, do sexo feminino. Procurou atendimento médico por confusão mental, taquidispneia e dor torácica precordial em queimação, além de história de queda com trauma da região anterior do tórax. Na internação hospitalar evoluiu com hiponatremia refratária ao tratamento, tromboflebite superficial em membro superior esquerdo, celulite periorbitária, endoftalmite e osteomielite no esterno. A eletroforese de proteínas séricas teve como resultado o aumento policlonal na região das gamaglobulinas. A biópsia da lesão considerou achado compatível com plasmocitoma. Tomografia computadorizada de esqueleto não evidenciou lesões adicionais. Apresentou uma evolução ruim com insuficiência renal crônica agudizada por provável síndrome de lise tumoral, indo a óbito. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo vem ressaltar a importância da hipótese diagnóstica de plasmocitoma/mieloma múltiplo frente a um paciente idoso, com manifestação clínica diversificada, como anemia, insuficiência renal, fratura patológica e infecções de repetição, em vista de sua evolução e prognóstico.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Plasmacytoma is a neoplastic proliferation of a plasma cell clone which produces monoclonal immunoglobulin. Solitary plasmacytoma of bone is defined by the presence of a single plasmacytoma in the absence of multiple osteolytic lesions or other findings compatible with multiple myeloma. We report an older patient with solitary plasmacytoma of the sternum associated with atypical clinical findings which complicated diagnosis and possible progression to multiple myeloma. CASE REPORT: A 74-year-old woman sought medical care due to mental confusion, tachydyspnea, and chest pain after a fall with blunt trauma to the anterior chest. During admission, the patient developed refractory hyponatremia, superficial thrombophlebitis in the left upper limb, periorbital cellulitis, endophthalmitis, and sternal osteomyelitis. Serum protein electrophoresis showed a polyclonal increase in gamma globulins. Biopsy result was compatible with plasmacytoma. A computed tomography scan showed no additional lesions. Progression was poor, with chronic renal failure exacerbated by probable tumor lysis syndrome, resulting in death. CONCLUSION: The present findings emphasize the importance of considering a diagnostic hypothesis of plasmacytoma/multiple myeloma in older patients with a set of varied clinical signs, such as anemia, renal failure, pathological fracture, and repetitive infections

Three-Rooted Mandibular First Molars in a Saudi Arabian Population: A CBCT Study

Objective: To know the prevalence three-rooted mandibular first molars in a Saudi Arabian population by using CBCT. Material and Methods: A total of 428 CBCT scans in the database of the College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia were analyzed. All well-developed permanent mandibular first molars were analyzed for the presence of extra root in three dimensions and the reconstructed volumetric images by two qualified and experienced observers. The total incidence, distribution and comparison regarding gender, bilateral and unilateral appearance, and the side of occurrences of these permanent three-rooted mandibular first molars were analyzed by the Chi-square test. The level of significance was set at 5%. Results: The CBCT scans of 14 subjects had three rooted mandibular first molars with a prevalence of 3.27%. The prevalence in males and females was 2.96% respectively, with no significant differences between genders (p=0.865). The frequency of bilateral three-rooted mandibular first molars was 1.16%, with unilateral frequencies of 1.40% and 0.70% on the right and left sides, respectively. No significant relationship between sides (p=0.981) and the bilateral prevalence of three-rooted mandibular first molars (p=0.668) was observed. Conclusion: Dental practitioners must be aware of the fact that though it is rare, an extra or third root can be present in mandibular first molars and CBCT can aid in accurate diagnosis of the presence of third root.

Evaluation of Surface Roughness of Monolithic Zirconia after Using Different Polishing Kits

Objective: To evaluate the effect of different kits to polish monolithic zirconia on its surface roughness. Material and Methods: Five samples were fabricated using zirconia blocks. Each sintered block was divided into four areas of equal size and each area was subjected to a specific surface treatment according to the four groups of the study: GC: no surface treatment, GG: unidirectional grinding with high speed tapered bur under refrigeration, GP1: wear similar to GG followed by polishing with zirconia polishing kit Kenda at the same wear direction, and GP2: wear similar to GG followed by polishing with zirconia polishing kit Diacera at the same wear direction. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of ceramic topography and roughness were performed using a digital optical profilometer, and Roughness measurements were performed using two parameters (Ra and Rz: arithmetical mean of the absolute values of the surface departures and of the five highest peaks and valleys, respectively). Scanning electron micrographs of each ceramic surface were obtained to illustrate sample roughness. The means of each group were analyzed by 1-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test. Results: Morphological analysis showed that polishing kits provided the same pattern of a smooth surface. To statistical analysis, this study showed that different polishing kits influenced zirconia roughness for both Ra and Rz after surface wear (p < 0.05) with both situations improved the surface roughness observed immediately after zirconia sintering. Conclusion: According to the results, both polish kits resulted in a surface texture within acceptable clinical parameters.

Cirurgia ortognática: assimetria facial e a limitação do planejamento manual com articulador semi-ajustável Acon (ASA) - correção com planejamento virtual (3D) / Orthognathic surgery: facial asymmetry and the limitation of manual planning with the semi-adjustable Arcon (ASA) articulator ­ correction with virtual (3D) planning

Introdução: os casos de assimetria facial são considerados os de maior complexidade dentro do âmbito da cirurgia Buco-Maxilo-Facial, devido a alteração esquelético-morfológica nos três planos do espaço (Pitch, Yaw e Roll). Estes planos foram trazidos do posicionamento de uma aeronave no espaço para o mundo da cirurgia, mais especificamente ao planejamento virtual, para romper as limitações do planejamento manual e a plataforma de Erickson, usados durante décadas para correção não só de casos simples envolvendo movimentos puros dos ossos, como também assimetrias. Hoje é sabido que o planejamento manual ainda é usado, porém, vem caindo em desuso devido as suas limitações. A cirurgia virtual vem ganhando muito espaço e se superando a cada dia. Objetivo: relatar um caso de cirurgia ortognática em que a paciente era portadora de assimetria facial, planejada de forma manual (tradicional) e os erros encontrados após 04 anos, levando a uma re-operação baseada em planejamento virtual.

Introduction: the cases of facial asymmetry are considered the most complex within the scope of oral and maxillofacial surgery due to skeletal-morphological changes in the three planes of space (Pitch, Yaw and Roll). These plans were brought from the position of an aircraft in space to the world of surgery, specifically the virtual planning to break the limitations of manual planning and Erickson platform, used for decades to fix not only simple cases involving purê bone's movements as well as asymmetries. Today it is known that manual planning is still used, however, it has fallen into disuse because of its limitations. Virtual surgery is gaining a lot of space and surpassing every day. Objective: this article aims to report a case of orthognathic surgery in which the patient had facial asymmetry, planned manually (traditional) and the errors found after 04 years, leading to a virtual planning-based re-operation.

Accuracy of mandibular measurements of sexual dimorphism using stabilizer equipment

Abstract The objective of this investigation was to compare the accuracy of mandibular measurements using a stabilizer (MS) with gold standard computed tomography (GS) images. Sixty mandibles were studied. Werth TomoScope HV Compact® was used to obtain CT images (GS), and the MS was also used. Analysis of the CT scans was performed using the VG Studio Max software® (Volume Graphics GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany), and MS was used after the proper positioning of the mandible. Descriptive and paired t test measures were used, and a ROC curve was calculated, as well as sensibility and specificity. MedCalc and STATA 13.0® were used (95% level of significance). Bicondylar breadth, bicoronoid breadth and minimum ramus breadth reached the highest concordance correlation coefficients at 0.99 (0.99-1.00), 0.99 (0.99–1.00) and 1.00 (0.99–1.00), respectively. Comparing observers with GS, the lowest accuracy was noted for the maximum mandibular length [0.59 (0.45–0.69), 0.64 (0.51–0.74)], the breadth of the right (0.14 (0.04–0.23), 0.14 (0.004–0.24)) and left mandibular body [0.14 (0.03–0.24), 0.16 (0.05-0.26)], and the right [0.58 (0.45–0.69), 0.63 (0.51–0.73) and left (0.59 (0.45–0.70), 0.59 (0.46–0.69)] mandibular angle. Various measurements exhibited good sensibility for males using MS: maximum mandibular length (78.12), bicondylar breadth (78.12), left mandibular notch breadth (84.37), and the left height of the mandibular body at the mental foramen (75.00). High specificity in discriminating females was observed for the left maximal ramus height (85.19), mandibular length (85.71), bicoronoid breadth (96.43), right height of the mandibular body at the mental foramen (82.19), bimental breadth (78.57), breadth right (92.86) and left (96.43) mandibular body, minimum ramus breadth (89.29), and left mandibular angle (85.71). MS was able to discriminate sexual dimorphism.