Umbral crítico de administración en pacientes con trauma severo y reanimación endovascular: ¿Un concepto útil? / Critical Administration Threshold in severe trauma patients and endovascular resuscitation: A useful concept?

Introducción. Se describe la utilidad del umbral crítico de administración (CAT por su denominación en inglés) como herramienta para la reanimación hemostática en pacientes con trauma severo y oclusión endovascular aórtica. Métodos. Revisión retrospectiva de pacientes adultos con hemorragia por trauma, con o sin oclusión endovascular aórtica (REBOA), atendidos entre enero de 2015 y junio de 2020, en un centro de trauma nivel I en Cali, Colombia. Se registraron variables demográficas, severidad del trauma, estado clínico, requerimiento transfusional, tiempo hasta CAT+ y CAT alcanzado (1, 2 ó 3). Resultados. Se incluyeron 93 pacientes, se utilizó REBOA en 36 y manejo tradicional en 57. El grupo REBOA presentó mayor volumen de sangrado (mediana de 3000 ml, RIC: 1950-3625 ml) frente al grupo control (mediana de1500 ml, RIC: 700-2975ml) (p<0,001) y mayor cantidad de glóbulos rojos transfundidos en las primeras 6 horas (mediana de 5, RIC:4-9); p=0,015 y en las primeras 24 horas (mediana de 6, RIC: 4-11); p=0,005. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en número de pacientes CAT+ entre grupos o tiempo hasta alcanzarlo. Sin embargo, el estado CAT+ durante los primeros 30 minutos de la cirugía fue mayor en grupo REBOA (24/36, 66,7 %) frente al grupo control (17/57, 29,8 %; p=0,001), teniendo este mayor tasa de mortalidad intrahospitalaria frente a los pacientes CAT-. Conclusión. El umbral crítico de administración es una herramienta útil en la reanimación hemostática de pacientes con trauma y REBOA, que podría predecir mortalidad precoz.

Introduction. The objective is to describe the utility of the Critical Administration Threshold (CAT) as a tool in hemostatic resuscitation in patients with severe trauma and REBOA. Methods. Retrospective review between January 2015 and June 2020 of adult patients with hemorrhage secondary to trauma with or without REBOA in a level I trauma center in Cali, Colombia. Demographic variables, trauma severity, clinical status, transfusion needs, time to CAT+ and number of CAT achieved (1, 2 or 3) were recorded. Results. Ninety-three patients were included, in which REBOA was used in 36 and traditional management in 57. The REBOA group had a higher bleeding volume (3000 ml), IQR: 1950-3625 ml vs the control group (1500 ml, IQR: 700-2975 ml) (p<0.001) and a higher rate of PRBC units transfused in the first 6 hours (median 5, IQR: 4-9); p=0.015 and in the first 24 hours (median 6, IQR: 4-11); p=0.005. There were no statistically significant differences in the number of CAT+ patients between groups or time to CAT+. However, CAT+ status during the first 30 minutes of surgery was higher in the REBOA Group (24/36, 66.7%) vs. the control group (17/57, 29.8%; p=0.001), having this group a higher in-hospital mortality rate vs. CAT- patients. Conclusion. CAT is a useful tool in the hemostatic resuscitation of patients with trauma and REBOA that could predict early mortality.

Analysis of requests for reservation of blood concentrates in patients referred to urgent surgeries in a teaching hospital

Introduction: The rates of request and use of blood concentrates are still poorly reported in the literature. This study aimed to analyze the rates of requests for blood concentrates and their use in patients undergoing emergency surgery in a teaching hospital. Methods: A retrospective, quantitative and descriptive study was conducted in 359 medical records of patients in urgent surgery scheduled with a request for a reserve of blood concentrate. The ratios between crossmatched and transfused units (C/T), transfusion index (TI), and probability (TP) were calculated, and the times between request and delivery at the transfusion agency (TA) and patient admission to the surgical center (SC). Results: The mean age was 58.5 ± 22.2 years, with the majority being male (53.1%). There was an average of 27.5 monthly requests (min 12, max 44). Ninety-seven units of blood concentrates were transfused into 44 patients (C/T ratio 7.59; TI 0.27; TP 12.3%). Only seven patients had their requests made after admission to the OR. The median time between the request and arrival at the TA was 1h15min, while that between the request and the patient's arrival at the SC was 5h23min. There was greater transfusion in major surgery (major 37, 14.8% vs. medium 7, 6.5%; p = 0.027) and non-orthopedic surgery (orthopedic 9, 4.0% vs. non-orthopedic 35, 26.9%; p < 0.001). Conclusion: there was a significant discrepancy between the number of requests for blood reservation and its real use and an increased time between reservation requests and their arrival at the TA.

First immediate transfusion at a prehospital environment in Latin America: A case report

According to the World Health Organization, trauma from external causes remains the major cause of death and disability among people aged from 5 to 29 years old.1 In order to reestablish hemodynamic stability and adequate hemostasis of these patients, without the dilutional effects of infusing large volumes of crystalloids, the concept of hemostatic resuscitation was developed.2 The purpose of this report is to discuss a case in which hemostatic resuscitation was performed quickly, resulting in a good macro-hemodynamic response of the patient at the first prehospital transfusion service in Latin America.

Determinantes externos de la disponibilidad de sangre / External Determinants of Blood Availability

El acceso universal a las transfusiones de sangre depende de diversos factores localizados dentro y fuera de los servicios de salud. Motivados por ser este un tema infrecuente, el trabajo tiene el objetivo de analizar desde una perspectiva multidimensional y holística los determinantes externos de la disponibilidad de sangre para las transfusiones. El desarrollo socioeconómico constituye un importante factor dinamizador porque condiciona, de cierta manera, la infraestructura del sistema sanitario e incide sobre los factores epidemiológicos, sociodemográficos y jurídicos. A su vez, estos influyen en la organización de las actividades y la complejidad de la asistencia sanitaria, factores que otorgan un sentido positivo o negativo a la disponibilidad de sangre. Tomarlos en consideración al diseñar las políticas de salud relacionadas con el uso de la sangre permite una mayor precisión en las intervenciones locales que contribuyan a mejorar la seguridad de las transfusiones(AU)

Universal access to blood transfusions depends on a number of localized factors both inside and outside health services. Motivated by being an infrequent topic, this work aims to analyze from a multidimensional and holistic perspective the external determinants of the availability of blood for transfusions. Socio-economic development is an important dynamic factor because it conditions, in a certain way, the infrastructure of the health system and affects epidemiological, sociodemographic and legal factors. In turn, these influence the organization of activities and the complexity of health care, factors that give a positive or negative meaning to the availability of blood. Taking them into consideration when designing health policies related to the use of blood allows greater precision in local interventions that contribute to improving the safety of transfusions(AU)

Sickle cell anemia: hierarchical cluster analysis and clinical profile in a cohort in Brazil

Abstract Introduction Sickle cell anemia is a monogenic disorder caused by a mutation in the β-hemoglobin gene, resulting in sickle hemoglobin that can polymerize. Presentation and clinical course have significant inter-individual variability and classifying these patients for severity is a challenge. Methods We applied hierarchical clusters with 10 routine laboratory tests to understand if this grouping could be associated with clinical manifestations. We included 145 adult homozygous patients (SS) at an outpatient clinic in a retrospective study. Results We found five clusters by counting those that had been differentiated by unconjugated bilirubin, reticulocytes, LDH, leukocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes. When comparing groups to clinical findings, the clusters were different only for liver abnormality. Cluster 3 had the lower median of reticulocytes, LDH, leukocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes and a higher percentage of patients under treatment. Clusters 4 and 5 had higher frequencies of liver impairment and higher medians of reticulocytes, LDH, leukocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes. Hemolysis and inflammation seemed to influence the grouping. Conclusion In our study, cluster analysis showed five groups that exhibited different degrees of inflammation and hemolysis. When comparing clinical data, the result was different only for the criteria of liver abnormality.

Serological ineptitude in blood banks: is there an association with sexually transmitted infections? / Inaptidão sorológica em bancos de sangue: existe associação com infecções sexualmente transmissíveis?

Introduction: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a serious public health problem, and some of these infections are also transmitted through blood transfusions. Objective: To identify publications in scientific journals in Brazil and in the world showing if there is an important association between serological inadequacy due to sexually transmitted infections traced in blood and blood products used for medical use. Methods: Systematic review of articles published from 2018 to 2023, using the LILACS, SciELO and PubMed databases, with a concomitant approach to the issues of serological disability and STI. Original studies or review articles in Portuguese, English and Spanish with Brazilian and international data were included. Editorial publications, letter to the editor, letter from the editor or comments on the subject were excluded. Results: The search found 571 articles, of which 106 (18.40%) met the inclusion criteria, that is, Serological disability and STI. In studies with international data, the prevalence of donors with hepatitis C ranged from 0.12 to 4.8%; with hepatitis B, from 1.3 to 8.2%; with HIV, from 0.0021 to 2.5%; with syphilis, from 1.73 to 2.4%; with HTLV, 0.66%; and with Chagas disease, from 0.017 to 2.76%. Among articles with Brazilian data, the prevalence of donors with seroreactive tests for hepatitis C ranged from 0.18 to 1.76%; with hepatitis B, from 0.05 to 7.9%; with HIV, from 0.03 to 0.82%; with syphilis, from 0.37 to 3.51%; with HTLV, from 0.02 to 0.3%, and with Chagas disease, from 0.8 to 0.5%. Conclusion: STIs are rarely discussed in the scientific literature in studies on serological inadequacy. In addition, a minority of articles were with Brazilian data. However, results show that STIs, despite being little discussed in the scientific literature in studies on the subject of serological inadequacy, have statistically significant percentages of seropositivity for STIs. Moreover, hepatitis C and B have a relevant seroprevalence, reaching 8.2% and 4.8%, respectively, in the international scenario. In Brazil, hepatitis B continues to occupy a prominent place with a seroprevalence of up to 7.9%. However, syphilis now holds a very important role, with a maximum percentage of 3.51%. More studies are needed for further reflection: although STIs are little addressed in studies about serological inadequacy in human blood banks, would they contribute to the maintenance and non-reduction of the general frequency of infections transmitted by blood transfusion

Introdução: As infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (IST) são um grave problema de saúde pública e algumas dessas infecções, também, transmitidas por intermédio de transfusões de sangue. Objetivo: Identificar publicações em periódicos científicos no Brasil e no mundo sobre se existe importante associação entre inaptidão sorológica por infecções sexualmente transmissíveis rastreadas em sangue e hemoderivados usados para uso médico. Métodos:Revisão sistemática de artigos publicados no período de 2018 a 2023, usando as bases de dados Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) e United States National Library of Medicine (PubMed) com abordagem concomitante para os assuntos de inaptidão sorológica e IST. Incluíram-se estudos originais ou artigos de revisão nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol com dados brasileiros e internacionais. Foram excluídas publicações do tipo editorial, carta ao editor, carta do editor ou comentários sobre o tema. Resultados:A busca localizou 571 artigos dos quais 106 (18,40%) se encaixavam nos critérios de inclusão, ou seja, inaptidão sorológica e IST. Em estudos com dados internacionais, a prevalência de doadores com hepatite C variou de 0,12 a 4,8%; com hepatite B de 1,3 a 8,2%; com HIV de 0,0021 a 2,5%; com sífilis de 1,73 a 2,4%; com HTLV 0,66%; e com doença de Chagas de 0,017 a 2,76 %. Já entre os artigos com dados brasileiros, a prevalência de doadores com exames soro-reatores para hepatite C variou de 0,18 a 1,76%; com hepatite B de 0,05 a 7,9%; com HIV de 0,03 a 0,82%; com sífilis de 0,37 a 3,51%; com HTLV 0,02 a 0,3%, e com doença de Chagas de 0,8 a 0,5%. Conclusão: As IST são pouco abordadas na literatura científica em estudos com o tema inaptidão sorológica. Além disso, uma minoria de artigos era com dados brasileiros. Entretanto, resultados demonstram que, apesar de pouco abordadas na literatura científica em estudos com o tema inaptidão sorológica, as IST possuem percentuais de soropositividade estatisticamente significativos. Além disso, as hepatites C e B possuem soroprevalência relevante, podendo chegar a 8,2 e 4,8%, respectivamente, no cenário internacional. Já no cenário nacional, brasileiro, a hepatite B continua ocupando um lugar de destaque, com soroprevalência de até 7,9%. Todavia, a sífilis passa a ocupar um papel de altíssima relevância, com percentual máximo de 3,51%. São necessários mais estudos para mais reflexão: apesar de as IST serem pouco abordadas em estudos acerca da inaptidão sorológica em bancos de sangue humano, seriam elas contribuintes para a manutenção e a não redução da frequência geral de infecções transmitidas por transfusão sanguínea?

Puesta al día sobre transfusión masiva / Massive transfusion update / Atualização sobre transfusão maciça

La transfusión masiva plantea desafíos clínicos, organizacionales y logísticos para el personal de la salud en general y los servicios de Medicina Transfusional en particular. No existe una definición universalmente aceptada de transfusión masiva, las definiciones más comúnmente utilizadas se basan en el número de unidades de sangre administradas dentro de un cierto período de tiempo. La mayoría de los eventos de transfusión masiva ocurren en el contexto de hemorragias graves en pacientes quirúrgicos, politraumatizados, con hemorragia gastrointestinal u obstétrica. La reanimación de control de daños y los protocolos de transfusión masiva son las estrategias más utilizadas actualmente para el tratamiento inicial, seguidas de un tratamiento personalizado, dirigido por objetivos, mediante la monitorización de la coagulación en tiempo real mediante estudios viscoelásticos. Existen una serie de controversias alrededor del tratamiento óptimo, incluyendo el uso de sangre total, la relación de hemocomponentes a utilizar, el uso de concentrados de factores de la coagulación, y la indicación óptima del ácido tranexámico. El estudio de los productos ideales para el tratamiento de los pacientes con sangrado masivo se ha convertido en un área de gran interés de la investigación científica. El contexto clínico en el que ocurrió el evento hemorrágico, el número de hemocomponentes transfundidos, la edad del paciente y las comorbilidades son los predictores más importantes de la sobrevida a corto y largo plazo. Esta revisión narrativa explora el estado actual del conocimiento sobre la transfusión masiva, así como los avances que podemos esperar en el futuro cercano.

Massive transfusion poses clinical, organizational and logistic challenges for the health staff in general, and the Transfusion Medicine Services in particular. There is no universally accepted definition for massive transfusion, the most widely used being based on the number of blood units administered in a certain period of time. Most massive transfusion events occur in the context of severe hemorrhage on surgical or multiple-trauma patients or patients with gastrointestinal or obstetric bleeding. Today, damage control resuscitation and massive transfusion protocols are the most common strategies for initial treatment, followed by personalized therapy, goal-directed, my means of monitoring coagulation in real time with viscoelastic studies. There are disputes as to the best surgical treatment, including using whole blood, the relation of blood components to be used, the use of coagulation factor concentrates and the optimal indication of tranexamic acid. The study of ideal products to treat patients with massive hemorrhage has become an area of great interest for scientific research. The clinical context of the hemorrhagic event, the number of blood components transfused, patient's age and comorbilities are the most important predictors for survival in the short and long term. This narrative review explores the current state of affairs on knowledge about massive transfusion, as well as progress to be expected in the near future.

A transfusão maciça apresenta desafios clínicos, organizacionais e logísticos para o pessoal de saúde em geral e para os serviços de Medicina Transfusional em particular. Não existe uma definição universalmente aceita de transfusão maciça; as definições mais comumente usadas são baseadas no número de unidades de sangue administradas em um determinado período de tempo. A maioria dos eventos de transfusão maciça ocorre no contexto de sangramento maior em pacientes cirúrgicos, politraumatizados, com sangramento gastrointestinal ou obstétrico. Atualmente, a ressuscitação para controle de danos e os protocolos de transfusão maciça são as estratégias mais usadas para o tratamento inicial, seguidos por tratamento personalizado e orientado por objetivos usando monitoramento de coagulação em tempo real usando testes viscoelásticos. Há uma série de controvérsias em torno do tratamento ideal, incluindo o uso de sangue total, a proporção de componentes sanguíneos a serem usados, o uso de concentrados de fator de coagulação e a indicação ideal de ácido tranexâmico. O estudo dos produtos ideais para o tratamento de pacientes com sangramento maciço tornou-se uma área de grande interesse na pesquisa científica. O contexto clínico em que ocorreu o evento hemorrágico, o número de hemocomponentes transfundidos, a idade do paciente e as comorbidades são os preditores mais importantes de sobrevida a curto e longo prazo. Esta revisão narrativa explora o estado atual do conhecimento sobre transfusão maciça, bem como os avanços que podemos esperar no futuro próximo.

The most common inadequacies in red blood cell requests at a reference center in Western Paraná state

Abstract Introduction In the current scenario, in which evidence-based medicine is almost obligatory, therapeutic approaches are increasingly being restricted to measures that are proven to bring benefits to the patient. Transfusion therapy follows the same concept. Even though it can be an essential support procedure in some situations, it must be carefully used, exclusively in situations in which the literature assures scientific support for its usage. Transfusion exposes patients to risks and complications, so it is necessary that we, as doctors, continue working to reduce possible mistakes involving the practice of this type of therapy. Objective To analyze if the red blood cell requests are properly made, analyzing the indication written on them (by the doctor, comparing them to the references in the actual literature. Method In this research, we have analyzed and reviewed the requests for red blood cell concentrates between August and September of 2018 received at the Hematology and Hemotherapy Center studied to find the most common mistakes made by requesters/doctors. Results A total of 397 of the 754 analyzed requests were evaluated as inadequate. Therefore, 1 out of every 2 transfusions performed did not have their requests properly completed in the city of Cascavel, Paraná. Conclusions The number of inappropriate requests was high during the studied period, especially when compared to studies available in the literature. The number of inadequacies suggests that the blood component requests and the subsequent evaluation by the transfusion agency needs to be better addressed in clinical practice.

Complicações transfusionais em pacientes idosos hospitalizados: revisão integrativa da literatura / Complicaciones transfusionales en ancianos hospitalizados: revisión integrativa de la literatura / Transfusion complications in hospitalized elderly patients: integrative literature review

Objetivo: identificar as principais complicações ocasionadas pela transfusão sanguínea à saúde do idoso hospitalizado através da análise das evidências científicas. Método: revisão integrativa realizada com estudos em inglês provenientes de bases de dados nacionais e internacionais publicados no período de 2017 a 2021. Os principais descritores foram "Blood Transfusion", "Transfusion Reaction", "Aged" e "Hospitalization", combinados por meio dos operadores booleanos "AND" e "OR". Resultados: foram incluídos 23 estudos que retratavam as principais complicações da transfusão sanguínea para a pessoa idosa hospitalizada. As doze diferentes complicações foram alocadas em duas categorias: relacionadas a cirurgias ou complicações não-cirúrgicas. Maior tempo de permanência hospitalar, mortalidade, reações transfusionais, lesão renal aguda pós-operatória e delirium pós-operatório fizeram parte dos principais achados. Conclusão: os mecanismos pelos quais as complicações se desenvolvem ainda não estão totalmente esclarecidos, evidenciando a importância do estímulo à realização de novas pesquisas que envolvam esta temática.

Objective: to identify the main complications caused by blood transfusion to the health of the hospitalized elderly through the analysis of scientific evidence. Method: integrative review conducted with studies in English from national and international databases published in the period from 2017 to 2021. The main descriptors were "BloodTransfusion", "Transfusion Reaction", "Aged" and "Hospitalization", combined by means of the Boolean operators "AND" and "OR". Results: 23 studies were included that depicted the main complications of blood transfusion for the hospitalized elderly person. The twelve different complications were allocated into two categories: surgery-related or non-surgical complications. Longer hospital stay, mortality, transfusion reactions, postoperative acute kidney injury and postoperative delirium were among the mainachievements. Conclusion: the mechanisms by which complications develop are not yet fully understood, highlighting the importance of encouraging further research on this topic.

Objetivo: identificar las principales complicaciones ocasionadas por la transfusión sanguínea a la salud del idoso hospitalizado a través del análisis de las evidencias científicas. Método: revisión integradora realizada con estudios en inglés de bases de datos nacionales e internacionales publicados en el período 2017 a 2021. Los descriptores principales fueron "BloodTransfusion", "Transfusion Reaction", "Aged" y "Hospitalization", combinados mediante los operadores booleanos "AND" y "OR". Resultados:se incluyeron 23 estudios que retrataban las principales complicaciones de la transfusión sanguínea en el anciano hospitalizado. Las doce complicaciones diferentes se asignaron a dos categorías: complicaciones relacionadas con la cirugía o complicaciones no relacionadas con la cirugía. La prolongación de la estancia hospitalaria, la mortalidad, las reacciones transfusionales, la lesión renal aguda postoperatoria y el delirio postoperatorio formaron parte de las principales. Conclusión: los mecanismos por los que se desarrollan las complicaciones aún no se comprenden del todo, lo que pone de relieve la importancia de fomentar la investigación sobre este tema.

Serological characteristics of Lewis antibodies and their clinical significance - A case series

Abstract Introduction Lewis antibodies have been thought to play a small role in clinical transfusion practice, but recent reports suggest that they have gained more importance in the context of transfusion and transplantation. Data regarding the prevalence of Lewis antibodies and their clinical significance in the Indian context is very limited. Hence, this study was aimed at analyzing the serological characteristics and clinical significance of Lewis antibodies encountered in our patient and donor populations. Methods The retrospective data analyzed the records of red cell antibody screening results and the additional serological evaluation performed on the donor and patient samples included in the study. Results A total of 26 study subjects were noted to have Lewis antibodies (including 6 healthy donors and 20 patients). Of them, 13 individuals had anti-Leb, 10 had anti-Lea and the remaining three had an anti-Lea/Leb mixture. IgG Lewis antibodies were detected in 7 individuals. All cases of IgM Lewis antibodies detected were reacting at 37°C. Two patients were suspected of having hemolytic transfusion reactions due to Lewis antibodies. Antigen-negative cross-match compatible units were provided for transfusion in the recipients. Conclusion Lewis antibodies of the IgM class reacting at 37°C should be regarded as clinically important. The present study findings urge that the lab personnel look for the thermal amplitude of Lewis antibodies, irrespective of the fact that the antibody class and antigen-negative crossmatch compatible units should be provided to avoid hemolytic transfusion reactions.

Implementación de tromboelastografia para evitar la transfusión de plasmas fresco congelado en neonatos / Implementation of thrombelastography to avoid transfusion of fresh frozen plasma in neonates

Introducción: actualmente, la indicación principal para la transfusión de FFP es corregir la deficiencia de los factores de coagulación en pacientes con hemorragia activa o sugestión de esta, sin embargo, la práctica clínica ha demostrado que un porcentaje grande de las transfusiones de FFP en neonatología no siguen las recomendaciones de las guías actuales y, en su mayoría, son innecesarias. Objetivo: ampliar el conocimiento que se tiene sobre la transfusión de FFP en neonatología y la implementación de la tromboelastografía para evitar realizar estas intervenciones. Metodología: se realizó una revisión de la literatura en la base de datos PubMed y Elsevier, usando palabras clave como tromboelastografía, transfusión de plasma en neonatos, hemostasia neonatal. Conclusión: se evidenció que los tiempos de coagulación de los neonatos y prematuros sanos son más prolongados en comparación a los adultos, por ello facilita su errada cuando se habla de transfusión de FFP, de ahí que la TEG sea una buena herramienta para evaluar el estado coagulante de los neonatos de manera integral, sin abrir paso a errores de interpretación y facilitando la decisión de tratamientos en los pacientes en UCIN, antes de requerir transfusiones de FFP.

Introduction: Currently the main indication for FFP transfusion is to correct coagulation factor deficiency in patients with active bleeding or its suggestion, however, clinical practice has shown that a large percentage of FFP transfusions in neonatology do not they follow current guideline recommendations and are mostly unnecessary. Objective: To expand the knowledge about these transfusions in neonatology and the implementation of thrombelastography to avoid performing these interventions. Methodology: A review of the literature was carried out in the PubMed and Elsevier databases, using keywords such as "thrombelastography", "plasma transfusion in neonates", "neonatal hemostasis". Conclusion: It was evidenced that the coagulation times of healthy neonates and premature infants are longer compared to adults, thus facilitating their misinterpretation and limiting their use when talking about FFP transfusion, therefore TEG is a good tool. to evaluate the coagulation interpretación y limita su utilización status of neonates in a comprehensive manner, without giving way to interpretation errors and facilitating treatment decisions in patients in the NICU before requiring FFP transfusions.

Indicadores para a avaliação do processo transfusional: revisão integrativa* / Indicadores para la evaluación del proceso transfusional: revisión integradora / Transfusion process assessment indicators: integrative review

Objetivo: identificar os indicadores relacionados ao processo transfusional. Método: revisão integrativa de literatura realizada entre março e maio de 2022, em nove fontes de informação no período de 2001 a 2021. Como estratégia de busca, utilizaram-se os descritores "Indicadores de Qualidade em Assistência à Saúde", "Indicadores de Serviços", "Indicadores Básicos de Saúde", "Serviço de Hemoterapia", "Transfusão de Sangue", "Segurança do Sangue", com os operadores boleanos "AND" e "OR" em três idiomas, sendo analisados 49 artigos. Resultados: foram identificados 53 indicadores, os quais se agruparam para: gestão do estoque de hemocomponentes, de produção do processo transfusional, para avaliação do processo transfusional e de suporte do processo transfusional. Conclusão: os indicadores identificados possibilitam avaliação do processo transfusional, apesar de atividades, como a avaliação do cuidado, apresentarem poucos indicadores, evidenciando a necessidade de estudos sobre a temática e construção de novos indicadores para dar sustentação à avaliação mais aprimorada do processo transfusional.

Objective: to identify transfusion-related indicators. Method: an integrative literature review carried out between March and May 2022, in nine sources of information from 2001 to 2021. As a search strategy, the descriptors "Quality Indicators in Health Care", "Service Indicators", "Basic Health Indicators", "Hemotherapy Service", "Blood Transfusion", "Blood Safety" were used, with Boolean operators "AND" and "OR" in three languages, with 49 articles being analyzed. Results: a total of 53 indicators were identified, which were grouped for: blood component stock management, transfusion process production, transfusion process assessment and transfusion process support. Conclusion: the identified indicators make it possible to assess the transfusion process, although activities, such as care assessment, present few indicators, highlighting the need for studies on the subject and the construction of new indicators to support a more improved transfusion process assessment.

Objetivo: identificar indicadores relacionados con el proceso de transfusión. Método: revisión integrativa de la literatura, realizada entre marzo y mayo de 2022, en nueve fuentes de información de 2001 a 2021. Como estrategia de busca, se utilizaron los descriptores "Indicadores de Calidad en la Atención de Salud", "Indicadores de Servicio", "Indicadores Básicos de Salud", "Servicio de Hemoterapia", "Transfusión de Sangre", "Seguridad de la Sangre", con operadores booleanos "AND" y "OR" en tres idiomas, analizando 49 artículos. Resultados: se identificaron 53 indicadores, los cuales fueron agrupados en: gestión del stock de hemocomponentes, producción del proceso transfusional, evaluación del proceso transfusional y apoyo al proceso transfusional. Conclusión: los indicadores identificados posibilitan la evaluación del proceso transfusional, aunque actividades, como la evaluación del cuidado, presenten pocos indicadores, destacando la necesidad de estudios sobre el tema y la construcción de nuevos indicadores que apoyen una evaluación más perfeccionada del proceso de transfusión.

Risk factors of transfusion transmissible infections among blood donors at Karongi Regional Centre for blood transfusion in Rwanda

Background Blood transfusion saves human lives, but also it can be a route for TransfusionTransmissible Infections (TTIs) including Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), and syphilis. Objective This study aimed to explore the risk factors associated with TTIs among blood donors at Regional Centre for Blood Transfusion (RCBT) of Karongi, Rwanda. Methods This was a retrospective cross-sectional study design conducted among 36,708 blood donors from 2015 to 2019. Data were extracted from the system known as eProgesaused and the outcome variable were TTIs including HBV, HCV and HIV (measured using Enzyme Immuno-Assay/Chemiluminescence Immunoassay) and syphilis (determined by Rapid Reagin Plasma). Descriptive statistics was computed to describe the characteristics of the blood donors. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression were performed to assess the risk factors associated with TTIs. P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The study found that the overall prevalence of TTIs was 2.1%, while the prevalences of HBV, HCV, HIV, and syphilis were 1.3%, 0.4%, 0.06%, and 0.34%, respectively. Multivariable analysis showed that the factors associated with HBV, HCV, HIV and syphilis were being male, age more than 25 years, being married, living in urban areas, first time blood donors and blood donors living in Rusizi, Rusizi, Nyamasheke and Karongi districts. Conclusion This study revealed that the most frequent TTI was HBV among blood donors and the main risk groups were males, age group of 26-35 years, married and first time donors. Hence, while developing health policies to reduce the effects of HBV infection on safe blood transfusion, these study findings should be taken into account.

Prevalence and factors associated with the severity of anaemia among patients on chronic haemodialysis in Lagos, Nigeria

Anaemia is a global public health problem with high mortality and morbidity. It is also a common consequence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). There is a paucity of data on the actual burden of anaemia among patients on chronic haemodialysis (CHD) in Lagos, Nigeria. Objectives: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with the severity of anaemia among Nigerian patients undergoing chronic haemodialysis. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of adult patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on maintenance haemodialysis at the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos. The data extracted from the clinical case files included the bio-demographic and clinical parameters, including the treatment modalities. Results: A total of 92 patients comprising 69 (75%) males and 23 (25.0%) females with the overall mean age of 48.2±14.0 years were included. Hypertension was the commonest aetiology of CKD and the average duration of haemodialysis was 16.6 months. The commonest access route for haemodialysis was a central line while 96.7% and 81.5% received erythropoietin and intravenous iron sucrose respectively. Seventy-three (79.3%) patients have had intra-dialysis blood transfusions in the past. Mild, moderate, and severe anaemia were recorded in 17%, 67%, and 16% respectively. The use of erythropoietin, iron sucrose, and increased frequency of blood transfusions correlated with the severity of anaemia. Conclusion: Anaemia is highly prevalent among patients with CKD on chronic haemodialysis. Increased frequency of blood transfusions, inadequate utilization of erythropoietin, and iron sucrose administration are associated with anaemia severity.

Analysis of Irregular Blood Group Antibody Distribution and Blood Transfusion Efficacy in Patients with Malignant Tumor / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the distribution of irregular blood group antibodies in patients with malignant tumors, and to analyze the relationship between it and efficacy of blood transfusion in patients.@*METHODS@#5 600 patients with malignant tumors treated in Shanxi Bethune Hospital from January 2019 to December 2021 were selected as the research subjects. All patients received blood transfusion, and cross matching test was conducted before blood transfusion, irregular antibody results of patients were tested; the irregular distribution of blood group antibodies was observed, and the relationship between it and efficacy of blood transfusion in patients was analyzed.@*RESULTS@#Among 5 600 patients with malignant tumors, 96 cases were positive for irregular antibody, and the positive rate was 1.71%; the main blood group systems involved in the irregular antibody positive of 96 patients with malignant tumors were RH, MNSs and Duffy system, among which Rh blood group was the most common, and the proportion of anti-E was the highest; among the malignant tumor patients with positive blood group irregular antibody, the proportion of female was higher than that of male; the proportion of patients aged >60 years was the highest, followed by patients aged >40 and ≤50 years, and the proportion of patients aged 18-30 years was the lowest; the patients with positive blood group irregular antibody were mainly in blood system (including lymphoma), digestive system, reproductive and urinary system; the positive rate of irregular antibody of patients in the ineffective group was higher than that of patients in the effective group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis results showed that, irregular antibody positive was a risk factor for ineffective blood transfusion in patients with malignant tumor (OR>1, P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The irregular blood group antibody positive of patients with malignant tumor are mostly female, and the proportion of patients aged >60 is the highest, which is mainly distributed in malignant tumors of blood system, digestive system and urogenital system, and the positive blood group irregular antibody is related to the efficacy of blood transfusion in patients.

Comparative analysis of blood loss and transfusion requirements among patients with Staghorn Calculus undergoing Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy versus Open Stone Surgery in National Kidney and Transplant Institute: 2018-2019

BACKGROUND@#Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is the standard of care for the treatment of renal stones >2cm and staghorn calculi. This minimally invasive procedure however has intraoperative hemorrhage as one of its most dreaded complications.@*OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the rate of hemorrhage and transfusion requirements among patients undergoing either PCNL or open stone surgery (OSS).@*METHODS@#This was a retrospective study conducted at the National Kidney and Transplant Institute Medical Records Department. Data were collected for the period of January 2018 to December 2019.@*RESULTS@#One hundred forty cases were included, 102 patients in the PCNL group and 38 in the OSS. The mean age 50.84±11.89 vs. 50.50±10.09 with male to female ratio of 1.2:1 for PCNL and open surgery, respectively. The most common comorbidity was hypertension (89, 63.6%). As regards stone size, majority had >4 cm stone size (61; 43.9%). In PCNL, there was no significant change noted in the hemoglobin (14.69±13.3 vs 12.03±1.91, p= 0.099) as compared to OSS, where there was significant decline (12.77±2.64 vs. 11.06±2.52; = .000. The number of packed red cell units for transfusion was also significantly higher in OSS compared to PCNL group (.526±.861 vs. 159±.502, p .020.)@*CONCLUSION@#In the treatment of staghorn calculi, PCNL incurs less blood loss and lower transfusion requirements compared to open stone surgery.

Relationship between Hemoglobin Level Variability and Effect of Repeated Blood Transfusion Therapeutic in Patients with Renal Anemia / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the variability of hemoglobin (HB) level in patients with renal anemia, and to analyze its relationship with effect of repeated blood transfusion therapeutic in patients.@*METHODS@#A retrospective cohort study and propensity score matching method were used, 60 patients with renal anemia who had effective treatment with repeated blood transfusion in Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital from May 2018 to May 2021 were retrospectively analyzed and set as the effective group; 153 patients with renal anemia who had ineffective treatment with repeated blood transfusion in the hospital in the same period were collected and set as the ineffective group, the propensity score matching method was used, the patients who were effective and ineffective in repeated blood transfusion were matched 1∶1 for analysis; the medical records and laboratory indexes of the two groups were checked; the Hb level of patients within 6 months (1/month) were recorded, the residual standard deviation (Res-SD) of Hb of patients was calculated according to the Hb level and evaluated the variability of Hb level; the relationship between HB variability level and therapeutic effect of repeated blood transfusion in patients with renal anemia was analyzed.@*RESULTS@#After propensity score matching, there was no statistical significant difference between the two groups in terms of baseline data such as age, sex, dialysis age and BMI (P>0.05). The levels of serum albumin and transferrin of patients in the ineffective group were significantly lower than those of patients in the effective group (P<0.05); at 1 and 2 months of the observation period, there was no statistical significant difference in Hb levels of patients in both groups (P>0.05); the Hb level of patients in the ineffective group was significantly lower than that of patients in the effective group at 3, 5 and 6 months, and significantly higher than that of patients in the effective group at 4 months (P<0.05); the Res-SD of male patients and female patients in the ineffective group were respectively significantly higher than that of male patients and female patients in the effective group (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis results showed that high variability of Hb level (Res-SD) was a risk factor for the ineffective treatment of repeated blood transfusion in patients with renal anemia (OR>1, P<0.05); the decision curve results showed that, when the high-risk threshold was 0.0-1.0, Res-SD predicted the net benefit rates of male and female patients with renal anemia were greater than 0, which was clinically significant, the smaller the high-risk threshold in the above range, the greater the net benefit rate.@*CONCLUSION@#The therapeutic effect of repeated blood transfusion in patients with renal anemia may be related to the variability of Hb level.

A Family with Congenital Dysfibrinogenemia and Blood Transfusion / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate a family with congenital dysfibrinogenemia, and analyze the risk of hemorrhage and thrombosis and blood transfusion strategies.@*METHODS@#Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and thrombin time (TT) of the proband and her family members were detected by automatic coagulometer, fibrinogen (Fg) activity and antigen were detected by Clauss method and PT algorithm respectively. Meanwhile, thromboelastometry was analyzed for proband and her family members. Then, peripheral blood samples of the proband and her family members were collected, and all exons of FGA, FGB and FGG and their flanks were amplified by PCR and sequenced to search for gene mutations.@*RESULTS@#The proband had normal APTT and PT, slightly prolonged TT, reduced level of Fg activity (Clauss method). The Fg of the proband's aunt, son and daughter all decreased to varying degrees. The results of thromboelastogram indicated that Fg function of the proband and her family members (except her son) was basically normal. Gene analysis showed that there were 6233 G/A (p.AαArg35His) heterozygous mutations in exon 2 of FGA gene in the proband, her children and aunt. In addition, 2 polymorphic loci were found in the family, they were FGA gene g.9308A/G (p.AαThr331Ala) and FGB gene g.12628G/A (p.BβArg478Iys) polymorphism, respectively. The proband was injected with 10 units of cryoprecipitate 2 hours before delivery to prevent bleeding, and no obvious bleeding occurred during and after delivery.@*CONCLUSION@#Heterozygous mutation of 6233G/A (p.AαArg35His) of FGA gene is the biogenetic basis of the disease in this family with congenital dysfibrinogenemia.

Correlation Analysis of Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction Induced by Low Titer Antibody / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To establish the diagnostic process of low titer blood group antibody in the occurrence of adverse reactions of hemolytic transfusion.@*METHODS@#Acid elusion test, enzyme method and PEG method were used for antibody identification. Combined with the patient's clinical symptoms and relevant inspection indexes, the irregular antibodies leading to hemolysis were detected.@*RESULTS@#The patient's irregular antibody screening was positive, and it was determined that there was anti-Lea antibody in the serum. After the transfusion reaction, the low titer anti-E antibody was detected by enhanced test. The patient's Rh typing was Ccee, while the transfused red blood cells were ccEE. The new and old samples of the patient were matched with the transfused red blood cells by PEG method, and the major were incompatible. The evidence of hemolytic transfusion reaction was found.@*CONCLUSION@#Antibodies with low titer in serum are not easy to be detected, which often lead to severe hemolytic transfusion reaction.

Individualized red-cell transfusion strategy for non-cardiac surgery in adults: a randomized controlled trial / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#Red-cell transfusion is critical for surgery during the peri-operative period; however, the transfusion threshold remains controversial mainly owing to the diversity among patients. The patient's medical status should be evaluated before making a transfusion decision. Herein, we developed an individualized transfusion strategy using the West-China-Liu's Score based on the physiology of oxygen delivery/consumption balance and designed an open-label, multicenter, randomized clinical trial to verify whether it reduced red cell requirement as compared with that associated with restrictive and liberal strategies safely and effectively, providing valid evidence for peri-operative transfusion.@*METHODS@#Patients aged >14 years undergoing elective non-cardiac surgery with estimated blood loss > 1000 mL or 20% blood volume and hemoglobin concentration <10 g/dL were randomly assigned to an individualized strategy, a restrictive strategy following China's guideline or a liberal strategy with a transfusion threshold of hemoglobin concentration <9.5 g/dL. We evaluated two primary outcomes: the proportion of patients who received red blood cells (superiority test) and a composite of in-hospital complications and all-cause mortality by day 30 (non-inferiority test).@*RESULTS@#We enrolled 1182 patients: 379, 419, and 384 received individualized, restrictive, and liberal strategies, respectively. Approximately 30.6% (116/379) of patients in the individualized strategy received a red-cell transfusion, less than 62.5% (262/419) in the restrictive strategy (absolute risk difference, 31.92%; 97.5% confidence interval [CI]: 24.42-39.42%; odds ratio, 3.78%; 97.5% CI: 2.70-5.30%; P <0.001), and 89.8% (345/384) in the liberal strategy (absolute risk difference, 59.24%; 97.5% CI: 52.91-65.57%; odds ratio, 20.06; 97.5% CI: 12.74-31.57; P <0.001). No statistically significant differences were found in the composite of in-hospital complications and mortality by day 30 among the three strategies.@*CONCLUSION@#The individualized red-cell transfusion strategy using the West-China-Liu's Score reduced red-cell transfusion without increasing in-hospital complications and mortality by day 30 when compared with restrictive and liberal strategies in elective non-cardiac surgeries.@*TRIAL REGISTRATION@#ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01597232.