Attaching great importance to the scientific assessment of short stature in children / 中国当代儿科杂志

Short stature is a common physical developmental abnormality in children. Without timely and accurate diagnosis, as well as early intervention, it can impose a heavy burden on the children and their families. There are numerous causes for short stature, and the diagnostic process essentially involves identifying its underlying causes. Based on a thorough understanding of the regular patterns of child physical development and the characteristics of individuals at high risk of short stature, a scientific definition of short stature needs to be established, along with standardized diagnostic and treatment protocols, to achieve early diagnosis or referral for short stature. Furthermore, it is necessary to enhance scientific awareness of short stature among parents and primary care pediatricians, in order to avoid over-treatment, missed diagnoses, and misdiagnoses arising from "misconceptions", and to improve the scientific assessment of short stature.

Fatores associados ao estado nutricional de crianças menores de cinco anos da Paraíba, Brasil / Factors associated with nutritional status of children under five years old from Paraíba, Brazil

Resumo Objetivou-se analisar se o estado nutricional de crianças menores de cinco anos de idade está relacionado às condições biológicas de suas mães, ao acesso a serviços de saúde, ao benefício de programas sociais e às condições socioeconômicas. Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado no contexto da Estratégia Saúde da Família, em sete municípios do interior do estado da Paraíba. A metodologia incluiu o diagnóstico do déficit de estatura e do excesso de peso (sobrepeso e obesidade) das crianças, cujos determinantes foram analisados por meio de árvore de decisão. Como resultado, foram avaliadas 469 crianças, das quais 7,9% apresentaram déficit de estatura e 12,8% excesso de peso. Encontrou-se associação desses desfechos com o estado nutricional materno. A baixa estatura também teve como exposições relevantes a idade da criança inferior a dois anos (p = 0,018) e a insegurança alimentar e nutricional moderada/grave (p = 0,008). Para o excesso de peso, não ser beneficiário do Programa Bolsa Família (p = 0,049) e a pior situação socioeconômica (p = 0,006) também representaram fatores associados ao desfecho. Como conclusão do presente estudo, podemos afirmar que existe uma associação entre o estado nutricional materno e o da criança.

Abstract This paper aimed to analyze whether the nutritional status of children under 5 years of age is related to the biological conditions of their mothers, access to health services, the benefit of social programs, and socioeconomic conditions. This is a cross-sectional study carried out in the context of the Family Health Strategy in seven municipalities in inland Paraíba State. The methodology included the diagnosis of stunting and excess weight (overweight and obesity) in children, which determinants were analyzed through the Decision Tree. As a result, 469 children were evaluated, of which 7.9% had stunting and 12.8% had excess weight. An association of these outcomes was found with maternal nutritional status. Also, the relevant exposures of stunting were the age of the child of less than 2 years (p = 0.018) and the moderate/severe food and nutritional insecurity (p = 0.008). For excess weight, not being a beneficiary of the Programa Bolsa Família (p = 0.049) and the worst socioeconomic situation (p = 0.006) were also factors associated with the outcome. As a conclusion of the present study, we can affirm that there is an association between the maternal and child nutritional status.

Estado nutricional e fatores associados ao déficit estatural em crianças menores de cinco anos de comunidades remanescentes de quilombos do Nordeste brasileiro / Nutritional status and factors associated with stunting in children under five years of age in maroon communities in Northeast Brazil / Estado nutricional y factores asociados al déficit de estatura en niños menores de cinco años originarios de comunidades reminiscentes de quilombos en el Nordeste Brasileño

Resumo: Os quilombolas constituem parte das minorias étnico-raciais do país que apresentam iniquidades em saúde, reflexo de um processo histórico de grandes desvantagens socioeconômicas. O objetivo foi avaliar o estado nutricional e fatores associados ao déficit estatural em crianças quilombolas menores de cinco anos residentes em comunidades quilombolas tituladas na Região Nordeste do Brasil. Utilizaram-se dados secundários provenientes da Pesquisa de Avaliação da Situação de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional em Comunidades Quilombolas Tituladas (2011). Os desfechos de interesse foram o déficit estatural (estatura-para-idade < -2z), excesso de peso (peso-para-estatura > 2z) e o déficit ponderal (peso-para-idade < -2z). Foi empregado o teste qui-quadrado para avaliar a significância das diferenças entre as prevalências. A análise multivariada considerou um modelo conceitual hierárquico sobre o déficit estatural. As prevalências de excesso de peso e déficit ponderal foram 2,8% e 6,1%, respectivamente. O déficit estatural foi diagnosticado em 14,1% da amostra. O modelo hierárquico de déficit estatural evidenciou maiores prevalências do agravo entre crianças que não tinham acesso à atenção básica (RP = 1,63; IC95%: 1,11; 2,41), à água tratada (RP = 2,09; IC95%: 1,42; 3,08) e que nasceram com baixo peso (RP = 2,19; IC95%: 1,33; 3,61). A elevada prevalência de déficit estatural mostra que a população quilombola no Nordeste apresenta condições de saúde desfavoráveis, sendo reflexo da falta de acesso à atenção básica e das precárias condições de saneamento.

Abstract: Quilombolas, or members of maroon communities in Brazil, are part of the country's ethnic/racial minorities exposed to health inequities, reflecting a historical process of harsh socioeconomic disadvantages. The study aimed to assess nutritional status and factors associated with stunting in quilombola children under five years of age living in land-deeded quilombola communities in Northeast Brazil. The study used secondary data from the Survey on Food and Nutritional Security in Land-Deeded Quilombola Communities (2011). The target outcomes were stunting (height-for-age < -2z), excess weight (weight-for-height > 2z), and underweight (weight-for-age < -2z). Chi-square test was used to assess the significance of differences between prevalence rates. Multivariate analysis used a hierarchical conceptual model on stunting. Prevalence rates for excess weight and underweight were 2.8% and 6,1%, respectively. Stunting was diagnosed in 14.1% of the sample. The hierarchical model for stunting evidenced higher prevalence rates among children without access to primary healthcare (PR = 1.63; 95%CI: 1.11; 2.41) and safe water (PR = 2.09; 95%CI: 1.42; 3.08) and those with a history of low birthweight (PR = 2.19; 95%CI: 1.33; 3.61). The high prevalence of stunting showed that the quilombola' population in the Northeast experiences unfavorable health condition, reflecting lack of access to primary healthcare and precarious sanitation.

Resumen: Los quilombolas constituyen parte de las minorías étnico-raciales del país que presentan inequidades en salud, reflejo de un proceso histórico que implicó grandes desigualdades socioeconómicas. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el estado nutricional y los factores asociados con el déficit de estatura en niños quilombolas, menores de 5 años, residentes en comunidades quilombolas, ubicadas en la Región Nordeste del Brasil. Se utilizaron datos secundarios provenientes de la Pesquisa de Avaliação da Situação de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional em Comunidades Quilombolas Tituladas (2011). Los resultados de interés fueron: déficit de estatura (estatura-para-edad < -2z), exceso de peso (peso-para-estatura > 2z) y insuficiencia ponderal (peso-para-edad < -2z). Se empleó la prueba chi-cuadrado para evaluar la significancia de las diferencias entre las prevalencias. El análisis multivariado consideró un modelo conceptual jerárquico sobre la insuficiencia de estatura. Las prevalencias de exceso de peso y déficit ponderal fueron 2,8%, 6,1%, respectivamente. El déficit de estatura fue diagnosticado en un 14,1% de la muestra. El modelo jerárquico de déficit de estatura evidenció mayores prevalencias de enfermedades entre niños que no tenían acceso a la atención básica (RP = 1,63; IC95%: 1,11; 2,41), al agua tratada (RP = 2,09; IC95%: 1,42; 3,08) y que nacieron con bajo peso (RP = 2,19; IC95%: 1,33; 3,61). La elevada prevalencia de déficit de estatura muestra que la población quilombola en el Nordeste presenta condiciones de salud desfavorables, siendo reflejo de la falta de acceso a la atención básica en salud y de las precarias condiciones de saneamiento.

Dietary patterns in Mexican preschool children are associated with stunting and overweight

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between dietary patterns, stunting, and overweight among Mexican preschoolers. METHODS This study was conducted with anthropometric (weight, height/length), sociodemographic (age, gender, education level of household head, socioeconomic status, country region and area, ethnicity, and beneficiary of social programs), and dietary data (Semiquantitative-food frequency questionnaire) on children aged from 1 to 4 years collected from the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey-2012. Dietary patterns were derived by principal components analysis. The association between dietary patterns, stunting, and overweight was assessed by prevalence ratios (PR), estimated by Poisson regression. RESULTS In total, 1,112 preschoolers (mean age 3.06 years, SD = 1.08 years; 48.8% females) were included in the study; 11.9% of whom presented stunting, and 6.7% overweight. We identified four dietary patterns: Fruits and Vegetables [F&V], Western [W], Traditional [T], and Milk and Liquids [M&L]. Considering the lowest tertile of each dietary pattern as reference, the prevalence of stunting was 2.04 times higher [95%CI: 1.17-3.56] among children in the highest tertile of the "F&V" pattern. The prevalence of stunting was lower among children in the highest tertile of the "W" pattern [PR = 0.48; 95%CI: 0.27-0.85]. Overweight was negatively associated with the "F&V" dietary pattern [PR = 0.37; 95%CI: 0.16-0.85 for its highest tertile], and children whose consumption was mostly equivalent to the "T" pattern showed higher prevalence of stunting [PR = 1.74; 95%CI: 1.01-3.00]. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of stunting and overweight in a nationwide sample of Mexican preschoolers was associated with dietary patterns.

Hormona de crecimiento en sangre de papel filtro para el diagnóstico de deficiencia de hormona de crecimiento / Growth hormone of dried blood spot for the diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency

INTRODUCCIÓN: El diagnóstico de deficiencia de hormona de crecimiento (DHC) es difícil de establecer, y se puede asociar a serias complicaciones, especialmente en el período neonatal. La prueba de estímulo de secreción de hormona de crecimiento (HC) se considera de elección para el diagnóstico, pero presenta complicaciones metodológicas y se asocia a efectos adversos. Los neonatos presentan aumento de la secreción de HC de forma fisiológica, siendo una ventana diagnóstica. OBJETIVO: Evaluar si la muestra de sangre en papel filtro tomada en el período neonatal, en contexto del tamizaje neonatal de hipotiroidismo congénito y fenilcetonuria, permite diferenciar pacientes con DHC, de los que no la presentan. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Estudio de casos y controles mediante determinación de concentración de HC en sangre de papel filtro extraída en período neonatal, comparando controles con DHC con casos con deficiencia descartada. Se realizó extracción de la muestra del papel filtro, obteniendo dos discos de 0,125 pulgada por cada uno de los pacientes desde el centro de la mancha de sangre del papel, para un ELISA de HC humana altamente sensible basado en el uso de anticuerpos policlonales dirigidos contra la HC humana recombinante de 22kDa de peso molecular. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo un total de 7 casos de DHC y 10 controles. La mediana de concentración de HC de papel filtro en los casos es 2,0 ng/ml (Rango intercuartil 3,6 ng/ml) y controles 2,05 ng/mL (RIC 2,0 ng/ml), U de Mann-Withney 30,5 (p = 0,68). Los dos casos con deficiencia de hormonas hipofisarias múltiples (DHHM) presentan concentraciones menores a 1 ng/ml. CONCLUSIÓN: La muestra de papel filtro no permitió diferenciar a los pacientes con DHC de los casos controles, aunque los casos con DHHM presentaron concentraciones mucho menores, en comparación a la deficiencia de hormona de crecimiento aislada (DHCA).

INTRODUCTION: The diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is difficult to determine, and could be associated with severe complications, especially in the neonatal period. The stimulation test of growth hormone (GH) secretion is considered the gold standard for diagnosis, but it has methodological complications and is associated with adverse effects. Neonates present physiological increased secretion of GH, representing a diagnostic window. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if the dried blood spot on filter paper obtained in the neonatal period, as part of a neonatal screening for con genital hypothyroidism and phenylketonuria, allows differentiating patients with GHD from those who do not have it. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Study of cases and controls by measuring the GH concen tration in dried blood spot on filter paper obtained in the neonatal period, comparing controls with GHD with cases with discarded deficiency. The sample was extracted from the filter paper, obtaining two 0.125 inch discs per each patient from the center of the blood spot on the paper, for a highly sen sitive ELISA assay for human GH based on the use of polyclonal antibodies against 22 kDa recom binant human GH. RESULTS: Seven cases of GHD and ten controls were obtained. The median GH concentration of the dried blood spot in the cases is 2.0 ng/ml (Interquartile range 3.6 ng/ml) and 2.05 ng/ml (Interquartile range 2.0 ng/ml) in the controls, Mann-Whitney U test 30.5 (p = 0.68). The two cases with multiple pituitary-hormone deficiency (MPHD) present concentrations lower than 1 ng/ml. CONCLUSION: The dried blood spot sample did not differentiate GHD patients from control cases, although MPHD cases present much lower concentrations compared to isolated growth hor mone deficiency (IGHD).

Repercussions of inborn errors of immunity on growth / Repercussões dos erros inatos da imunidade sobre o crescimento

Abstract Objectives: This study aimed to review the literature on the repercussions of the different inborn errors of immunity on growth, drawing attention to the diagnosis of this group of diseases in patients with growth disorders, as well as to enable the identification of the different causes of growth disorders in patients with inborn errors of immunity, which can help in their treatment. Data sources: Non-systematic review of the literature, searching articles since 2000 in PubMed with the terms "growth", "growth disorders", "failure to thrive", or "short stature" AND "immunologic deficiency syndromes", "immune deficiency disease", or "immune deficiency" NOT HIV. The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIN) database was searched for immunodeficiencies and short stature or failure to thrive. Data summary: Inborn errors of immunity can affect growth in different ways, and some of them can change growth through multiple simultaneous mechanisms: genetic syndromes; disorders of the osteoarticular system; disorders of the endocrine system; reduction in caloric intake; catabolic processes; loss of nutrients; and inflammatory and/or infectious conditions. Conclusions: The type of inborn errors of immunity allows anticipating what type of growth disorder can be expected. The type of growth disorder can help in the diagnosis of clinical conditions related to inborn errors of immunity. In many inborn errors of immunity, the causes of poor growth are mixed, involving more than one factor. In many cases, impaired growth can be adjusted with proper inborn errors of immunity treatment or proper approach to the mechanism of growth impairment.

Resumo Objetivos: Revisão da literatura sobre as repercussões dos diferentes erros inatos da imunidade sobre o crescimento, chamar a atenção para o diagnóstico desse grupo de doenças em pacientes que apresentem desordens do crescimento, assim como permitir que se identifiquem as diferentes causas de alterações do crescimento em pacientes com erros inatos da imunidade, o que pode auxiliar em seu manejo. Fonte dos dados: Revisão não sistemática da literatura, com busca de artigos desde 2000 no Pubmed com os termos "growth" ou "growth disorders" ou "failure to thrive" ou "short stature" AND "immunologic deficiency syndromes" ou "immune deficiency disease" ou "imune deficiency" NOT HIV. E buscas na base OMIN (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) por imunodeficiências e baixa estatura ou falha no crescimento ("failure to thrive"). Síntese dos dados: Há diferentes modos pelos quais os erros inatos da imunidade podem afetar o crescimento e alguns deles podem alterar o crescimento por múltiplos mecanismos simultâneos: síndromes genéticas; afecções do aparelho osteoarticular; afecções do sistema endócrino; redução de aporte calórico; processos catabólicos: perda de nutrientes, assim como afecções inflamatórias e/ou infecciosas. Conclusões: O tipo de erros inatos da imunidade permite prever que tipo de alteração no crescimento devemos esperar. O tipo de alteração no crescimento pode auxiliar no diagnóstico de condições clínicas associadas aos erros inatos da imunidade. Em muitos erros inatos da imunidade, as causas do crescimento deficiente são mistas, envolvem mais de um fator. Em muitos casos, o prejuízo do crescimento pode ser corrigido com o adequado tratamento dos erros inatos da imunidade ou adequada abordagem do mecanismo que causa o prejuízo do crescimento.

Growth and mouth breathers / Crescimento e respiradores orais

Abstract Objective: To assess the relationship between mouth breathing and growth disorders among children and teenagers. Data source: Search on MEDLINE database, over the last 10 years, by using the following terms: "mouth breathing", "adenotonsilar hypertrophy", "allergic rhinitis", "sleep disturbance" AND "growth impairment", "growth hormone", "failure to thrive", "short stature", or "failure to thrive". Data summary: A total of 247 articles were identified and, after reading the headings, this number was reduced to 45 articles, whose abstracts were read and, of these, 20 were deemed important and were included in the review. In addition of these articles, references mentioned in them and specific books on mouth breathing deemed important were included. Hypertrophy of palatine and/or pharyngeal tonsils, whether associated with allergic rhinitis, as well as poorly controlled allergic rhinitis, are the main causes of mouth breathing in children. Respiratory sleep disorders are frequent among these patients. Several studies associate mouth breathing with reduced growth, as well as with reduced growth hormone release, which are reestablished after effective treatment of mouth breathing (clinical and/or surgical). Conclusions: Mouth breathing should be considered as a potential cause of growth retardation in children; pediatricians should assess these patients in a broad manner.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre respiração oral e distúrbios do crescimento entre crianças e adolescentes. Fonte de dados: Busca na base de dados do MEDLINE, nos últimos 10 anos, com o emprego dos seguintes termos: "mouth breathing" ou "adenotonsilar hypertrophy", ou "allergic rhinitis" ou sleep disturbance" AND "growth impairment" ou "growth hormone" ou "failure to thrive" ou "short stature" ou "failure to thrive". Síntese dos dados: Foram identificados 247 artigos, que após a leitura dos títulos foram reduzidos a 45, cujos resumos foram lidos e desses 20 foram considerados de importância e integraram a revisão. Além desses, referências por eles citadas e livros-texto específicos sobre respiração oral considerados importantes foram incluídos. A hipertrofia de tonsilas palatinas e/ou faríngeas, associada ou não à rinite alérgica, assim como a rinite alérgica mal controlada, é a principal causa de respiração oral na criança. Distúrbios respiratórios do sono são frequentes entre esses pacientes. Vários estudos associam a respiração oral à redução do crescimento, bem como à redução de liberação de hormônio do crescimento, que são restabelecidos após o tratamento efetivo da respiração oral (clínico e/ou cirúrgico). Conclusões: A respiração oral deve ser cogitada como possível causa de retardo de crescimento em crianças e cabe ao pediatra a tarefa de investigar esses pacientes de forma mais abrangente.

Environmental enteric dysfunction and growth / Disfunção entérica ambiental e crescimento

Abstract Objective: To describe the current indicators of environmental enteric dysfunction and its association with linear growth deficit and the height-for-age anthropometric indicator. Data sources: Narrative review with articles identified in PubMed and Scopus databases using combinations of the following words: environmental, enteric, dysfunction, enteropathy, and growth, as well as the authors' personal records. Data synthesis: In the last 15 years, new non-invasive markers have been investigated to characterize environmental enteric dysfunction; however, the best tests to be used have not yet been identified. There is evidence that, in environmental enteric dysfunction, a systemic inflammatory process may also occur as a consequence of increased intestinal permeability, in addition to intestinal mucosa abnormalities. Bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine and changes in fecal microbiota profile have also been identified. There is evidence indicating that environmental enteric dysfunction can impair not only full growth but also the neuropsychomotor development and response to orally administered vaccines. It is important to emphasize that the environmental enteric dysfunction is not a justification for not carrying out vaccination, which must follow the regular schedule. Another aspect to emphasize is the greater risk for those children who had height impairment in early childhood, possibly associated with environmental enteric dysfunction, to present overweight and obesity in adulthood when exposed to a high calorie diet, which has been called "triple burden." Conclusions: According to the analyzed evidence, the control of environmental enteric dysfunction is very important for the full expression of growth, development, and vaccine response in the pediatric age group.

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever os indicadores atuais da disfunção entérica ambiental e sua relação com déficit de crescimento linear e com o indicador antropométrico estatura-idade. Fontes dos dados: Revisão narrativa com artigos identificados no PubMed e Scopus com o uso de combinações das seguintes palavras: environmental, enteric, dysfunction, enteropathy e growth e dos arquivos pessoais dos autores. Síntese dos dados: Nos últimos 15 anos, vem sendo pesquisados novos marcadores não invasivos para caracterizar disfunção entérica ambiental. No entanto, ainda não foram identificados os melhores testes a serem usados. Existem evidências de que na disfunção entérica ambiental, além das anormalidades da mucosa intestinal, pode ocorrer também processo inflamatório sistêmico em consequência da maior permeabilidade intestinal. Sobrecrescimento bacteriano no intestino delgado e mudança no perfil da microbiota fecal também estão sendo identificados. Evidências indicam que a disfunção entérica ambiental pode comprometer não somente o pleno crescimento como também comprometer o desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor e a resposta de vacinas administradas por via oral. É importante destacar que a disfunção entérica ambiental não é justificativa para não fazer a vacinação, que deve seguir o calendário normal. Um outro aspecto a ser ressaltado é o risco maior dessas crianças que tiveram comprometimento da estatura na infância precoce, possivelmente associado à disfunção entérica ambiental, apresentarem na idade adulta excesso de peso e obesidade quando expostas a uma dieta rica em calorias, o que tem sido chamado "triple burden". Conclusões: De acordo com as evidências analisadas, o controle da disfunção entérica ambiental é muito importante para plena expressão do crescimento, desenvolvimento e resposta vacinal na faixa etária pediátrica.

Linear growth and bone metabolism in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease / Crescimento linear e metabolismo ósseo em pacientes pediátricos com doença inflamatória intestinal

Abstract Objective: To review the pathophysiology and evaluation methods of linear growth and bone mineral density in children and adolescents diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease. Source of data: Narrative review carried out in the PubMed and Scopus databases through an active search of the terms: inflammatory bowel disease, growth, failure to thrive, bone health, bone mineral density, and children and adolescents, related to the last ten years, searching in the title, abstract, or keyword fields. Synthesis of findings: Inflammatory bowel diseases of childhood onset may present as part of the clinical picture of delayed linear growth in addition to low bone mineral density. The presence of a chronic inflammatory process with elevated serum levels of inflammatory cytokines negatively interferes with the growth rate and bone metabolism regulation, in addition to increasing energy expenditure, compromising nutrient absorption, and favoring intestinal protein losses. Another important factor is the chronic use of glucocorticoids, which decreases the secretion of growth hormone and the gonadotrophin pulses, causing pubertal and growth spurt delay. In addition to these effects, they inhibit the replication of osteoblastic lineage cells and stimulate osteoclastogenesis. Conclusion: Insufficient growth and low bone mineral density in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease are complex problems that result from multiple factors including chronic inflammation, malnutrition, decreased physical activity, late puberty, genetic susceptibility, and immunosuppressive therapies, such as glucocorticoids.

Resumo Objetivo: Revisar a fisiopatologia e os métodos de avaliação do crescimento linear e densidade mineral óssea em crianças e adolescentes com diagnóstico de doença inflamatória intestinal. Fontes dos dados: Revisão narrativa a partir de pesquisa nas bases de dados PubMed e Scopus por meio de busca ativa dos termos inflammatory bowel disease, growth, failure to thrive, bone health, bone mineral density, children e adolescents nos últimos dez anos e com busca nos campos título, resumo ou palavra-chave. Resumo dos achados: As doenças inflamatórias intestinais com início na infância podem apresentar como parte do quadro clínico atraso do crescimento linear, além de baixa densidade mineral óssea. A presença de processo inflamatório crônico com elevados níveis séricos das citocinas inflamatórias interfere negativamente na velocidade do crescimento e na regulação do metabolismo ósseo, além de aumentar o gasto energético, comprometer a absorção de nutrientes e favorecer perdas proteicas intestinais. Outro fator importante é o uso crônico de glicocorticoides, que diminuem a secreção de hormônio do crescimento e dos pulsos das gonadotrofinas e ocasionam atraso puberal e no estirão do crescimento. Além desses efeitos, inibem a reprodução das células da linhagem osteoblástica e estimulam a osteoclastogênese. Conclusão: A insuficiência do crescimento e a baixa densidade mineral óssea em pacientes pediátricos com doença inflamatória intestinal são problemas complexos e que decorrem de múltiplos fatores, inclusive inflamação crônica, desnutrição, diminuição da atividade física, puberdade tardia, suscetibilidade genética a terapias imunossupressoras, como os glicocorticoides.

Prevalence and associated factors of undernutrition among school adolescents in Gobu Seyo District, East Wollega Zone, Oromia regional state of West Ethiopia, 2016

Adolescence is the transitional period between childhood and adulthood. During this, nutrient needs are greatest. There is so little data on adolescents' nutrition and research needs are immense. The objective of the study was to assess prevalence and associated factors of undernutrition in school adolescents aged 10 to 19 years. A cross-sectional study was conducted at GobuSeyo district in December, 2016. Using multi-stage sampling technique and interviewer administered questionnaire data was collected from 640 adolescents. Statistical package for social science version 20 for data entry and analysis and World health organization Anthroplus for determination of nutritional status of adolescents were used. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors. Prevalence of stunting and underweight composed 17.0 and 18.8% respectively. Adolescents who were stunted and underweight were 22.9%. Severely stunted and underweight adolescents were 1.7 and 2.8% respectively. Single predictor of stunting was fathers' occupation (Adjusted odds ratio-AOR- 5.82; 95%; CI-1.15, 29.38). Sex and age of the respondents and fathers' occupation were significant predictors of undernutrition. Thus, adolescent nutrition program focusing on age and sex of adolescents needs to be designed and implemented to address nutritional problem specifically in the study area

Actualización en el manejo del síndrome de Turner en niñas y adolescentes: revisión de la literatura e Incorporación de recomendaciones de las nuevas guías clínicas / Update on the management of Turner syndrome in girls and adolescents: review of the literature and incorporation of recommendations of the new clinical guidelines

Turner syndrome (TS) is a common disorder (1/2.000 women) that affects multiple organs at different stages of life and needs a multidisciplinary approach. It can be present in women of all ethnicities and is caused by a monosomy of the X chromosome that causes a haploinsufficiency of certain genes. Its main features consist of specific but variables physical characteristics, congenital heart defects, renal anomalies, middle and inner ear diseases, skeletal alterations, and from the endocrinological point of view, short stature and ovarian insufficiency. Given the comorbidities associated with TS, it has been estimated that they have an increased risk of mortality (up to 3 times more) and a reduction in life expectancy of approximately 13 years. Depending on the genotype, the abnormalities can become very subtle, in these cases the diagnosis is late, when the adolescent consults, for example, for primary amenorrhea or an adult woman for infertility. Once the diagnosis is confirmed by a karyotype, these patients must remain in pediatric control in a continuous way to investigate associated pathologies in a timely manner, with periodic evaluations by specialists, such as otolaryngologists, cardiologists, neurologists and endocrinologists, among others. Numerous advances in the care of these patients gave rise to new guidelines published in 2017. In this article we will comment on the main conditions associated with TS and its specific etiology, we will mention what is relevant regarding the genotype-phenotype relationship in this syndrome and we will discuss the fundamental aspects of the control of the TS patient, with emphasis on the treatment of short stature and ovarian insufficiency, as well as the cardiovascular aspects and those related to fertility.

El Síndrome de Turner (ST) es una patología frecuente (1/2.000 mujeres) que afecta múltiples órganos en distintas etapas de la vida y necesita un enfoque multidisciplinario. Se produce por una monosomía del cromosoma X que provoca una haploinsuficiencia de determinados genes. Sus características principales consisten en un fenotipo característico pero variable, con presencia de cardiopatías congénitas, anomalías renales, enfermedades del oído medio e interno, alteraciones esqueléticas, y del punto de vista endocrinológico, talla baja e insuficiencia ovárica. Dadas las comorbilidades asociadas al ST, principalmente cardiovasculares (CV), presentan mayor mortalidad con respecto a la población general (hasta 3 veces más). Dependiendo del genotipo, las anomalías pueden llegar a ser muy sutiles, realizándose en estos casos el diagnóstico en forma tardía, cuando la adolescente consulte, por ejemplo, por amenorrea primaria o una mujer adulta por infertilidad. Una vez confirmado el diagnóstico mediante un cariotipo, estas pacientes deben permanecer en control endocrinológico pediátrico en forma continua hasta la transición hacia adultos, con el fin de pesquisar patologías asociadas en forma oportuna. Por ello requieren evaluaciones periódicas por especialistas, tales como otorrinolaringólogos, cardiólogos, neuropsiquiatras, entre otros. Numerosos avances en el cuidado de estas pacientes, dieron origen a nuevas guías publicadas el 2017. En este artículo comentaremos sobre las principales condiciones asociadas al ST y su etiología específica, mencionaremos lo relevante respecto a la relación genotipo-fenotipo en este síndrome y discutiremos los aspectos fundamentales del control de la paciente con ST, haciendo énfasis en el tratamiento de la talla baja y la insuficiencia ovárica, así como los aspectos CV y los relacionados a fertilidad.

Anemia, estado nutricional y parasitosis intestinales en niños pertenecientes a hogares vulnerables de Montevideo / Anemia, nutritional status and intestinal parasites in children from vulnerable homes of Montevideo / Anemia, estado nutricional e parasitoses intestinais em crianças de lares vulneráveis em Montevidéu

Resumen: Introducción: la anemia ferropénica, las alteraciones nutricionales y las parasitosis intestinales, principalmente giardiasis y helmintiasis transmitidas por el suelo (HTS) son problemas prevalentes en Uruguay, que determinan consecuencias en la salud individual y colectiva. Objetivo: determinar prevalencia de anemia, alteraciones nutricionales y enteroparasitosis en niños de 6-48 meses, de una población vulnerable de Montevideo, establecer posibles sinergismos y analizar presencia de factores de riesgo. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo, transversal. Población: niños de 6-48 meses pertenecientes a un programa de apoyo a hogares vulnerables de Montevideo. Estudiantes y docentes de Medicina y Nutrición capacitados concurrieron a los domicilios y mediante encuestas recolectaron variables demográficas, ambientales, epidemiológicas, clínicas y hábitos, entre octubre/2014 a mayo/2015. Realizaron medidas antropométricas, hemoglobina capilar y coproparasitario. Análisis de datos: EPIinfo2000 complementada con SPSS19. Análisis estadístico: uni o multivariados. Asociaciones entre dos variables: test de Z o chi². Asociaciones entre más de dos variables: regresiones múltiples. Protocolo aprobado por el Comité de Ética de la Facultad de Medicina. Resultados: N: 136 niños. Prevalencia de anemia: 33%, bajo peso: 3,7%, retraso de talla: 18% y sobrepeso/obesidad: 4,5%. Albergaban parásitos patógenos: 60% de los estudiados; giardiasis: 46% y HTS: 23%, poliparasitados: 13%. Condiciones que presentaron asociación con HTS: zona inundable, alternativas de saneamiento no mejorado y eliminación de residuos a cielo abierto. Asociaciones significativas encontradas: entre HTS y anemia; y entre HTS y déficit de talla (grupo de 1-2 años). Conclusiones: los resultados son preocupantes dada la alta prevalencia de anemia, alteraciones nutricionales y parasitosis en esta población. Urge la planificación y ejecución de medidas con participación multidisciplinaria, interinstitucional y comunitaria.

Summary: Introduction: iron deficiency anemia, nutritional alterations and intestinal parasitic diseases, mainly giardiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis (HTS) are prevalent problems in Uruguay, which determine consequences for individual and collective health. Objective: to determine the prevalence of anemia, nutritional alterations and enteroparasitosis in children of 6-48 months of a vulnerable population of Montevideo, to establish possible synergisms and to analyze the presence of risk factors. Material and methods: descriptive, cross-sectional study. Population: children aged 6-48 months belonging to a program to support vulnerable homes in Montevideo. Students and teachers of Medicine and Nutrition trained, attended the homes and through surveys, collected demographic, environmental, epidemiological, clinical and habits variables, between October / 2014-May / 2015. They performed anthropometric measures, capillary hemoglobin and coproparasitary. Data analysis: EPIinfo2000 complemented with SPSS19. Statistical analysis: uni or multivariate. Associations between 2 variables: test of Z or chi². Associations between more than 2 variables: multiple regressions. Protocol approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Medicine. Results: N: 136 children. Prevalence of anemia: 33%, low weight: 3.7%, size retardation: 18% and overweight / obesity: 4.5%. They harbored pathogenic parasites: 60% of those studied; Giardiasis: 46% and HTS: 23%, polyparasites: 13%. Conditions that presented association with HTS: flood zone, alternatives of sanitation not improved and elimination of open pit. Significant associations found: between HTS and anemia; and between HTS and height deficit (group of 1-2 years). Conclusions: the results are worrying given the high prevalence of anemia, nutritional alterations and parasites in this population. The planning and implementation of measures with multidisciplinary, inter-institutional and community participation is urgently needed.

Resumo: Introdução: a anemia ferropênica, as alterações nutricionais e as parasitoses intestinais, principalmente giardíase e helmintíase transmitida pelo solo (HTS) são problemas prevalentes no Uruguai e têm consequências para a saúde individual e coletiva. Objetivo: determinar a prevalência de anemia, alterações nutricionais e enteroparasitoses em crianças de 6 a 48 meses numa população vulnerável em Montevidéu, estabelecer possíveis sinergias e analisar a presença de fatores de risco. Material e métodos: estudo descritivo, transversal. População: crianças de 6 a 48 meses pertencentes a um programa de apoio a famílias vulneráveis em Montevidéu. Alunos e professores de Medicina e Nutrição foram treinados, frequentaram as residências e por meio de pesquisas coletaram variáveis demográficas, ambientais, epidemiológicas, clínicas e de hábito, entre outubro de 2014 e maio de 2015. Realizaram medidas antropométricas, hemoglobina capilar e coproparasitológico. Análise de dados: EPIinfo2000 complementado com SPSS19. Análise estatística: uni ou multivariada. Associações entre duas variáveis: teste de Z ou chi². Associações entre mais de duas variáveis: regressões múltiplas. Protocolo aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da Faculdade de Medicina. Resultados: N: 136 crianças. Prevalência de anemia: 33%, baixo peso: 3,7%, atraso na altura: 18% sobrepeso / obesidade: 4,5%. Parásitos patogênicos: 60%; Giardíase: 46% e HTS: 23%, poliparasitizados: 13%. Condições que apresentaram associação com HTS: zonas de inundação, alternativas precárias de saneamento e disposição de resíduos a céu aberto. Associações significativas encontradas: entre HTS e anemia; e entre HTS e déficit de altura (grupo de 1-2 anos). Conclusões: os resultados são preocupantes, dada a alta prevalência de anemia, alterações nutricionais e parasitoses nessa população. É fundamental o planejamento e execução de medidas tais como participação multidisciplinar, interinstitucional e comunitária.

Talla baja e hipotiroidismo en un niño con Síndrome de Nail-Patella. Reporte de un caso clínico / Short stature and hypothyroidism in a child with Nail-Patella Syndrome. A case report

Resumen: Introducción: El síndrome de Nail-Patella (NPS) es un desorden autosómico dominante caracterizado por anomalías esqueléticas, displasia ungueal, alteraciones renales y oculares. El diagnóstico se sospecha con la clínica y radiología y se confirma por la identificación de una variante patogénica en el gen LMX1B. El manejo de estos pacientes implica un seguimiento continuo y el tratamiento de las posibles complicaciones ortopédicas, oculares y renales. Objetivo: Describir un caso de NPS con talla baja e hipotiroidismo, asociación que no ha sido descrita en la literatura. Caso clínico: Adolescente de 11 años con talla 130 cm (-2,01 Desviaciones Estándar [DE]) fue referido a Endocrinología a los 2 años de edad por pruebas tiroideas alteradas. Se detectaron uñas displásicas y talla baja despro porcionada, además de anormalidades radiológicas sugerentes de displasia esquelética. Se confirmó hipotiroidismo primario, con anticuerpos negativos y ecografía normal, por lo que se inició trata miento con levotiroxina. El diagnóstico de NPS fue confirmado mediante estudio genético de ADN constatándose una variante patogénica en el gen LMX1B. Su padre presentaba un fenotipo similar, con estatura normal. Su edad ósea era acorde con la cronológica. Tanto el estudio general de talla baja como un test de clonidina para estimulación de GH fueron normales. Conclusión: Presentamos un paciente con NPS confirmado, asociado a talla baja e hipotiroidismo. No hallamos publicaciones en la literatura que describieran esta triple asociación. No se descarta que podría haber una relación entre el NPS y las alteraciones tiroideas halladas en este paciente.

Abstract: Background: Nail-Patella syndrome (NPS) (OMIM: 161200) or hereditary onycho-osteodysplasia is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by skeletal anomalies, nail dysplasia, renal and ocular abnor malities. The diagnosis is based on clinical and radiological findings and confirmed by the identification of a heterozygous pathogenic variant in the LMX1B gene. Management of these patients involves conti nuous follow-up and treatment ofthe orthopedical, ocular and renal problems that mayoccur. Objective: To describe a case of NPS with short stature and hypothyroidism, an association that has not been described in the literature. Case report: An eleven-year-old boy with a height of 130 cm (-2.01 Stan dard Deviations [SD]) was referred to the Endocrine Unit at the age of 2 years due to altered thyroid tests. At that time, dysplastic nails and disproportionate short stature were detected. Radiological abnormalities initially suggested a skeletal dysplasia. A primary hypothyroidism was confirmed, without anti-thyroid antibodies and with a normal thyroid ultrasound. Levothyroxine treatment was initiated. The diagnosis of NPS was confirmed by a genetic study with a single pathogenic variant in the LMX1B gene. His father presented a similar phenotype with normal stature. His bone age was equivalent to his chronological age. Laboratory screening for short stature and a GH stimulation test were normal. Conclusion: We present a child with proven NPS with short stature and hypothyroi dism. We did not find publications that described this triple association. It can't be ruled out that there could be a relationship between NPS and the thyroid alterations found in this patient.

Hospitalização por doenças infecciosas, parasitismo e evolução nutricional de crianças atendidas em creches públicas / Hospitalization for infectious diseases, parasitism and nutritional evolution of children attended in public child day care centers

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a influência das hospitalizações por doenças infecciosas (diarreia e pneumonia) e do parasitismo na evolução nutricional, ao longo de um ano, entre crianças assistidas em creches públicas municipais. Mães de crianças de uma coorte responderam sobre a hospitalização por diarreia e pneumonia, assim como em relação ao parasitismo, durante o período de um ano de frequência à creche. Medidas antropométricas foram tomadas em cada visita. Usou-se modelo ajustado para examinar a relação entre a experiência de processos infecciosos e os desfechos do crescimento (peso e estatura). Numa amostra de 269 crianças monitoradas no período de 12 meses, a hospitalização por pneumonia e a infecção parasitária estiveram associadas com o crescimento desacelerado do peso e da estatura. Infecções parasitárias e pneumonia associaram-se ao comprometimento do crescimento em termos de peso e estatura.

Abstract The scope of this article is to analyze the influence of hospitalizations by infectious diseases (diarrhea and pneumonia) and parasitism in nutritional evolution, over the period of a year, among children enrolled in municipal public day care centers. Mothers of children in a cohort were asked about previous hospitalization due to diarrhea and pneumonia, as well as in relation to the elimination of worms, during the period of one year of attendance at day care centers. Anthropometrics were measured at each visit. An adjusted model to examine the relationship between infections experienced and growth outcomes (weight and height) was applied. In a subset analysis of 269 children followed up at every visit over the course of 12 months, hospitalization due to pneumonia and parasite infection were associated with decelerated growth in weight and height. Parasitic infection and pneumonia were associated with growth impairment in terms of weight and height.

Diagnóstico nutricional en lactantes menores con cardiopatía congénita: comparación de dos clasificaciones antropométricas / Nutritional assessment in infants with congenital heart disease: comparison of two anthropometric classifications

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los niños con cardiopatía congénita (CC) presentan alto porcentaje de malnutrición por déficit, siendo difícil la interpretación de su estado nutricional. OBJETIVO: Describir el estado nutricional de lactantes con CC utilizando dos clasificaciones antropométricas y realizar una comparación entre ellas. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Estudio de cohorte no concurrente. Se estudiaron menores de 12 meses sometidos a cirugía de CC. Se excluyeron prematuros, pequeños para la edad gestacional, portadores de síndrome genético u otra enfermedad con compromiso nutricional. Se registraron datos demográficos, diagnóstico de CC, peso y talla de ingreso. Se realizó evaluación nutricional comparando estándares OMS según clasificación norma ministerial (CNM) y una Clasificación Antropométrica Integrada (CAI) que define desnutrición si (ZT/E)≤-2 y/o (ZP/T)≤-2, riesgo de desnutrición ZP/T entre -1 a -1,9, eutrofia ZP/T entre -0,9 a +0,9, sobrepeso entre +1 a +1,9 y obesidad ZP/T≥+2. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 387 intervenciones, 219 (56,6%) varones, mediana de edad 3,1 meses (RIC:0,4;6,4). Un 26,4% tenían talla baja. Utilizando CNM 55 sujetos presentaron dos diagnósticos por superposición de ZP/E y ZP/T, con CAI no hubo superposición. Al comparar CNM con CAI se encontró diferencia en desnutrición 28,9% versus 38,5%(p = 0,001), riesgo de des nutrición 27,4% versus 16,3%(p = 0,01) y obesidad 4,9% versus 3,3%(p = 0,03) respectivamente. Se encontró correlación entre ZP/E y ZP/T, r = 0,6(p < 0,001) y entre ZP/E y ZT/E, r = 0,6(p < 0,001). Conclusiones: Los niños con CC presentan alto porcentaje de desnutrición y talla baja. Utilizando las mismas mediciones antropométricas CAI no presentó superposición de diagnósticos y detectó más desnutrición. El P/E es útil como tamizaje, pero insuficiente en malnutrición crónica.

INTRODUCTION: Children with congenital heart disease (CHD) present a high percentage of undern utrition and the interpretation of their nutritional assessment is difficult. OBJECTIVE: To describe the nutritional status of infants with CHD using two anthropometric classifications and compare them. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Non-concurrent cohort study. We studied children under 12 months under going cardiac surgery. We excluded preterm infants, small for gestational age, carriers of genetic syndrome or other disease with nutritional compromise. Demographic data, type of CHD, weight and height were recorded. Nutritional assessment was performed using WHO standards per health ministry criteria (HMC) and per an Integrated Anthropometric Classification (IAC), which defines undernutrition if height-for-age Z-score (ZT/E)≤-2 and/or weight-for-height (ZP/T)≤-2, risk of un dernutrition as ZP/T between -1 to -1,9, normal as ZP/T between -0.9 to +0.9, overweight as ZP/T between +1 to +1.9 and obesity as ZP/T≥+2. RESULTS: 387 interventions were included, 219 (56.6%) were males, median age 3.1 months (IQR:0.4;6.4). A 26.4% presented short stature. Using HMC classification 55 subjects presented two diagnoses by overlap of ZP/E and ZP/T, although with IAC there was no overlap. Comparing HMC with IAC, a difference was found in undernutrition, 28.9% versus 38.5% (p = 0.001), risk of undernutrition 27.4% versus 16.3%(p = 0.01) and obesity 4.9% ver sus 3.3% (p = 0.03) respectively. Correlation was found between ZP/E and ZP/T, r = 0.6(p < 0.001) and between ZP/E and ZT/E, r = 0.6 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Children with CHD have a high per centage of undernutrition and short stature. Using the same anthropometric measurements IAC did not present overlapping diagnoses and detected more undernutrition. P/E is useful as screening, but insufficient in chronic undernutrition.

Cómo intervenir y prevenir el retraso del crecimiento en niños menores de cinco años de hogares incluidos en el Sisbén de Caldas / How to intervene and prevent stunting of children from homes belonging to the Sisbén in Caldas

Resumen Introducción. El retraso del crecimiento o la desnutrición crónica (baja estatura para la edad) indica un fracaso en el logro del potencial genético con el que nacemos. Objetivo. Estimar modelos predictivos de retraso del crecimiento en hogares con menores de cinco años en el departamento de Caldas, inscritos en el Sistema de Identificación de Potenciales Beneficiarios de Programas Sociales (Sisbén). Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio analítico en todos los hogares (N=56.987) incluidos en la base de datos del Sisbén III con presencia de menores de cinco años (N=33.244). Las variables estudiadas fueron las características demográficas y socioeconómicas, el acceso a la salud, la vivienda, la pobreza, la educación, el mercado laboral y el retraso del crecimiento. El análisis multivariado se realizó en dos fases: en la primera, se llevó a cabo un análisis exploratorio en los hogares mediante un análisis de clasificación jerárquica (conglomerado) y, luego, se estimó un modelo no lineal predictivo (probit) con el retraso del crecimiento como variable dependiente. Resultados. La mayor proporción de retraso del crecimiento en los menores de cinco años se encontró en la subregión Centro Sur, en la cabecera municipal y en los hogares con ingresos menores de USD$65 mensuales. Conclusión. La pobreza de los hogares caldenses con jefatura femenina en los que viven los menores de cinco años inscritos en el Sisbén, es el mayor predictor de su retraso en el crecimiento.

Abstract Introduction: Growth retardation or chronic malnutrition (low height for age) indicates a failure in the natural genetic potential that allows us to growth. Objective: To estimate predictive models of growth retardation in households with children younger than five years in the department of Caldas and registered in the identification system of potential beneficiaries of social programs ( Sistema de Identificación de Potenciales Beneficiarios de Programas Sociales, Sisbén ). Materials and methods: We conducted an analytical study in all households (N=56,987) included in the Sisbén III database with the presence of children younger than five years (N=33,244). The variables under study were demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, health service access, housing, poverty, education, job market, and growth retardation. The multivariate analysis was done in two phases: first, an exploratory analysis of households using hierarchical classification (cluster), then estimation of a nonlinear predictive model (probit) with growth retardation as the dependent variable. Results. The largest proportion of growth retardation in children younger than five years was found in southcentral Caldas, in urban centers, and households with monthly income lower than USD$ 65. Conclusion. Poverty in Caldas women-headed households with children younger than five years registered in the Sisbén was the main predictor of growth retardation.

Determinantes dietéticos del consumo de zinc en menores de cinco años con retardo del crecimiento en comunidades mayas de Guatemala / Dietetic Determinants of Zinc Consumption in Stunted Children Under Five in Maya Communities From Guatemala

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue identificar elementos del patrón alimentario que influyen en la ingesta y biodisponibilidad de zinc en niños con retardo del crecimiento (RC) entre 1-5 años en comunidades maya de la localidad de Huehuetenango, Guatemala. Estudio descriptivo, transversal aplicado en 138 niños de entre 1-5 años con RC. Se realizó un inventario de disponibilidad alimentaria de fuentes de zinc, se construyó un cuestionario frecuencia de consumo de alimentos, un cuestionario de condiciones de vida, prácticas alimentarias, antropometría, y se recolectó información acerca de enfermedades infecciosas. Hubo disponibilidad de 28 alimentos fuentes de zinc (54% de baja y 7% de alta biodisponibilidad). El consumo de alimentos de alta biodisponibilidad fue bajo y el de alimentos antagonistas, alto. Los niños consumían 3 mg de zinc al día (IC95% 2,65-3,35). Solo el 14,5% alcanzaba los requerimientos de zinc, y el 2,9% alcanzaba la recomendación diaria. La ocurrencia de diarrea e infecciones, en los quince días previos, fue del 29,71 y 45,65%, respectivamente. Concluimos que la mayoría de niños con RC tuvo un bajo consumo de fuentes de zinc, alto consumo de alimentos antagonistas.

ABSTRACT The objective of the study was to identify the elements from feeding patterns that influence the intake and bioavailability of zinc in stunted children (SC) 1-5 years from Maya communities living in Huehuetenango, Guatemala. This descriptive, cross-sectional study was performed in 138 stunted children aged 1-5 years. It was applied: an inventory of zinc food sources availability, a Food Frequency Questionnaire, a questionnaire about living conditions. anthropometrics measurements and information on food intake habits, and information about disease prevalence. Twenty-eight food sources of zinc were available for consumption (54% low and 7% high zinc bioavailability). The consumption of foods with high bioavailability was low, while the antagonistic foods were high. On average the daily zinc consumption in diet 3 mg (95% CI: 2.65-3.35). Only 14.5% of the children met the zinc requirements, and 2.9% reached the daily recommendation. Episodes of diarrhea and respiratory infections were observed 15 days before the visit, in 29.71% and 45.6% of children, respectively. Most of children have a diet that does not cover the daily requirement.

Eje somatotrópico y marcadores moleculares del metabolismo mineral en niños en diálisis / Somatotropic axis and molecular markers of mineral metabolism in children undergoing chronic peritoneal dialysis

El retraso del crecimiento de los niños con enfermedad renal crónica es de origen multifactorial, incluyendo la resistencia a hormona de crecimiento (GH) y alteraciones en el metabolismo mineral óseo. Objetivos: 1) Caracterizar marcadores del metabolismo mineral: FGF23-Klotho y del eje somatotrópico: IGF1, IGFBP3 y GHBP, en niños en diálisis peritoneal (DP); 2) Evaluar la evolución de la talla en aquellos pacientes tratados con rhGH. Pacientes y Método: Niños prepuberales en DP seguidos durante 12 meses. Criterios exclusión fueron Tanner > 1, síndrome nefrótico activo, tratamiento esteroidal, malabsorción gastrointestinal, enfermedades endocrinas, síndromes genéticos, uso de rhGH al ingreso del estudio. Se evaluaron variables demográficas, antropométricas: Z talla/edad, (ZT/E), velocidad de crecimiento (VC), bioquímicas (calcio, fósforo, PTH), marcadores del metabolismo mineral (25OHvitD, 1,25OHvitD, FGF23, Klotho), y de crecimiento (IGF-1, IGFBP-3, GHBP). Resultados: Quince pacientes, 7 varones, edad 6,9 ± 3,0 años, tiempo en DP 14,33 ± 12,26 meses. Puntaje ZT/E al mes 1= -1,69 ± 1,03. FGF23: 131,7 ± 279,4 y Klotho: 125,9 ± 24,2 pg/ml. Durante los 12 meses de seguimiento no hubo diferencia significativa en el promedio de las variables. El uso de rhGH en 8 pacientes no mostró mejoría significativa del ZT/E ni la VC. El análisis bivariado mostró correlación positiva entre niveles de Klotho y delta ZT/E, y entre GHBP y VC (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: Los valores de FGF23 se encuentran elevados y los de Klotho disminuidos en niños con enfermedad renal crónica en DP en comparación con niños sanos. Las variables de eje somatotrópico, se encuentran normales o elevadas. rhGH tiende a mejorar la talla y GHBP se correlaciona positivamente con VC en estos niños.

Growth failure is one of the most relevant complications in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Among others, growth hormone (GH) resistance and bone mineral disorders have been identified as the most important causes of growth retardation. Objectives: 1. To characterize bone mineral metabolism and growth hormone bio-markers in CKD children treated with chronic peritoneal dialysis (PD). 2. To evaluate height change with rhGH treatment. Patients and Method: A longitudinal 12-month follow-up in prepuberal PD children. Exclusion criteria: Tanner stage >1, nephrotic syndrome, genetic disorders, steroids, intestinal absorption disorders, endocrine disturbances, treatment with GH to the entry of the study. Demographic and anthropometric data were registered. FGF23, Klotho, VitD, IGF-1, IGFBP3, and GHBP were measured to evaluate mineral and growth metabolism. Results: 15 patients, 7 male, age 6.9 ± 3.0 y were included. Time on PD was 14.33 ± 12.26 months. Height/age Z score at month 1 was -1.69 ± 1.03. FGF23 and Klotho: 131.7 ± 279.4 y 125.9 ± 24.2 pg/ml, respectively. 8 patients were treated with GH during 6-12 months, showing a non-significant increase in height/age Z-score during the treatment period. Bivariate analysis showed a positive correlation between Klotho and delta ZT/E, and between GHBP vs growth velocity index (p < .05). Conclusions: FGF23 values were high and Klotho values were reduced in children with CKD in PD, comparing to healthy children. Somatotropic axis variables were normal or elevated. rhGH tends to improve height and there is a positive correlation of GHBP and growth velocity in these children.

Maternal depression and child development: Evidence from São Paulo's Western Region Cohort Study

Summary Introduction: While a growing body of evidence has investigated the relationship between maternal mental health and child development, evidence on children’s early life outcomes remains mixed. We analyze the empirical relationship between maternal depression and children’s development at age one using data from the São Paulo Western Region Cohort project. Method: Seven hundred and ninety-eight (798) mother-child dyads living in the Butantã-Jaguaré’ region of São Paulo were assessed through a home visit between January and March 2015. Maternal mental health was assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Mothers were classified as “possibly depressed” if their EPDS score was between 10 and 13 and as “likely depressed” if their EPDS score was > 13. The child outcomes analyzed were height, weight, and overall development as assessed by the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ). Height and weight were age-normalized using WHO growth standards. Stunting was defined as height-for-age z-score (HAZ) < -2. Obesity was defined as body mass index z-score (BMIZ) > 2. Adjusted and unadjusted linear regression models were used to assess the associations between Edinburgh scores and child outcomes. Results: No association was found between maternal depression variables and children’s height, weight, stunting, and obesity. Positive associations were found between possible depression and ASQ (delta = 0.33; 95CI 0.11-0.54; p-value<0.01); no associations were found between likely depression and any of the outcomes analyzed. Conclusion: The results from this study suggest that symptoms of maternal depression are not associated with delays in child development in the study setting analyzed. Further research will be needed to understand this lack of association: while it is possible that caregivers’ mental health did not affect caregiving behavior, it is possible that the effect of maternal depression can vary according to timing, persistence, and intensity. It is also possible that the EPDS instrument may fail to identify mothers with clinical depression, or that children with depressed mothers get increased support from other family members or public early childhood focused programs.

Risk factors associated with growth failure in the follow-up of very low birth weight newborns / Fatores de risco associados à falha de crescimento no seguimento de recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso

Abstract Objective: To determine risk factors during neonatal hospital stay and follow-up associated with failure to thrive in the first year of life of very low birth weight newborns. Methods: Study of preterm very low birth weight newborns followed from 2006 to 2013 in a public institutional hospital program. The study included newborns that attended at least one appointment in each of the three periods: Period I, up to 3 months of corrected age (CA); Period II, 4-6 months of CA; and Period III, 7-12 months of CA. The variables were analyzed by logistic regression with XLSTAT 2014 software (Microsoft®, WA, USA). Failure to thrive (Z-score below -2 SD) was classified as a dichotomous dependent variable (0 - failure/1 - success), while the other variables were classified as explanatory variables for the hospitalization periods and for each of the follow-up periods (I, II, and III). Results: Children born adequate for gestational age increased the chance of Z-score for weight at discharge > -2 SD (OR = 10.217; 95% CI: 1.117-93.436). Metabolic bone disease and retinopathy of prematurity in Period I, as well as hospital readmissions in Periods II and III during follow-up increased the chance of Z-score < -2 SD. Conclusion: Failure to thrive is influenced by intrauterine factors and, subsequently, by several morbidities, both in the birth and hospitalization period, as well as in the post-discharge period and thus, such variables should be prioritized in the follow-up.

Resumo Objetivo: Determinar fatores de risco do período de internação neonatal e do seguimento ambulatorial associados à falha de crescimento no primeiro ano de vida de recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso. Métodos: Estudo com crianças nascidas prematuras de muito baixo peso em acompanhamento de 2006 a 2013 em ambulatório de alto risco de um hospital-escola. Incluídas aquelas que fizera pelo menos uma consulta em cada um dos três períodos assim determinados: Período I - até três meses de idade corrigida (IC); Período II - entre quatro e seis meses de IC; e Período III - entre sete e 12 meses de IC. As variáveis foram analisadas por regressão logística com o programa XLStat 2014 (Microsoft®, WA, EUA). A falha de crescimento (escore z abaixo de --2 DP) foi classificada como variável dependente do tipo dicotômica (0 - falha/1 - sucesso) e as demais variáveis foram classificadas como variáveis explicativas para os períodos de internação e para cada um dos períodos de seguimento (I, II e III). Resultados: Nascer adequado para a idade gestacional aumenta a chance de apresentar escore Z do peso na alta hospitalar acima de -2 DP (OR = 10,217; IC95% 1.117-93,436). Doença metabólica óssea e retinopatia da prematuridade durante o Período I e reinternações nos Períodos II e III de seguimento aumentam a chance de escore z abaixo de -2 DP. Conclusão: A falha de crescimento é influenciada por fatores intrauterinos e posteriormente por diversas morbidades, tanto no período da internação como no pós-alta. Tais variáveis estudadas deveriam ter prioridade no seguimento.