Mechanism of Triclosan in the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Based on Network Pharmacology / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To explore the potential targets of triclosan in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) and to provide new clues for the future research on the application of triclosan. Methods The targets of triclosan and NAFLD were obtained via network pharmacology.The protein-protein interaction network was constructed with the common targets shared by triclosan and NAFLD.The affinity of triclosan to targets was verified through molecular docking.Gene ontology(GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) pathway enrichment were carried out to analyze the key targets and the potential mechanism of action.NAFLD model was established by feeding male C57BL/6J mice with high-fat diet for 12 weeks.The mice were randomly assigned into a model group and a triclosan group [400 mg/(kg·d),gavage once a day for 8 weeks].The hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining was used for observation of the pathological changes and oil red O staining for observation of fat deposition in mouse liver.Western blotting was employed to detect the protein level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha(PPARα) in the liver tissue. Results Triclosan and NAFLD had 34 common targets,19 of which may be the potential targets for the treatment,including albumin(ALB),PPARα,mitogen-activated protein kinase 8(MAPK8),and fatty acid synthase.Molecular docking predicted that ALB,PPARα,and MAPK8 had good binding ability to triclosan.KEGG pathway enrichment showcased that the targets were mainly enriched in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway,in which ALB and MAPK8 were not involved.Triclosan alleviated the balloon-like change and lipid droplet vacuole,decreased the lipid droplet area,and up-regulated the expression level of PPARα in mouse liver tissue. Conclusion PPARα is a key target of triclosan in the treatment of NAFLD,which may be involved in fatty acid oxidation through the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway.

Effect of using triclosan-impregnated polyglactin suture to prevent infection of saphenectomy wounds in cabg: a prospective, double-blind, randomized clinical trial

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of triclosan-coated suture for the reduction of infection in saphenectomy wounds of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Methods: A total of 508 patients who underwent saphenectomy in CABG surgery were included in a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial from February/2011 to June/2014. Patients were randomized into the triclosan-coated suture group (n= 251) and the conventional non-antibiotic suture group (n=257). Demographic (gender and age), clinical (body mass index, diabetes, and use of analgesics), and intraoperative (cardiopulmonary bypass and cross-clamp times) variables and those related to the saphenectomy wound (pain, dehiscence, erythema, infection, necrosis, and hyperthermia) were measured and analyzed. Results: Of the 508 patients who underwent saphenectomy, 69.9% were males and 40.2% were diabetic. Thirty-three (6.5%) patients presented infection: 13 (5.3%) with triclosan and 20 (7.9%) with conventional suture (P=0.281). Among diabetic patients (n=204), triclosan suture was used in 45.1% with four cases of infection; conventional suture was used in 54.9% of them, with 11 cases of infection. Most patients (94.3%) underwent on-pump CABG. Wound pain was observed in 9.9% of patients with triclosan-coated suture and in 17.9% with conventional suture (P=0.011). Wound hyperthermia was found in 1.6% of patients with triclosan-coated suture and in 5.4% of those with conventional suture (P=0.028). Conclusion: Triclosan-coated suture shows lower infection rate in saphenectomy of patients undergoing CABG, although the differences were not statistically significant. Pain and wound hyperthermia were less frequent in patients with triclosan-coated sutures compared with conventional sutures.

Eficacia del uso concomitante de dentífrico con Triclosán a 0.3 por ciento y copolímero PVM/MA a 2.0 por ciento, enjuague bucal a base de cloruro de cetilpiridinio a 0.05 por ciento y terapia de raspado/alisado radicular en pacientes con gingivitis / Efficacy of concomitant use of dentifrice with 0.3 per cent Triclosan and 2.0 per cent PVM/MA copolymer, 0.05 per cent cetylpyridinium chloride mouthrinse and scaling/root planning therapy in patients with gingivitis

Introducción: La placa dentobacteriana es el principal factor etiológico en el desarrollo y progresión de la gingivitis. Comúnmente se han sugerido productos de cuidado oral como cremas dentales y/o enjuagues bucales como adyuvante en la terapia mecánica. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia del uso combinado de un dentífrico a base de Triclosán a 0.3 por ciento y copolímero PVM/MA a 2.0 por ciento (Colgate Total 12®) y enjuague bucal a base de cloruro de cetilpiridinio a 0.05 por ciento (Colgate Plax®) en pacientes con gingivitis marginal crónica después de una terapia de raspado y alisado radicular comparado con un grupo control. Material y métodos: Se realizó un ensayo clínico controlado, aleatorizado y doble ciego en 50 pacientes sanos con diagnóstico sistemático de gingivitis marginal crónica. Se dividieron en grupo A experimental y grupo B control. Se evaluó índice gingival de Lõe y Silness e índice de placa de Quigley Hein modifi cado por Turesky al inicio y al fi nal del estudio; el periodo de estudio fue de seis semanas. Al inicio se realizó a cada paciente tratamiento de raspado y alisado radicular y se le instruyó sobre el uso correcto de los productos. Al concluir la sexta semana se tomaron mediciones finales bajo las mismas condiciones que las iniciales...

Introduction:Dental plaque is considered to be the main etiological factor in the development and progression of gingivitis. Oral care products such as toothpaste and mouthwash have commonly been rec-ommended as an adjunct to mechanical periodontal therapy. Objective:To evaluate the effi cacy of using a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan and 2.0% PVM/MA copolymer (Colgate Total 12®) in combination with a 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash (Colgate Plax®) in patients with chronic marginal gingivitis following scaling and root-planing therapy compared to a control group. Material and methods:A randomized double-blind controlled clinical study was performed on 50 systemically healthy patients diagnosed with chronic marginal gingivitis. These were divided into two groups: A (experimental) and B (control). The Lõe and Silness gingival index and the Turesky modifi ca-tion of the Quigley-Hein plaque index were recorded at baseline and after 6 weeks (the duration of the study). Patients were treated with scaling and root-planning, and all received instructions on the proper use of the oral care products. Final measurements were taken at the end of the six-week assessment under the same conditions as those at the time of the baseline assessment...

Efficacy of a triclosan formula in controlling early subgingival biofilm formation: a randomized trial

The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of rinses with slurries of a dentifrice containing triclosan (TCS), as compared with rinses with slurries from a control dentifrice, in controlling early subgingival biofilm formation. A double-blind, randomized and cross-over clinical trial was designed, and 26 dental students were included. In the first period, participants were randomized to rinse with a TCS slurry or a control slurry, in a 12 h interval, and to refrain from mechanical cleaning. A Plaque Free Zone Index was assessed at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 96 h. After a washout period of 10 days, the second experimental period was conducted, following the same protocol as the first period, except that the slurry groups were switched. Use of the TCS slurry resulted in a significantly higher percentage of plaque-free surfaces, both at 24 h and at 72 h (p < 0.01). In the of 48-72 h interval, the triclosan slurry showed a lower percentage of sites converted to a score of 2 (38.1% for the testversus 40% for the control product, p = 0.015). In conclusion, rinsing with slurries of dentifrice containing TCS retards the down growth of bacterial biofilms from the supra- to the subgingival environment.

Efecto preventivo de los agentes desensibilizantes en pacientes con indicaciones de raspado y alisado radicular / Preventive effect of desensitizing agents on patients with indications of scaling and root planning treatment

La hipersensibilidad dentinaria (HD) posterior al raspado y alisado radicular (RAR) ha sido poco estudiada desde una perspectiva preventiva a pesar de su relevancia clínica. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de las cremas desensibilizantes en pacientes con indicaciones de raspado y alisado radicular. Para ello, se realizó un estudio longitudinal cuasi-experimental con una muestra no probabilística de 18 pacientes (hombres y mujeres) entre 20 y 50 años de edad, que requerían tratamiento con RAR en dientes posteriores (premolares y primer molar), quienes fueron asignados al azar en cada uno de los tres grupos a evaluar. Las cremas desensibilizantes utilizadas en esta investigación contienen citrato de potasio, nitrato de potasio, fluoruro de sodio y triclosan estas se indicaron un mes antes de realizar los RAR en todos los grupos. Para medir la presencia de hipersensibilidad dentinaria se aplicaron estímulos táctiles y térmicos a los 8, 15 y 22 días posteriores al tratamiento de RAR y se usó la Escala Visual Análoga Graduada (EVAG) para evaluar el dolor. Como resultado se obtuvo menor presencia de HD en el grupo que utilizó citrato de potasio 5.04% y monofluorfosfato 1.1%, aun cuando en los tres grupos se observó disminución de HD durante los tres periodos de medición. Llegando a la conclusión que es pertinente prescribir cremas desensibilizantes con citrato de potasio 5.04% y monofluorfosfato 1.1% a los pacientes con necesidades clínicas similares a los de este estudio un mes antes de planificar los RAR.

The presence of dentine hypersensitivity (DH) after scaling and root planning treatment (RPT) has been scarcely studied from a preventive perspective in spite the clinical relevance of the issue. The aim of this research was to evaluate the preventive effect of some desensitizing dentifrices in patients previous to a RPT. In this sense, a cuasi-experimental, longitudinal study was performed. The non probabilistic sample was constituted by 18 patients (women and men) aged between 20 and 50; all of them diagnosed as requiring scaling and root planning treatment for posterior teeth (premolars and first molars). Subjects were randomly assigned to one of the three groups. The desensitizing toothpaste used in the study contained potassium citrate, potassium nitrate, sodium fluoride and triclosan. These paste were prescribed for patients a month before the RPT. Dentine hypersensitivity was evaluated by using tactile and thermal stimuli applied 8, 25 and 22 days after RPT; the Visual Analogue Scale (VSA) was used to assess pain. Results showed lower presence DH in the 5.04% potassium citrate group and 1.1% monofluor fosfate, even when there was a decrease of DH for the three measurement periods. It was concluded that it would be good to prescribe 5.04% potassium citrate group and 1.1% monofluorfosfate desensitizing agents to patients with clinical needs similar to the ones described in this study, a month before the RPT.

Eficacia del cloruro de cetilpiridinio y el triclosan como antiséptico de la cavidad bucal / Efficacy of cetylpyridinium chloride and triclosan as an antiseptic in the oral cavity

Tanto el cloruro de cetilpiridinio como el triclosan, se encuentran presentes en gran cantidad de formulaciones usadas en la higiene bucal por sus propiedades antisépticas, específicamente en los líquidos enjuagatorios o enjuagues bucales. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la eficacia del cloruro de cetilpiridinio (colgate plax Overnight®) y el triclosán (colgate plax menta®) como antisépticos en la cavidad bucal. Se tomaron muestras mediante hisopado de la cavidad oral de 10 jóvenes antes y después de la utilización de ambos productos siguiendo las instrucciones de uso. Las muestras fueron leídas a la 1 hora, Se transportaron en medio de Stuart hasta la lectura microbiológica previo cultivo bacteriológico. Los recuentos microbiológicos se enfocaron a los grupos bacterianos aerobios y anaerobios. Como resultado de este estudio, se determinó que tanto el cloruro de cetilpiridinio y el triclosán presentaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas sobre los grupos bacterianos aerobios y anaerobios, presentando eficacia; así como fue significativamente distinto el recuento bacteriano antes y después del uso de los productos.

Antimicrobial agents used in the control of periodontal biofilms: effective adjuncts to mechanical plaque control?

The control of biofilm accumulation on teeth has been the cornerstone of periodontal disease prevention for decades. However, the widespread prevalence of gingivitis suggests the inefficiency of self-performed mechanical plaque control in preventing gingival inflammation. This is particularly relevant in light of recent evidence suggesting that long standing gingivitis increases the risk of loss of attachment and that prevention of gingival inflammation might reduce the prevalence of mild to moderate periodontitis. Several antimicrobials have been tested as adjuncts to mechanical plaque control in order to improve the results obtained with oral home care. Recent studies, including meta-analyses, have indicated that home care products containing chemical antimicrobials can provide gingivitis reduction beyond what can be accomplished with brushing and flossing. Particularly, formulations containing chlorhexidine, mouthrinses containing essential oils and triclosan/copolymer dentifrices have well documented clinical antiplaque and antigingivitis effects. In vivo microbiological tests have demonstrated the ability of these antimicrobial agents to penetrate the biofilm mass and to kill bacteria growing within biofilms. In addition, chemical antimicrobials can reach difficult-to-clean areas such as interproximal surfaces and can also impact the growth of biofilms on soft tissue. These agents have a positive track record of safety and their use does not seem to increase the levels of resistant species. Further, no study has been able to establish a correlation between mouthrinses containing alcohol and oral cancer. In summary, the adjunct use of chemical plaque control should be recommended to subjects with well documented difficulties in achieving proper biofilm control using only mechanical means.

Estudo da eficácia de três diferentes métodos de controle de placa bacteriana em indivíduos portadores de deficiência visual / Study of the effectiveness of three methods differents of bacterial plate control in individuals bearers of visual deficiency

No Brasil existem mais de 16 milhões de portadores de deficiência visual permanente e 160 mil cegos totais (IBGE-Censo 2000). Após o exame clínico dos pacientes internos do Instituto Paranaense de Cegos (IPC) pôde-se constatar uma grande deficiência na higiene bucal desses pacientes, apresentando alto índice de placa, doença periodontal e cárie. Prevenindo a formação da placa bacteriana é possível controlar e evitar tais doenças bucais. Baseado nessas informações este trabalho teve o objetivo de experimentar e avaliar a eficiência de 3 métodos diferentes de controle de placa bacteriana em indivíduos portadores de deficiência visual, comparando a escovação habitual (grupo A), escovação orientada (grupo B) e associação da escovação habitual com bochechos diários de enxaguatório bucal a base de triclosan (grupo C). Foi realizada a mensuração do IHO-S (Índice de Higiene Oral Simplificado)¹ antes e após duas semanas da utilização de cada um dos métodos. Os resultados demonstram uma redução da placa bacteriana estatisticamente significativa de 30% no grupo A, 37% no grupo B e 45% no grupo C. Através dos resultados obtidos conclui-se que apenas a motivação para higiene bucal gerou uma diminuição de placa em todos os indivíduos estudados e o meio que demonstrou uma redução mais efetiva foi a a escovação habitual com bochechos de enxaguatório bucal a base de triclosan, embora esta redução não é estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos, pode ser considerada clinicamente relevante.

Clinical effect of a triclosan containing dentifrice on gingivitis during pregnancy and post-partum.

One hundred forty pregnant women 3 months gestation were enrolled in a 9 month, double-blind clinical study to evaluate the effect of 0.3% triclosan/copolymer dentifrice on gingivitis, compared to a placebo dentifrice. Women were stratified into two balanced groups according to their baseline gingivitis scores. They then received oral prophylaxis and were assigned to use either a placebo or the triclosan dentifrice for the next 9 months. The 3, 5 and 9 month results of this study showed that the triclosan dentifrice provided statistically significant reductions in gingivitis of 19.73, 27.91and 38.45%, respectively, compared to the placebo dentifrice.

Efficacy of a herbal toothpaste on patients with established gingivitis: a randomized controlled trial

O objetivo deste ensaio clínico aleatório duplo-cego foi verificar a eficácia de um dentifrício fitoterápico na redução de placa e gengivite. Quarenta e oito voluntários com gengivite estabelecida foram aleatoriamente alocados aos grupos teste (dentifrício fitoterápico) e controle positivo (dentifrício com triclosan e flúor). Os dentifrícios foram distribuídos em tubos brancos por uma farmácia independente, que revelou o conteúdo de cada tubo apenas após o final do período experimental. A aferição de placa e gengivite foi conduzida por um único examinador, previamente calibrado, no início e após 28 dias de uso do produto. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram orientados a escovar os dentes com o dentifrício de seu grupo três vezes ao dia, por 28 dias. Houve redução significativa na quantidade de placa nos grupos teste e controle. No entanto, não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos. Os dois grupos experimentais apresentaram redução significativa nos níveis de gengivite, porém não houve diferença significativa entre eles. Não foram observadas reações adversas. Os autores concluíram que os dois dentifrícios foram eficazes na redução de placa e gengivite em indivíduos com gengivite estabelecida.

A clinical assessment of the effectiveness of mouthwashes in comparison to toothbrushing in children.

The study compared the efficacy of unsupervised tooth-brushing done once a day before breakfast (phase 1), with twice daily mouthrinsing with the three different commercially available mouthwashes containing 0.2% sodium fluoride (phase 2), a combination of 0.03% triclosan and 0.05% sodium fluoride (phase 3), and 0.2% chlorhexidine (phase 4) in 20 children aged 13-14 year, in reducing dental plaque formation. The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference in plaque reduction between phases 1 & 2; 1 & 3; 2 & 4 and 3 & 4. The mandibular arch harboured more plaque than the maxillary arch in phase 1 (p<0.05). Irrespective of the mouthwash used, the lingual/palatal surfaces had less plaque than the facial surfaces (p<0.05). The mean cumulative plaque scores of the mandibular lingual surfaces was more in comparison to the maxillary palatal surfaces in phases 1, 2 and 3 (p<0.05). It was therefore, concluded that 0.2% chlorhexidine was comparable to tooth brushing done once a day, before breakfast.

Atividade antimicrobiana de produtos para controle de placa: verificaçäo da influência de fatores como concentraçäo, forma de apresentaçäo e tempo de contato na atividade antimicrobiana de produtos químicos sobre Streptococcus mutans e Lactobacillus: estudo "in vitro" / Antimicrobial activity of the products used for plaque control: influence of concentration, means of presentation and contact period, in antimicrobial activity from chemical substances over Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus

O presente estudo teve por objetivo verificar "in vitro" a influência de fatores como concentraçäo, forma de apresentaçäo e tempo de contato na atividade antimicrobiana de produtos químicos sobre Streptococcus mutans e Lactobacillus. Foram testados o Triclosan na forma dentifrício (Signal G) e soluçäo (Gengi-Dent) e o Cloreto de Cetilpiridínio na forma soluçäo (Cepacol), tendo os produtos sofrido várias diluiçöes. No teste de difusäo do Agar, todos os produtos foram ineficazes para as cepas de Lactobacillus acidophilus e Lactobacillus casei, porém todos eles proporcionaram inibiçäo de crescimento sobre os Streptococcus mutans tipos "d" e "f", sendo que o Triclosan soluçäo apresentou os maiores alos de inibiçäo. Evidenciou-se ainda neste teste que ao sofrer diluiçäo, o produto mostra queda do poder inibitório. Através do teste de poder germicida, constatou-se a ineficácia dos produtos sobre cepas de Lactobacillus acidophilus e os fatores concentraçäo e tempo de contato só interferiram sobre o Triclosan dentifrício e o Cloreto de Cetilpiridínio. Quando a forma de apresentaçäo do Triclosan foi soluçäo, esses fatores näo tiveram influência. Observou-se nos dois testes que as cepas de Lactobacillus säo mais resistentes aos produtos quando comparados ao Streptococcus mutans. Conclui-se o trabalho considerando que os fatores como concentraçäo, forma de apresentaçäo e tempo de contato iräo influenciar a capacidade germicida, de acordo com a resistência dos microorganismos aos produtos químicos

Uma atualização em dois importantes agentes quimioterápicos para controle da placa bacteriana / An update on two important chemotherapeutic agents for the bacterial dental plaque control: chlorhexidine and triclosan

Revisão bibliográfica sobre dois importantes agentes quimioterápicos para controle de placa bacteriana, a clorexidina e o triclosan. Levantamentos sobre a sua composição e variáveis de apresentação foram realizados assim como foram enfocados seus modos de atuação, sua substantividade e seletividade, sua atividade anti-placa bacteriana, além dos fatores adversos que podem decorrer de seu uso terapêutico. Os compostos à base de clorexidina ainda são mais eficazes no controle da placa bacteriana e do sangramento gengival quando comparados aos produtos contendo triclosan, principalmente devido à sua altíssima substantividade. Entretanto ainda apresentam mais efeitos colaterais por uso prolongado. Acreditamos que tanto a clorexidina quanto o trilosan e suas associações ocupam lugares distintos no combate às periodontopatias, tendo inclusive indicações precisas dependendo da gravidade da doença

Efecto del triclosán-gantrez en un dentífrico sobre la placa y gingivitis alrededor de implantes oseointegrados. Estudio clínico comparativo / Effect of triclosan-gantrez toothpaste on plaque and gingivitis surrounding an osseointegrated implant. A clinical comparative study

De un universo total de 100 pacientes que debían tener un implante oseointegrado como mínimo, sin contemplar el tipo de implante, y luego de llenar formularios de inclusión-exclusión, así como también un examen de tejidos duros y blandos, se escogieron los primeros sesenta y, luego de firmar un formato de consentimiento, se les vinculó al estudio. Todos recibieron de un solo odontólogo examinador un examen de placa bacteriana alrededor del implante utilizando el método de Quingley-Hein (modificación Turesky) y uno de evaluación gingival, con el procedimiento de Loe-Silness, alrededor de la zona periimplantar. Una vez efectuado esto, se los dividió al azar en dos grupos de treinta personas cada uno. Un (grupo experimental) recibió el dentífrico triclosán-gantrez, y el otro (grupo control) un dentífrico placebo. Los tubos de dentífricos no tenían más identificación que una S y una U, y sólo en la compañía conocían lo que cada uno de ellos contenía. Esto identifica al estudio como clínico doble ciego. Todos fueron instruidos para cepillarse con el mismo tipo de cepillo dental, sin cambiar hábitos, pero en los sesenta días de duración del estudio no podrían realizar ningún tipo de enjuagatorios. En los resultados, vemos cómo el dentífrico U (triclosán-gantrez) es significativamente superior al placebo, dentífrico S, tanto en el promedio de la reducción de placa bacteriana, como en la de gingivitis (ver gráficas y tablas)

Flúor, triclosán y zinc en enjuagatorios / Fluoride, triclosan and zinc containing mouthwashes

Se utilizaron 4 tipos de enjuagatorios, denominados A, B, C y D, donde el A corresponde a un producto farmacéutico y los tres restantes a productos cosméticos. La muestra A contiene un 0.05 por ciento de NaF, las muestras B y D contienen sulfato de zinc y flúor, y la muestra C presenta NaF y triclosán. Las tres últimas no indican sus concentraciones. Se determinó flúor total soluble en los cuatro enjuagatorios, las muestras B y C fueron hidrolizadas para diferenciar NaF de NaMFP. Las mediciones de fluoruro se realizaron potenciométricamente con un electrodo específico. El triclosán se cuantificó en la muestra C, por cromatografía HPLC, utilizando una columna Bondapak C 18 y un detector UV a 281 nm. El sulfato de zinc presente en las muestras B y D, se cuantificó por titulación espectrofotométrica con EDTA a 525 nm. La estabilidad de los enjuagatorios se midió por la variación de sus principios activos durante su almacenamiento. No se observaron diferencias en las concentraciones de fluoruro entre las muestras A, B y D, todas con 0.05 por ciento aproximadamente. La muestra C presenta un valor de 0.029 por ciento mayor que las referencias (0.025 por ciento). La estabilidad de los fluoruros, medida después de los 18 meses, indica variaciones mínimas. Los valores de triclosán en la muestra C son del orden del 0.03 por ciento, con variaciones pequeñas con respecto al promedio, y su estabilidad durante 17 meses nos indica constancia del valor promedio. El sulfato de zinc presenta valores promedio de 0.2 por ciento para las muestras B y D, la estabilidad del zinc, medida durante 18 y 16 meses, nos indica mantención de la concentración. La biodisponibilidad de los principios activos de los enjuagatorios se puede medir determinando su concentración al estado libre. Las determinaciones de fluoruro, triclosán y sulfato de zinc realizadas en los enjuagatorios nos asegura esta biodisponibilidad

Los agentes antibacterianos en el tratamiento y prevención de la enfermedad periodontal / Antibacterial agents in the treatment and prevention of the periodontal disease

This review covers the actual thinking on the use and efectiveness of the various chemotherapeutics agents in controlling the bacterial plaque and the treatment of the periodontal disease. The more used antibacterial agents are: Phenolic related oils (Listerine), whith a bacterial plaque reduction ranged from 20 to 34 por ciento and gingivitis reduction from 28 to 34 por ciento Triclosan 0.3 por ciento and zinc citrate 0.5 por ciento have demostrated a significant reduction in plaque and gingivitis. Clorhexidine gluconate, the most widely used of this class of boad-spectrum antiseptics, has demostrated a plaque reduction of a 50 to 55 por ciento and reduction of gingivitis of about 45 por ciento. Due to the fact that periodontal diseases are bacterial infections, the antibiotics administrated by general or local way are a very good form of treatment