Utilidad de la tomografía de coherencia óptica como guía en el tratamiento del síndrome coronario agudo: reporte de un caso / Utility of optical coherence tomography to guide treatment in acute coronary syndromes: case report / Utilidade da tomografia de coerência óptica como guia no tratamento da síndrome coronariana aguda: relato de um caso

La tomografía de coherencia óptica (OCT) es una técnica de imagen endovascular con elevada resolución espacial que permite evaluar las diferentes estructuras que componen la pared de las arterias coronarias, caracterizar morfológicamente la placa aterosclerótica y establecer el mecanismo fisiopatológico subyacente en los síndromes coronarios agudos (SCA). Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente con infarto agudo de miocardio, donde la OCT evidenció que la reducción de la luz arterial estaba determinada principalmente por la presencia de trombo, a la vez que demostró una disrupción endotelial (ruptura de placa) como mecanismo fisiopatológico subyacente. Se adoptó una estrategia invasivo-conservadora, donde finalmente no se implantó stent. La información surgida de la OCT en este caso particular fue fundamental en la toma de decisiones.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an endovascular imaging technique with high spatial resolution. It allows to evaluate the different structures that compose coronary arteries' wall, morphologically characterize atherosclerotic plaques and establish the underlying pathophysiological mechanism in acute coronary syndromes (ACS). The case of a patient with acute myocardial infarction is presented, in which OCT showed that the reduction of arterial lumen was determined mainly by the presence of thrombus, while also demonstrated endothelial disruption (plaque rupture) as the underlying pathophysiological mechanism. An invasive-conservative strategy was adopted and finally stent was not implanted. The information that emerged from the OCT in this particular case was fundamental in decision-making.

A tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT) é uma técnica de imagem endovascular com alta resolução espacial que permite a avaliação das diferentes estruturas que compõem a parede das artérias coronárias, a caracterização morfológica da placa aterosclerótica e o estabelecimento do mecanismo fisiopatológico subjacente de síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA). Apresentamos o caso clínico de um paciente com enfarte agudo do miocárdio, onde a OCT mostrou que a redução do lúmen arterial foi determinada principalmente pela presença de trombo, ao mesmo tempo que demonstrou uma ruptura endotelial (ruptura da placa) como causa fisiopatológica subjacente. Adotou-se uma estratégia invasiva-conservadora, onde finalmente o stent não foi implantado. As informações obtidas da OCT neste caso específico foram fundamentais na tomada de decisão.

Eficacia y seguridad de ticagrelor en pacientes con re-infarto por trombosis de stent for falla a la terapia de soble antiagregación plaquetária clopidogrel más aspirina / Efficacy and safety of ticagrelor in patients with re-infarction due to stent thrombosis for failure of soble antiplatelet therapy clopidogrel plus aspirin

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: El presente dictamen expone la evaluación de tecnología sanitaria de la eficacia y seguridad de Ticagrelor en pacientes con re-infarto por trombosis de stent por falla a la terapia de doble antiagregación plaquetaria clopidogrel más aspirina. Aspectos Generales: El síndrome coronario agudo (SCA) es una condición en la que se manifestan síntomas de isquemia cardíaca y, clinicamente, se presentan de manera heterogénea. Los síndromes coronarios agudos como infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST (IAMCEST) y la angina inestable comparten una fisiopatología común: la rotura o erosión de una placa de ateroma con trombosis intracoronaria superpuesta (aterotrombosis). Tecnología Sanitaria de Interés: Dentro de los tratamientos farmacológicos para el síndrome coronario agudo el Ticagrelor: un derivado pirimidínico antiplaquetario oral de nueva generación, el cual se une reversiblemente al receptor adenosino difosfato P2Y inhibiendo así la activación y agregación plaquetaria. Tiene un mecanismo de iniciación, acción y finalización más rápido que su similar clopidogrel y es considerado un tratamiento de primera línea en algunos países del primer mundo. METODOLOGÍA: Estrategia de Búsqueda: Se realizó una estrategia de búsqueda sistemática de la evidencia científica con respecto a Ticagrelor en pacientes con ref-infarto por trombosis de stent y falla a la terapia de doble antiagregación plaquetaria clopidogrel más aspirina. Para la búsqueda primaria se revisó la información disponible por entes reguladoras y normativas como la Food and Drug Administration (FDA), y la Dirección General de Medicamentos y Drogas (DIGEMID). Posteriormente se buscaron Guías de Práctica Clínica a través de los metabuscadores: Translating Research into Practice (TRIPDATABASE), National Library Systems Evidence. Finalmente, se realizó una búsqueda dentro de la información generada por grupos internacionales que realizan revisiones sistemáticas, evaluación de tecnologías sanitarias y guías de práctica clínica, tales como The Cochrane Library, The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), The Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH), The Scottish Medicines Consortium (SMC). Se realizó además una búsqueda manual con una estrategia de bola de nieve mediante la revisión de listas de referencias de las guías, evaluaciones de tecnologías estudios primarios y revisiones narrativas seleccionados. RESULTADOS: Sinopsis de la Evidencia: Se realizó la búsqueda y revisión de la evidencia científica actual para la evaluación de la eficacia y seguridad de Ticagrelor en pacientes con re-infarto por trombosis de stent y falla a la terapia de doble antiagregación plaquetaria clopidogrel más aspirina. La evidencia disponible a la actualidad sobre el uso de ticagrelor recae en un único ensayo clínico aleatorizado (ECA) fase III, el estudio PLATO 2009 de Wallentin et al., a partir del cual se emiten todas las recomendaciones en guías de práctica clínica, evaluaciones de tecnología sanitaria, y análisis exploratórios secundarios. CONCLUSIONES: En la actualidad, el Petitorio Farmacológico de Esalud cuenta con la terapia estándar de tratamiento para síndrome coronario agudo: clopidogrel en combinación con aspirina, terapia que es empleada como primera alternativa de elección para el manejo de pacientes con el diagnóstico mencionado. A la fecha, no existe alternativa de tratamiento a clopidogrel en el petitorio de ESSalud, por lo que es necesario contar con una alternativa para aquellos pacientes en alto riesgo de muerte al haber sufrido re-infarto al miocardio por trombosis de stent a pesar de encotrarse en terapia con clopidogrel más aspirina, a dosis tope y durante un tiempo de tratamiento adecuado. El Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Invstigación-IETSI, aprueba el uso de Ticagrelor en pacientes con re-infarto por trombosis de stent y falla a la terapia de doble antiagregación plaquetaria clopidogrel más aspirina.

Infarto agudo al miocardio en un hombre joven sin ateromatosis coronaria, como forma de presentación de síndrome antifosfolípido primario: Caso clínico / Acute myocardial infarction in a man without coronary atheromatosis and antiphospholipid syndrome: Report of one case

Coronary thrombosis as a manifestation of the antiphospholipid syndrome is very uncommon. We report a 25 year-old male without known cardiovascular risk factors that suffered an acute myocardial infarction as the initial manifestation of the antiphospholipid syndrome. His coronary angiogram demonstrated a single thrombotic lesion in the anterior descending artery without coronary atheromatosis. Anticardiolipin, anti B2 Glycoprotein I antibodies, and lupus anticoagulant were all positive. Besides the usual management of the coronary thrombosis, the patient was treated with permanent oral anticoagulation. Three months later, a CT coronary angiogram showed complete reperfusion of the involved artery.

Long term tirofiban infusion before percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with angiographically massive intracoronary thrombus

To evaluate the impact of long term tirofiban infusion before percutaneous coronary intervention [PCI] on the angiographic results in the setting of visible intracoronary thrombus and compare this with conventional PCI performed without tirofiban. Out of 2835 PCI procedures performed in Gazi University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey between 1999 and 2006, 156 [5.5%] patients with massive thrombus in whom PCI were applied, were included in this retrospective study. Out of these 156 patients, 82 [53%] had PCI in the presence of angiographically apparent thrombus without tirofiban and named as group A. The remaining 74 [47%] received long term tirofiban infusion before PCI and were named as group B. Although the baseline thrombolysis in myocardial infarction [TIMI] 0-2 flow was no different between the groups, it is significantly lower in group B compared to group A after the PCI [8.1% versus 23.2%, p=0.015]. The decrease in thrombus burden in group B after tirofiban infusion was also statistically significant compared to pre-tirofiban levels [1.77 -/+ 1.05 versus 3.42 -/+ 0.76, p<0.001]. Group B had better flow characteristics with a 91.9% TIMI 3 flow after PCI. Intervention was successful in the majority technically, however, no reflow was observed in 17 patients [20.7%] in group A and in 2 patients [2.7%] in group B [p<0.001]. Major bleeding requiring transfusion was observed in both groups A [3 patients] and B [4 patients] due to gastrointestinal bleeding or access site hematomas [3.7% versus 5.4%, non significant]. Pre-PCI longterm tirofiban infusion strategy in thrombus containing lesions seems to be a safe and feasible approach in avoiding no re-flow and dissolving the massive thrombus

Very Late Stent Thrombosis after Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation in a Patient without Aspirin and Clopidogrel Resistance

Very late stent thrombosis (VLST) after implantation of drug-eluting stent is rare, but very fatal complication after percutaneous coronary intervention. We report a case of VLST of a sirolimus-eluting Cypher(TM) stent (Cordis, Johnson and Johnson) presenting as acute ST elevation myocardial infarction at 26 months after deployment with continued combined dual antiplatelet medication of aspirin and clopidogrel. The patient did not show anti-platelet resistance.

Surgical Management of Mechanical Valve Thrombosis: Twenty-Six Years' Experience

In the present study, the authors investigated the management of mechanical valve thrombosis (MVT). From January 1981 through March 2006, 2,908 mechanical valve replacements were performed in 2,298 patients at our institution. Twenty (0.87%) patients presented with MVT, 14 (70.0%) were women, and the mean age of the patients was 42.0+/-14.0 (27-66) yr. Thrombosis involved mitral in 14 (70.0%), aortic in 2 (10.0%), tricuspid/aortic in 1 (5%), and tricuspid in 3 (15%). The interval from first operation to valve thrombosis was 121.8+/-75.4 (0.9-284.7) months. The most frequent clinical presentation was heart failure (13/20, 65%), and predisposing causes of MVT were: poor compliance with warfarin (7), pregnancy (5), drug interaction (2), and unknown (6). All 20 patients underwent valve replacement: mitral (14, 70.0%), tricuspid (3, 15.0%), aortic (2, 10%) and tricuspid/aortic (1, 5%). One early death occurred due to left ventricular failure, but no late mortality occurred during 63.3+/-49.9 (0.5-165.1) months of follow-up. MVT was treated successfully, and pregnancy and inadequate anticoagulation were found to influence the occurrence of this rare complication.

Role of thrombolytic therapy for stuck prosthetic valves: a serial echocardiographic study.

BACKGROUND: Thrombotic occlusion of a prosthetic valve continues to be an uncommon but serious complication. Intravenous thrombolytic therapy has been proposed as an alternative to surgical treatment, but only in critically ill patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: Forty-one consecutive patients presenting with 48 episodes of prosthetic valve thrombosis (44 mitral and 4 aortic) were treated with thrombolytic therapy under serial echocardiographic guidance. There were 14 male and 27 female patients. The anticoagulation status was inadequate in 89.6% of episodes. Atrial fibrillation was present in 47.9% of episodes. The prostheses involved in these episodes were tilting disc in 45, bileaflet in 2, and ball and cage type in 1. The Sorin prosthetic valve was the most commonly involved. The time interval between valve replacement and thrombosis ranged from 1 month to 108 months (mean 20.4+/-20.6 months). Patients were in New York Heart Association functional class III in 47.9% and in class II in 43.9% of episodes. Thrombolytic agents used were streptokinase and urokinase in 44 and 4 episodes, respectively. The mean duration of thrombolytic therapy was 27.9+/-15.0 hours and the overall success rate was 87.5%. Patients developed peripheral embolism with almost complete recovery in 5 episodes while significant bleeding that required termination of thrombolytic therapy was observed in 2 episodes. Redo valve replacement was done in 3 episodes because these patients did not improve on thrombolytic therapy (all 3 cases were of recurrent prosthetic valve thrombosis and were found to have pannus peroperatively). Three patients died during thrombolytic therapy because of persistent heart failure. Six patients experienced a total of 13 epidoses of recurrent prosthetic valve thrombosis including index episodes (rethrombosis in 5, re-rethrombosis in 1). They were treated with repeated thrombolysis with a success rate of 76.92%. The mean duration of thrombolytic therapy in these episodes was 36.1+/-14.0 hours. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with prosthetic valve thrombosis, intravenous thrombolysis guided by echocardiography is a safe and effective method that may expand the indications for nonsurgical treatment of prosthetic valve thrombosis. By using serial echocardiography, the duration of thrombolytic therapy can be tailored to the patient's requirement for normalization of valve hemodynamics.

Como proceder frente a un síndrome coronario agudo (SCA) / How to proceed in acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

Bajo la denominación de síndrome coronario agudo se incluyen el infarto con y sin onda Q y el angor inestable, cuadros cuya mortalidad oscila entre 5 y 10 por ciento tanto durante como en el curso del primer mes de evolución. En el artículo se describen las medidas que forman parte del manejo de las emergencias coronarias. Entre ellas se incluyen administración inmediata de aspirina y de nitroglicerina, toma de electrocardiograma que es un importante predictor de riesgo; inicio de trombolisis o realización de angioplastía con colocación de stent, terapia anticoagulante. Se discuten las ventajas relativas de la terapia invasiva precoz comparada con la invasora

Aplicaçöes clínicas dos novos antitrombóticos / Clinical use of new antithrombotics

Os autores discutem os novos antitrombóticos descrevendo suas vantagens e desvantagens, ainda com muitas dúvidas quanto ao seu uso e segurança nas síndromes isquêmicas coronarianas, além de outras condiçöes.

Terapêutica trombolítica nas tromboses de próteses mecânicas / Trombolytic Therapy in Cardiac Metalic Prosthesis Thrombo

PURPOSE--To relate our experience with thrombolytic therapy in 8 patients with cardiac metal prosthesis complicated with thrombosis. METHODS--Eight patients with clinical and echocardiographic diagnosis of cardiac valvar prosthesis thrombosis were treated. RESULTS--The treatment efficacy was evaluated by clinical and echocardiographic improvement. The authors recognized improvement in all 8 patients. One case of hemorrhage was observed (coxo-femoral articulation). Late death were observed twice: 24 months after, sudden death and 30 months later by hemorrhagic stroke. CONCLUSION--The results indicated that thrombolytic therapy is best way to treat patients with cardiac valve thrombosis, instead of surgical treatment

Thrombolytic therapy for prosthetic cardiac valve thrombosis.

During 1992-93 12 patients (5 males, 7 females) with thrombosed prosthetic cardiac valves were treated with streptokinase on 13 occasions (one patient with prosthetic tricuspid valve had two thrombotic episodes). Their age ranged from 14 to 52 years (median 39). Two valves were in aortic position, six in mitral and four in tricuspid position. Eight were Bjork-Shiley prosthesis, three were Medtronic Hall valves and one was a St. Jude Valve. Timing of prosthetic valve thrombosis ranged from 3 months to 12 years after valve replacement surgery. Duration of symptoms due to valve thrombosis ranged from 1-4 months with tricuspid valve thrombosis and 1-14 days with left sided valve thrombosis. Five were in functional class II and four each were in functional class III and class IV. All patients were evaluated by echo Doppler and cine fluoroscopy. Loading dose of streptokinase was 2.5 lakh units in 4 patients and 1 lakh units in 9 patients. Maintenance infusion was at 1000 units/Kg/hour in 11 patients and 1 lakh units/hour in 2 patients. Duration of streptokinase infusion ranged from 3 hr to 38 hr. Thrombolytic therapy was successful (clinical, echo Doppler and fluoroscopy) in 12 out of 13 cases (92%). It was unsuccessful in a patient with valve at tricuspid position in whom infusion had to be stopped after 24 hour due to bleeding gums. One patient developed intracerebral bleed and expired. In conclusion streptokinase therapy is useful for prosthetic cardiac valve thrombosis.

Efecto del levamisol en la trombosis coronaria experimental / Effect of levamisole on experimental coronary thrombosis

El levamisol es un inhibidor selectivo de la tromboxano-sintetasa, por lo cual nos planteamos evaluar el papel que desempeña como agente trombolítico. Se utilizó un modelo experimental en perro, al que se le producía un trmbo en la coronaria descendente y en la vena femoral, y posteriormente se le suministraba levamisol (20 mg/kg). Se realizó una serie control, sin droga, y se compararon los resultados de ambos grupos de animales. En los animales a los que se les suministró levamisol, el desnivel de ST aparecía con la trombosis e iba disminuyendo paulatinamente, reperfundiendo la coronaria. De este grupo de animales solamente 2 mantuvieron el trombo en la luz del vaso. En el grupo control todos los animales presentaron trombo en las coronarias y en las venas. La frecuencia cardiaca y la presión arterial no presentaron cambios significativos en ninguno de los dos grupos experimentales. Estos resultados sugieren que la droga fue efectiva, aunque no de forma absoluta, igual que la mayorìa de las drogas trombolíticas