Natural infection of triatomines (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) by trypanosomatids in two different environments in the municipality of Ouro Preto do Oeste, State of Rondônia, Brazil / Infecção natural de triatomíneos (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) por tripanosomatídeos em dois ambientes distintos no município de Ouro Preto do Oeste, Estado de Rondônia, Brasil

INTRODUCTION: This study analyzed the occurrence and the contamination of triatomines by trypanosomatids in Orbignya speciosa (babassu) specimens in the State of Rondônia, Brazil, in two different environments (pasture and woods). METHODS: Capture of triatomines on babassus and microscopic search for trypanosomatids in their digestive tube were carried out. RESULTS: Four hundred ninety-four (494) specimens were captured (Rhodnius prolixus and R.robustus), of which 35.6% of the triatomines were positive for trypanosomatids. CONCLUSIONS: The high index of natural infection along with the abundance of triatomines points out to the necessity to create an epidemiological surveillance system to monitor vector-borne transmission and deepen the studies on the ecology of such vectors in the Amazon.

INTRODUÇÃO: O estudo analisou a ocorrência e o índice de contaminação por tripanosomatídeos de triatomíneos em Orbynia speciosa no Estado de Rondônia, Brasil, em 2 ambientes (pastagem e floresta). MÉTODOS: Captura em palmeiras e esfregaços do conteúdo do tubo digestivo dos triatomíneos analisados por microscopia óptica. RESULTADOS: Capturaram-se 494 espécimes (Rhodnius prolixus e R. robustus), sendo que 35,6% dos triatomíneos estavam positivos para tripanosomatídeos. CONCLUSÕES: O elevado índice de infecção natural, aliados à abundância de triatomíneos, mostram a necessidade de se criar um sistema de vigilância epidemiológica para monitorar a transmissão vetorial e aprofundar estudos sobre a ecologia destes vetores na Amazônia.

Relato de infecção natural de morcegos por flagelados tripanosomatideos em diferentes municípios do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Report on natural infection of bats by trypanosomatid flagellates in different municipalities in the State of Rio de Janeiro

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a infecção natural de morcegos por tripanosomatídeos. Foram examinados, por hemocultura, 86 exemplares de diferentes gêneros, sendo 22 (25,58 por cento) amostras isoladas de Desmodus rotundus e Lonchorhina aurita. Os resultados obtidos contribuem para o conhecimento da ocorrência de tripanosomatídeos em morcegos no Estado do Rio de Janeiro.

This study aimed to evaluate natural infection of bats by trypanosomatids. Using blood culturing, 86 specimens from different genera were examined, and 22 samples (25.58 percent) of Desmodus rotundus and Lonchorhina aurita were isolated. These results contribute towards knowledge of the occurrence of trypanosomatids in bats in the State of Rio de Janeiro.

Leptoconops nosopheris sp. n. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) and Paleotrypanosoma burmanicus gen. n., sp. n. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), a biting midge - trypanosome vector association from the Early Cretaceous

Leptoconops nosopheris sp. n. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) is described from a blood-filled female biting midge in Early Cretaceous Burmese amber. The new species is characterized by a very elongate terminal flagellomere, elongate cerci, and an indistinct spur on the metatibia. This biting midge contained digenetic trypanosomes (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in its alimentary tract and salivary glands. These trypanosomes are described as Paleotrypanosoma burmanicus gen. n., sp. n., which represents the first fossil record of a Trypanosoma generic lineage.

Early Cretaceous trypanosomatids associated with fossil sand fly larvae in Burmese amber

Early Cretaceous flagellates with characters typical of trypanosomatids were found in the gut of sand fly larvae, as well as in surrounding debris, in Burmese amber. This discovery supports a hypothesis in which free-living trypanosomatids could have been acquired by sand fly larvae in their feeding environment and then carried transtadially into the adult stage. At some point in time, specific genera were introduced into vertebrates, thus establishing a dixenous life cycle.

Single and concomitant experimental infectionsby Endotrypanum spp. and Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in the Neotropical sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae)

Lutzomyia longipalpis females received single and mixed infections with Endotrypanum and Leishmania. Two biological parameters were analyzed: the percentage of infected females and the distribution of flagellates in the gut of the females. The principal comparisons were performed between (1) two strains of Endotrypanum, (2) cloned versus primary sample of one strain of Endotrypanum, (3) Endotrypanum versus Leishmania guyanensis, and (4) the pattern of flagellates behaviour by optical microscopy in females with single or mixed infection versus the identification of parasites isolated from digestive tracts by isoenzyme electrophoresis. Flagellates of Endotrypanum showed distinct patterns of infection suggesting that there is variation between and within strains. The distribution of Endotrypanum and L. guyanensis differed significantly in relation to the colonization of the stomodeal valve. In co-infection with L. guyanensis, a large number of flagellates were seen to be plentifully infecting the stomodeal valve in significantly more specimens than in females infected by Endotrypanum only. However, the electrophoretic profiles of isoenzymes of parasites recovered from all co-infected specimens corresponded to Endotrypanum. This suggests that the mere correlation sand fly infection-biochemical analysis of isolates may induce parasitological incorrect consideration.

Triatomíneos rupestres infectados por Trypanosomatidae, coletados em Quaraí, Rio Grande do Sul, 2003 / Rupestrian triatomines infected by Trypanosomatidae, collected in Quaraí, Rio Grande do Sul, 2003

Foram capturados triatomíneos rupestres em seis localidades do município de Quaraí-RS, com o intuito de verificar o índice de infeccão por Trypanosomatidae, bem como o animal reservatório. A captura ocorreu no ambiente silvestre, sendo coletados 453 exemplares, os quais foram identificados e separados por estádio ninfal. Coletaram-se 421 (92,9 por cento) exemplares de Triatoma rubrovaria, 26 (5,7 por cento) de Triatoma circummaculata e 6 (1,3 por cento) de Panstrongylus tupynambai. Dentre as três espécies coletadas, somente Triatoma rubrovaria mostrou-se positivo para Trypanosomatidae, num total de 13 (4,2 por cento) exemplares. Após a inoculacão em camundongos e meio de cultura LIT, isolaram-se cinco cepas de Trypanosoma cruzi. Dos triatomíneos infectados com Trypanosomatidae, 4 (30,8 por cento) tiveram a reacão de precipitina não reagente para os anti-soros testados, 4 (30,8 por cento) positivos para anti-soro de roedor, 4 (30,8 por cento) para anti-soro de cabra e 1 (7,7 por cento) para anti-soro de porco e humano.

Biochemical characterization of a trypanosomatid isolated from the plant Amaranthus retroflexus

A protozoan flagelate has recently been isolated from Amaranthus retroflexus. This plant grows near economically important crops in southeastern Spain, which are known to be parasitized by Phytomonas spp. The present study focuses on the characterization of the energy metabolism of this new isolate. These flagellates utilize glucose efficiently as their primary energy source, although they are unable to completely degrade it. They excrete ethanol, acetate, glycine, and succinate in lower amount, as well as ammonium. The presence of glycosomes was indicated by the early enzymes of the glycolytic pathway, one enzyme of the glycerol pathway (glycerol kinase), and malate dehydrogenase. No evidence of a fully functional citric-acid cycle was found. In the absence of catalase activity, these flagellates showed significant superoxide dismutase activity located in the glycosomal and cytosolic fractions. These trypanosomes, despite being morphologically and metabolically similar to other Phytomonas isolated from the same area, showed significant differences, suggesting that they are phylogenetically different species.

Characterization of Endotrypanum (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), a unique parasite infecting the neotropical tree sloths (Edentata)

This article reviews current concepts of the biology of Endotrypanum spp. Data summarized here on parasite classification and taxonomic divergence found among these haemoflagellates come from our studies of molecular chacterization of Endotrypanum stocks (representing an heterogenous population of reference strains and isolates from the Brazilian Amazon region) and from scientific literature. Using numerical zymotaxonomy we have demonstrated genetic diversity among these parasites. The molecular trees obtained revealed that there are , at least, three groups (distinct species?) of Endotrypanum, which are distributed in Central and South America. In concordance with this classification ofthe parasites there are further newer molecular data obtained using distinct markers. Moreover, comparative studies (based on the molecular genetics of the organisms) have shown the phylogenetic relationships between some Endotrypanum and related kinetoplastid lineages.

Aspectos epidemiológicos de la leishmaniasis tegumentaria americana en el distrito de Santa Cruz*Ancash / Epidemiological aspects of the tegumentary leishmaniasis in Santa Cruz*Ancash

Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico, clínico y ecológico de Leishmaniasis Tegumentaria en el caserío de Cashapampa, del Departamento de Ancash (Diciembre 1990 * Enero 1991). Se realizó la prueba de Leishmanina en 100 personas: 23 con signos clínicos compatibles con Leishmaniasis (2 en fase activa y 21 en fase cicatricial) fueron positivos a las 72 horas, y 77 que no presentaban signos clínicos de Leishmaniasis fueron negativos. La intradermorreacción de Montenegro tiene importancia en estos casos. La población total de Cashapampa es de 200 habitantes; los resultados encontrados, tienen importancia significativa; el 11.5 por ciento de la población total presentaron signos clínicos compatibles con Leishmaniasis, debe considerarse zona endémica. Esta investigación induce a corroborar que la infección se adquiere en zonas rurales de los valles serranos donde están los vectores y reservorios naturales. Cashapampa no presenta zona urbana

Trypanosomatid protozoa in fruit of solanaceae in southeastern Brazil

Fruits of cultivated and indigenous Solanaceae from Southeastern Brazil have been examined for the presence of trypanosomatid flagellates. The 14 species found infected were: Capsicum annum, C. praetermissum, Lycopersicon esculentum, Nicandra physaloides, Physalis angulata, Solanum sp., S. americanum, S. concinnum, S. diflorum, S. erianthum, S. gilo, S. robustum, S. variable and S. viarum. The pentatomid hemipteran Arvelius albopunctatus experimentally transmitted flagellates to fruits of some species. Cultures of flagellates were obtained form fruits of eight species of Salonaceae and from A. albopunctatus

The surface charge of trypanosomatids of the genus trypanosoma

Cell electrophoresis was used for determionation of the electrophoretic mobility (EPM) of epimastigo and trypamastigote forms of several isolates of Trypanosoma cruzi and some stocks of other members of the Schizotrypanum subgenus, such as T. dionisii, T. vespertilionis and T. myoti. The EPM of T. bruceli, T. rangeli, and T. conorhini was also determined. The results obtained show that the EPM values con be useful to distinguish the parasites

Três novas espécies de tripanosomatídeos de insetos isolados em Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brasil / Three new species of trypanosomatidae isolated in Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Três novas espécies de tripanosomatídeos foram isoladas em Alfenas, MG, Brasil: Herpetomonas anglusteri sp. n., do intestino posterior de Liopygia ruficorins (Diptera: Sarcophagidae); Crithidia roitmani sp. e.e Crithidia de souzai sp. n., do intestino médio e o posterior de Ornidia obesa (Diptera: Syrphidae). O isolamento foi feito em meio complexo de roitmanmas os três isolados cresceram bem no meio definido do mesmo Autor. Os clones foram obtidos em ágar-sangue de carneiro, desfibrinado, em placas de Petri, a 28-C, por 2-7 dias. Um único clone de cada espécie foi utilizado neste trabalho. Dados morfológicos e morfométricos foram obtidos em câmara clara após coloraçäo dos flagelados. H. anglusteri cresceu em meio complexo tanto a 28 como a 37-C e, em meio definido, apenas a 28-C. Näo exige treonina e biotina para seu crescimento. C. roitmani apresenta tamanho médio maior que C. desouzai, näo cresce em água de coco e seu crescimento é mais lento comparativamente a C. desouzai, apesar de terem sido isoladas critídias exige hemina e adenina para seu crescimento. Alguns ácidos aminados e vitaminas componentes do meio definido utilizado no ensaio, também näo säo exigidos, o que sugere serem estes tripanosomatídeos portadores de endossimbiontes

Isolation and characterization of drug-resistant mutants of Herpetomanas samuelpessoai (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae)

Numa tentativa de obtençäo de mutantes de Herpetomonas samuelpessoai resistentes a drogas determinamos a concentraçäo mínima inibitória do crescimento deste protozoário utilizando 15 drogas. Elas foram agrupadas em três categorias de acordo com os valores de concentraçäo inibitória mínima: 1) as que inibem o crescimento celular em concentraçöes relativamente altas (> 250 mg/ml); 2) aquelas que apresentam valores intermediários de concentraçöes inibitórias e 3) aquelas que se mostravam tóxicas em concentraçöes muito baixas (< 5 mg/ml). Mutantes resistentes a drogas foram obtidos após os seguimentos tratamentos: a) mutagênese pelo ultravioleta, nitrosoguanidina ou etil-metano-sulfonato; b) seleçäo gradual da resistência a altas concentraçöes das drogas e c) seleçäo de mutantes que ocorrem espontaneamente. Os mutantes isolados apresentavam tanto fenótipos instáveis como estáveis. Estes últimos foram parcialmente caracterizados e suas propriedades indicam que eles podem ser utilizáveis no estudo de recombinaçäo genética em Herpetomonas samuelpessoai