Algoritmo diagnóstico y terapéutico de las lesiones esplácnicas provocadas durante la inserción de sondas pleurales / Diagnostic and Therapeutic Algorithm for Splanchnic Injuries Caused during Chest Tube Insertions

Introducción: La colocación de sondas pleurales es un procedimiento quirúrgico frecuente que puede tener graves complicaciones, las cuales dependen en la mayoría de los casos de la experiencia del operador, el tamaño del tubo y el uso de imágenes para guiar la inserción. Objetivo: Describir las principales lesiones esplácnicas provocadas durante la inserción de sondas pleurales y presentar algoritmos para el diagnóstico precoz y el tratamiento oportuno de estas iatrogenias. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión descriptiva narrativa durante el primer trimestre del año 2023. Se utilizaron las bases de datos electrónicas PubMed, LILACS, EBSCO y Cochrane. Se revisaron artículos publicados desde 1984 hasta el 2022. Se procuró que la mayoría de la información se enmarcara en un período no mayor de 10 años de antigüedad. Desarrollo: De las lesiones esplácnicas de la cavidad torácica, la de pulmón es la más frecuente y puede conducir a sangrado o fuga aérea persistente. Las lesiones vasculares son graves y pueden provocar la muerte si no se toman las medidas pertinentes. Se han descrito lesiones de órganos huecos de la cavidad abdominal que suelen ser parte de una hernia diafragmática. Dentro de las lesiones esplácnicas en el abdomen más frecuentes están la hepática y la esplénica. Conclusiones: Estas lesiones son prevenibles y se debe tener en cuenta su mecanismo de producción para evitarlas. Para este fin recomendamos una selección cuidadosa del sitio de inserción, realizar una confirmación adecuada de la posición de la sonda, manipularla cuidadosamente y monitorear constantemente al paciente(AU)

Introduction: Chest tube insertion is a frequent surgical procedure that can have serious complications, which depend mostly on the practitioner's experience, the tube's size and the use of imaging to guide the insertion. Objective: To describe the main splanchnic injuries caused during chest tube insertion, as well as to present algorithms for early diagnosis and timely treatment of these types of iatrogeny. Methods: A descriptive narrative review was performed during the first quarter of the year 2023. The electronic databases PubMed, LILACS, EBSCO and Cochrane were used. Articles published from 1984 to 2022 were reviewed. Most of the information was secured to be framed within a period of no more than 10 years. Development: Among the splanchnic injuries within the thoracic cavity, lung injury is the most frequent and may lead to bleeding or persistent air leak. Vascular injuries are severe and can lead to death if appropriate measures are not taken. Injuries to hollow organs of the abdominal cavity have been described to be usually part of a diaphragmatic hernia. Among the most frequent splanchnic lesions within the abdomen are the hepatic and splenic injuries. Conclusions: These lesions are preventable and their mechanism of production should be taken into account in order to avoid them. To achieve this, we recommend that the insertion site be carefully selected and that the tube's position be adequately confirmed, as well as the careful handling of the tube and the constant monitoring of the patient(AU)

Chest tubes in COVID-19 times: a safe way to protect the team

SUMMARY INTRODUCTION What has been published so far regarding safe methods to deal with chest tube insertion during COVID-19. METHODS A descriptive study of the literature available in the Medline/PubMed, Lilacs, Scopus databases and specialized books. The search was carried out using the terms "infectious diseases"; "COVID-19"; "Chest tubes". RESULTS This paper aggregates and consolidates some old concepts to new tactics to minimize the contamination of teams who deal with chest tubes, before, during, and after the procedure. CONCLUSIONS Health officials are under increasing pressure to control the spread of COVID-19, which is a very virulent disease. Our analysis brought together old rules against contamination along with new tactics for professionals who deal with chest drains in order to minimize the contamination of teams during the Pandemic.

Edema pulmonar agudo grave secundario a tratamiento de neumotórax espontáneo primario: caso clínico / Pulmonary expansion edema during the management of a spontaneous pneumothorax: report of one case

Pulmonary expansion edema is a rare complication of the management of primary spontaneous pneumothorax. We report a 20 year old male admitted with a right primary spontaneous pneumothorax. A chest tube connected to a water seal was placed, achieving lung expansion. Immediately, the patient presented hypotension and a reduction in arterial oxygen saturation to 78%. Non-invasive ventilation was started. A chest X ray showed extensive right lung edema. The patient was managed with noradrenaline and albumin infusion with good response. Pulmonary edema resolved on day 3 but air leak was persistant so, the patient required surgery to excise apical bullae in the right lung. He was discharged during the following days in good condition.

Application of Lidocaine Jelly on Chest Tubes to Reduce Pain Caused by Drainage Catheter after Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of lidocaine jelly application to chest tubes on the intensity and duration of overall pain, chest tube site pain and the required analgesics for postoperative pain relief in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) patients. For patients in group L, we applied sterile 2% lidocaine jelly on the chest tubes just before insertion, and for patients in group C, we applied normal saline. Overall visual analogue scale (VAS), maximal pain area with their VAS were documented postoperatively, and the frequency that button of patient-controlled analgesia was pressed (FPB) and total fentanyl consumption were assessed. The number of patients who complained that tube site was the most painful site was significantly higher in group C than in group L (85% vs. 30% at extubation, P<0.001). The overall VAS score was significantly higher in group C than in group L (39.14+/-12.49 vs. 27.74+/-13.76 at extubation, P=0.006). After all of the tubes were removed, the VAS score decreased more in group C (5.74+/-4.77, P<0.001) than in group L (3.05+/-2.48, P<0.001). FPB and total fentanyl consumption were significantly higher in group C than in group L (73.00, 59.00-78.00 vs. 34.00, 31.00-39.25, P<0.001; 2,214.65+/-37.01 vs. 1,720.19+/-361.63, P<0.001, respectively). Lidocaine jelly application is a very simple way to reduce postoperative pain by reducing chest tube site pain after CABG. (Clinical Trials Registry No. ACTRN 12611001215910)

Lesão brônquica e pneumotórax após reintubação usando um cateter para troca da via aérea / Bronchial injury and pneumothorax after reintubation using an airway exchange catheter / Lesión brónquica y neumotórax posterior a la reintubación usando un catéter para el cambio de la vía aérea

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Relatamos um caso de pneumotórax causado por perfuração brônquica durante uma reintubação usando um cateter para troca da via aérea (CTVA) em um paciente com câncer de cabeça e pescoço. RELATO DE CASO: Paciente do sexo masculino, 53 anos, com carcinoma de orofaringe, foi internado na UTI com pneumonia grave e síndrome da angústia respiratória aguda (SARA). O paciente foi identificado como sendo de difícil intubação e uma sonda endotraqueal (SET) foi inserida através de um broncoscópio. Após uma semana de tratamento, observou-se ruptura do manguito endotraqueal. A troca da sonda endotraqueal foi necessária para obter uma ventilação pulmonar satisfatória. Um cateter para troca da via aérea (Cook, tamanho 14) foi usado para realizar a reintubação. Depois da reintubação, o paciente apresentou piora na saturação de oxigênio e uma radiografia revelou um grande pneumotórax. Um dreno torácico foi inserido e uma melhora imediata na saturação de oxigênio foi observada. A repetição da radiografia confirmou o posicionamento correto do dreno torácico e a reexpansão do pulmão direito. A broncoscopia realizada mostrou uma laceração posterior do brônquio principal direito. O paciente foi extubado no dia seguinte. Depois de quatro dias, o dreno torácico foi removido. A radiografia realizada um dia depois da retirada do dreno revelou um pequeno pneumotórax no lobo superior direito, mas o paciente permaneceu assintomático. CONCLUSÕES: O cateter para troca da via aérea é uma ferramenta valiosa para lidar com pacientes difíceis de intubar. Embora os médicos geralmente concentrem sua atenção em evitar um barotrauma causado pelo suplemento de oxigênio ou ventilação a jato através do CTVA, a preocupação com a técnica de inserção pode minimizar as complicações que ameaçam a vida e aumentar a segurança do CTVA.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We report a case of pneumothorax caused by a bronchial perforation during a reintubation using an airway exchange catheter (AEC) in a patient with a head and neck cancer. CASE REPORT: A 53 year old man with oropharynx carcinoma was admitted to ICU for severe pneumonia and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The patient was recognized as a difficult-to-intubate patient and an endotracheal tube (ETT) was inserted through a bronchoscope. After one week of treatment, it was observed an endotracheal cuff perforation. Exchanging the endotracheal tube was necessary to achieve satisfactory pulmonary ventilation. An AEC Cook 14 was used to perform the reintubation. After reintubation, the patient presented a worsening in oxygen saturation and a chest radiography (CXR) revealed a large pneumothorax. A chest tube was inserted and we observed immediate improvement in oxygen saturation. A repeat CXR confirmed correct positioning of the chest tube and reexpansion of the right lung. A bronchoscopy performed showed a posterior laceration in the right main bronchus. The patient was extubated the following day. After four days, the chest tube was removed. A CXR performed a day after chest tube removal revealed a small right upper pneumothorax, but the patient remained asymptomatic. CONCLUSIONS: Airway exchange catheter is a valuable tool to handle with difficult-to-intubate patients. Although the physicians generally focus their attention in avoid barotrauma - caused by oxygen supplement or jet ventilation through AEC - concern for insertion technique can minimize life threatening complications and increase the safety of AEC.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Relatamos aquí un caso de neumotórax causado por perforación brónquica durante una reintubación usando un catéter para el cambio de la vía aérea (CTVA) en una paciente con cáncer de cabeza y cuello. RELATO DE CASO: Paciente del sexo masculino, 53 años, con carcinoma de orofaringe, que fue ingresado en la UTI con neumonía grave y el síndrome de la angustia respiratoria aguda (SARA). El paciente fue identificado como siendo de difícil intubación y con un broncoscopio se le insertó una sonda endotraqueal (SET). Después de una semana de tratamiento, vimos una ruptura del manguito endotraqueal. El cambio de la sonda endotraqueal se hizo necesario para obtener una ventilación pulmonar satisfactoria. Un catéter para el cambio de la vía aérea (Cook, tamaño 14) se usó para realizar la reintubación. Después de la reintubación, el paciente tuvo un empeoramiento en la saturación de oxígeno y una radiografía reveló un fuerte neumotórax. Un dreno torácico se insertó observando una mejoría inmediata en la saturación de oxígeno. La repetición de la radiografía confirmó el posicionamiento correcto del dreno torácico y la re-expansión del pulmón derecho. La broncoscopia realizada arrojó una laceración posterior del bronquio principal derecho. El paciente se desentubó al día siguiente. Después de cuatro días, el dreno torácico se retiró. La radiografía realizada un día después de la retirada del dreno reveló un pequeño neumotórax en el lóbulo superior derecho, pero el paciente permaneció asintomático. CONCLUSIONES: El catéter para el cambio de la vía aérea es una herramienta valiosa para lidiar con los pacientes difíciles de intubar. Aunque los médicos generalmente concentren su atención en evitar un barotrauma causado por el suplemento de oxígeno o ventilación a chorro por medio del CTVA, la preocupación con la técnica de inserción puede minimizar las complicaciones que amenazan la vida y aumentar la seguridad del CTVA.

Validação técnica da drenagem pulmonar como tratamento do enfisema pulmonar avançado: estudo anatômico em cadáveres / Technical validation of pulmonary drainage for the treatment of severe pulmonary emphysema: a cadaver-based study

OBJETIVO: Descrever a técnica operatória da drenagem pulmonar através do estudo anatômico em cadáveres, determinar se o local definido para a drenagem pulmonar é adequado e seguro, e determinar a relação anatômica do tubo de drenagem com a parede torácica, pulmões, grandes vasos e mediastino. MÉTODOS: Foram dissecados 30 cadáveres de ambos os sexos, fornecidos pelo Necrotério do Hospital Central da Santa Casa de São Paulo, em São Paulo (SP) no período entre maio e novembro de 2011. Foi inserido um dreno de aço de 7,5 cm com 24 F de diâmetro no segundo espaço intercostal, na linha médio-clavicular, bilateralmente, e foi medida a distância do dreno com as seguintes estruturas: brônquios principais, brônquios dos lobos superiores, vasos subclávios, artérias pulmonares, artérias pulmonares do lobo superior, veia pulmonar superior, veia ázigos e aorta. Foram realizadas medições de peso, altura, diâmetro laterolateral do tórax, diâmetro posteroanterior do tórax e espessura da parede torácica de cada cadáver. RESULTADOS: Dos 30 cadáveres dissecados, 20 e 10 eram do sexo masculino e feminino, respectivamente. A média da extremidade distal do dreno com os brônquios principais direito e esquerdo foi de 7,2 cm. CONCLUSÕES: A utilização de um dreno torácico de tamanho fixo na posição preconizada é factível e segura, independentemente das características antropométricas do paciente.

OBJECTIVE: A cadaver-based study was carried out in order to describe the pulmonary drainage surgical technique, to determine whether the site for the insertion of the chest tube is appropriate and safe, and to determine the anatomical relationship of the chest tube with the chest wall, lungs, large blood vessels, and mediastinum. METHODS: Between May and November of 2011, 30 cadavers of both genders were dissected. The cadavers were provided by the Santa Casa de São Paulo Central Hospital Mortuary, located in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. A 7.5-cm, 24 F steel chest tube was inserted into the second intercostal space along the midclavicular line bilaterally, and we measured the distances from the tube to the main bronchi, upper lobe bronchi, subclavian vessels, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary arteries in the upper lobe, superior pulmonary vein, azygos vein, and aorta. Weight, height, and chest wall thickness, as well as laterolateral and posteroanterior diameters of the chest, were measured for each cadaver. RESULTS: Of the 30 cadavers dissected, 20 and 10 were male and female, respectively. The mean distance between the distal end of the tube and the main bronchi (right and left) was 7.2 cm (for both). CONCLUSIONS: The placement of a fixed-size chest tube in the specified position is feasible and safe, regardless of the anthropometric characteristics of the patients.

Influência da posição do dreno pleural na função pulmonar de pacientes submetidos à revascularização do miocárdio / Influence of pleural drain insertion in lung function of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting / Influencia de la posición del drenaje pleural en la función pulmonar de pacientes sometidos a la revascularización del miocardio

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Estudo longitudinal, prospectivo, aleatório e encoberto para avaliar a influência do local de inserção do dreno pleural, de PVC atóxico, na função pulmonar e na dor pós-operatória dos pacientes submetidos à revascularização do miocárdio nos três primeiros dias pós-cirúrgicos e logo após a retirada do dreno. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Trinta e seis pacientes escalados para cirurgia eletiva de revascularização do miocárdio, com uso de circulação extracorpórea (CEC), em dois grupos: grupo SX (dreno subxifoide) e grupo IC (dreno intercostal). Feitos registros espirométricos, da gasometria arterial e da dor. RESULTADOS: Trinta e um pacientes analisados, 16 no grupo SX e 15 no grupo IC. O grupo SX apresentou valores espirométricos maiores do que o grupo IC (p < 0,05) no pós-operatório (PO), denotando menor influência do local do dreno na respiração. A PaO2 arterial no segundo PO aumentou significantemente no grupo SX quando comparada com o grupo IC (p < 0,0188). A intensidade da dor no grupo SX, antes e após a espirometria, era menor do que no grupo IC (p < 0,005). Houve aumento significativo dos valores espirométricos em ambos os grupos após a retirada do dreno pleural. CONCLUSÃO: A inserção do dreno na região subxifoide altera menos a função pulmonar, provoca menos desconforto e possibilita uma melhor recuperação dos parâmetros respiratórios.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Longitudinal, prospective, randomized, blinded Trial to assess the influence of pleural drain (non-toxic PVC) site of insertion on lung function and postoperative pain of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting in the first three days post-surgery and immediately after chest tube removal. METHOD: Thirty six patients scheduled for elective myocardial revascularization with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were randomly allocated into two groups: SX group (subxiphoid) and IC group (intercostal drain). Spirometry, arterial blood gases, and pain tests were recorded. RESULTS: Thirty one patients were selected, 16 in SX group and 15 in IC group. Postoperative (PO) spirometric values were higher in SX than in IC group (p < 0.05), showing less influence of pleural drain location on breathing. PaO2 on the second PO increased significantly in SX group compared with IC group (p < 0.0188). The intensity of pain before and after spirometry was lower in SX group than in IC group (p < 0.005). Spirometric values were significantly increased in both groups after chest tube removal. CONCLUSION: Drain with insertion in the subxiphoid region causes less change in lung function and discomfort, allowing better recovery of respiratory parameters.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Estudio longitudinal, prospectivo, randomizado y encubierto para evaluar la influencia del local de inserción del drenaje pleural, de PVC atóxico, en la función pulmonar y en el dolor postoperatorio de los pacientes sometidos a la revascularización del miocardio en los tres primeros días postquirúrgicos e inmediatamente después de la retirada del drenaje. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Treinta y seis pacientes seleccionados para la cirugía electiva de revascularización del miocardio, con el uso de circulación extracorpórea (CEC), en dos grupos: grupo SX (drenaje subxifoide) y grupo IC (drenaje intercostal). Se realizaron los registros espirométricos de la gasometría arterial y del dolor. RESULTADOS: Treinta y un pacientes analizados, 16 en el grupo SX y 15 en el grupo IC. El grupo SX presentó valores espirométricos mayores que el grupo IC (p < 0,05) en el postoperatorio (PO), denotando una menor influencia de la región del drenaje en la respiración. La PaO2 arterial en el segundo PO aumentó significantemente en el grupo SX cuando se comparó con el grupo IC (p < 0,0188). La intensidad del dolor en el grupo SX, antes y después de la espirometría, era menor que en el grupo IC (p < 0,005). Se registró el aumento significativo de los valores espirométricos en ambos grupos después de la retirada del drenaje pleural. CONCLUSIONES: La inserción del drenaje en la región subxifoide altera menos la función pulmonar, provoca menos incomodidad y facilita una mejor recuperación de los parámetros respiratorios.

Massive hemothorax following administration of intrapleural streptokinase

The administration of intrapleural streptokinase [IPSK] is widely practiced in the management of loculated empyema thoracis. To our knowledge, there have been only 4 cases of hemorrhagic complications attributed to the administration of IPSK reported in the literature. In this article, we report a case of a 17-year-old girl who received IPSK and developed shock, anemia, coagulopathy and massive hemothorax. Our discussion focuses on the hemorrhagic complication of chest tube insertion and the role of IPSK in blood clot lysis and inhibition of local hemostasis

Chilaiditi's sign possibly associated with malposition of chest tube placement.

Although diaphragmatic paralysis is a rare recognized complication of chest tube malposition, Chilaiditi's sign occurring as a result of this complication has never been reported in literature to the best of our knowledge. We describe one such case, which had an interesting clinical sequence of events and radiographic findings and suggest that the medial end of the chest tube should be positioned at least 2 cm from the mediastinum on the frontal chest radiograph to avoid these complications.

Éxito de inserción y ventilación con tubo versus máscara laríngea por anestesiólogos inexpertos: ensayo clínico controlado / Success of insertion and ventilation with pipe versus laryngeal(guttural) mask for anestesiólogist inexpert: clinical controlled test survey

La Máscara laríngea (ML) y el tubo laríngeo (TL) son dos de las últimas innovaciones creadas con el fin de facilitar el abordaje y la ventilación de la vía aérea Estudios evidencian menor respuesta neuroendocrina, menor trauma de las cuerdas vocales y menos cambios en la función respiratoria. Este estudio, compara el éxito de inserción y ventilación, la respuesta hemodinámica y la morbilidad postinserción entre el TL y la ML por personal inexperto. Definiéndose Éxito de inserción según el número de intentos de colocación del dispositivo y Éxito de ventilación, como la capacidad de mantener normocapnia y presiones de vía aérea menores de 30 cms de H2O. Se aleatorizaron 176 pacientes, ASA I-II, en dos grupos, siguiendo un protocolo anestésico estándar, bajo ventilación controlada. El éxito global de inserción al primer intento fue de 78,82 por cien (IC95 73-85) al segundo de 95,29 por cien, (IC 95 por cien 92-98) y al tercero de 98,24 por cien (IC 95 por cien 96-100), con un 98,83 por cien (IC 95 por cien 97 -101) para el TL y 98,23 por cien (IC 95 94 -100) para la ML, sin diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos. (p=0.546). El éxito de ventilación no presentó diferencias significativas, un 98,82 por cien para el TL y de 96,34 por cien para la ML, p=0.3616. La respuesta hemodinámica fue similar en los dos grupos encontrándose disminuciones de presión arterial entre el 0 y 20 por cien, consideradas como normales. No hubo diferencias en las presiones de la vía aérea y en la capnografía. La morbilidad fue de 9,76 por cien para ML y de 9,42 por cien para TL, p=0.922, siendo el malestar postoperatorio, la más frecuente queja.

Comparison of analgesic efficacy of fentanyl and sufentanil for chest tube removal after cardiac surgery.

Chest tube removal in the postcardiac surgical patients is a painful and distressful event. Fentanyl and sufentanil have not been used for pain control during chest tube removal in the postoperative period. We compared efficacy offentanyl and sufentanil in controlling pain due to chest tube removal. One hundred and forty one adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery were recruited in a prospective, randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study. Patients were randomized to receive either 2 microg/Kg fentanyl IV or 0.2 microg/Kg sufentanil IV or 2 ml isotonic normal saline, 10 min before removing chest tubes. Pain intensity was assessed by measuring visual analog scale pain score 10 minutes before removing chest tubes and 5 min and 20 min after removing chest tubes. Level of sedation, heart rate, arterial pressure, oxygen saturation, and respiratory rate were recorded by a blinded observer at the same time intervals. Mean pain intensity scores 10 minutes before removal of chest tubes infentanyl, sufentanil and control groups were 23.88+/-5.2, 25.10+/-5.39 and 23.64+/-6.10 respectively. The pain scores 5 minutes after chest tube removal were reduced to 20.11+/-6.9 (p<0.05) in the fentanyl group and 13.60+/-6.60 (p<0.05) in the sufentanil group, whereas in control group pain scores increased to 27.97+/-8.39 (p<O.05). The pain scores in sufentanil group were significantly lower compared with fentanyl or control group. Sedation scores remained low in all groups and patients remained alert and none of the patients showed any adverse effects of opioids. Heart rate, arterial pressure and respiratory rate had least variations in sufentanil group than fentanyl or control group.

[ case of re-exapansion pulmonary edema after rapid pleural evacuation]

Pulmonary edema after chest tube insertion is a rare complication and is associated with high mortality. The cause of this phenomenon is not clear, although causes such as decrease in surfactant and inflammatory process have been defined. Early diagnosis and treatment decrease the mortality. This study introduces a case of re-expansion pulmonary edema after rapid pleural evacuation. The case is a 4.5 y/o boy, a case of Tetralogy of Fallot, who developed respiratory distress after surgery [Total Correction] in ICU of Namazi Hospital in 1385. Chest X ray showed pneumothorax of left lung. For the patient, chest tube was inserted and the symptoms improved. After few hours the patient developed tachypnea, tachycardia, and CXR showed pulmonary edema of left lung. Appropriate treatment was done for the patient and his condition improved. Pulmonary edema after sudden evacuation of pleura is a rare phenomenon and early diagnosis decreases the mortality

[ report about a rare case of mediastinal hemorrhage following open heart surgery]

Hemorrhage is one of the usual and inflicting side effects following open heart surgeries that its treatment is time-consuming and requires a lot of expense. Most of Hemorrhages after heart surgeries result from hemorrhagic accident, which it happens because of using artificial heart and lung machine. CPB causes dysfunction of platelets, activation of fibrinolysis and also increases the possibility of bleeding after heart surgery. A group of hemorrhages following heart surgery is due to the surgical cause, including bleeding from anatomists, mammary artery bed and etc. Utilizing careful and correct surgical methods can circumvent from many of these hemorrhages. The presented case is a rare case of mediastinal bleeding after open heart surgery in which the tip of chest tube that had been installed in the left hemithorax and also connected to GAMCO was displaced and placed on the initial part of pulmonary artery. Because of the gradual and continuous suction and rubbing, abrasion and finally tearing of artery happens and bleeding starts in this location. This side effect can be prevented by correctly placing the chest tube in hemi thorax and mediastinum

Re-expansion pulmonary oedema: revisited.

A case of re-expansion pulmonary oedema (RPO) following chest tube insertion for left spontaneous pneumothorax is reported. There were no severe symptoms and routine chest radiograph done four hours after tube thoracostomy showed features of pulmonary oedema in the re-expanded left lung. RPO is an uncommon complication of rapid pleural drainage of air or fluid with potentially serious cardiopulmonary manifestations but appears to run a benign course if there is no prior systemic hypoxaemia and if pneumothorax is drained without suction. Chest radiograph should be done routinely within four hours after chest tube insertion for early detection of RPO.

Lesäo da artéria torácica interna por dreno torácico: relato de caso / Internal thoracic artery injury caused by chest tube: a case report

Relata-se caso raro de lesäo da artéria torácica interna por dreno torácico, em paciente com empiema pleural crônico. A rotura desse vaso, levando o paciente ao choque hipovolêmico e hemoptise maciça, indicou a cirurgia. Enfatizam-se os cuidados na drenagem torácica e a importância do controle radiológico pós-drenagem.