Beginning of foreign exchange of acupuncture-moxibustion in New China: the whole story of the experts from the former Soviet Union studying acupuncture-moxibustion in China in 1956 / 中国针灸

Through checking the archives from China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences (CACMS), the event that the experts from the former Soviet Union visiting China and learning acupuncture-moxibustion in 1956 was sorted out. In 1956, under the framework of

History of the E.I. Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine: research on malaria and leishmaniasis / História do Instituto E.I. Martsinovsky de Parasitologia Médica e Medicina Tropical: pesquisa sobre malária e leishmaniose

Abstract This review presents the 100-year history of the Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine in Moscow, Russia, starting with its foundation and early activities, and also describes the impact of its leading scientists, some of whom became internationally known. The institute headed a network of nine tropical institutes in the various Soviet republics from the 1920s to 1990. The extensive body of literature on the history and research accomplishments of this institute has mainly been published in Russian; our goal here is to introduce these achievements and this expertise to the international scientific and medical community, focusing on malaria and leishmaniasis and the development of measures to control and monitor these diseases in the USSR.

Resumo O artigo analisa a história centenária do Instituto Martsinovsky de Parasitologia Médica e Medicina Tropical em Moscou, Rússia, desde sua fundação e primeiras atividades, e descreve a influência de seus principais cientistas, alguns dos quais viriam a conquistar renome internacional. O instituto liderou uma rede de nove institutos tropicais em diversas repúblicas soviéticas entre as décadas de 1920 e 1990. A vasta literatura sobre o trabalho de história e pesquisa desse instituto foi publicada sobretudo em russo; nosso objetivo aqui é apresentar esse trabalho e conhecimento à comunidade médica e científica internacional, concentrando-se na malária e na leishmaniose e no avanço de medidas de controle e monitoramento dessas doenças na URSS.

Evidências sociais, políticas e econômicas do surgimento do direito universal à saúde na URSS / Social, political and economic evidence of the development of the universal right to health in the USSR

Resumo O artigo sintetiza um estudo que visou demonstrar as bases legais e socioeconômicas do surgimento do direito universal à saúde na URSS. Utilizando pesquisa bibliográfica, são analisados três trabalhos que apresentam cenários sobre a criação e implantação do sistema de saúde soviético, escritos entre 1933 e 1937. Para a análise dos trabalhos, utilizou-se materialismo histórico dialético, baseado em Marx e Engels, utilizando as categorias de forças produtivas, relações de produção, revolução social e política, mercadorias e salários. Identificaram-se, na análise dos trabalhos, evidências materiais que apontam o surgimento do direito universal à saúde no contexto revolucionário, concluindo que a saúde livre e universal, como nova qualidade de serviço voltado ao atendimento das necessidades de reprodução social foi consequência da transição entre modos de produção, observada na revolução russa.

Abstract This article summarizes a study aimed at demonstrating the legal and socioeconomic basis of the emergence of the universal right to health in the USSR. Using a bibliographic research, three works are presented that show scenarios about the creation and implantation of the Soviet health system, written between 1933 and 1937. For the analysis, it was used dialectical historical materialism, based on Marx and Engels, using the categories of productive forces, relations of production, social and political revolution, commodities and wages. It was identified, in the analysis, material evidence that point to the emergence of the universal right to health in the revolutionary context, concluding that free and universal health, as a new quality of service aimed at meeting the needs of social reproduction, was a consequence of the transition between modes of production observed in the Russian revolution.

The Socialist Camp's North Korean Medical Support and Exchange (1945–1958): Between Learning from the Soviet Union and Independent Course / 의사학

This study focused on the socialist camp's North Korean medical support and its effects on North Korean medical field from liberation to 1958. Except for the Soviet assistance from liberation to the Korean War, existing studies mainly have paid attention to the ‘autonomous’ growth of the North Korean medical field. The studies on the medical support of the Eastern European countries during the Korean War have only focused on one-sided support and neglected the interactions with the North Korean medical field. Failing in utilizing the materials produced in North Korea has led to the omission of detailed circumstances of providing support. Since the review of China's support and the North Korea-China medical exchanges has been concentrated in the period after the mid-1950s, the impacts of China's medical support on North Korea during the Korean War period and the post-war recovery period have not been taken into account. In terms of these limitations, this study examined the medical activities by the Socialist camp of the Eastern European countries in North Korea after the Korean War. The medical aid teams from Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and East Germany that came to North Korea in the wake of the Korean War continued to stay in North Korea after the war to build hospitals and train medical personnel. In the hospitals operated by these countries, cooperative medical care with North Korean medical personnel and medical technology education were conducted. Moreover, medical teams from each country in North Korea held seminars and conferences and exchanged knowledge with the North Korean medical field staffs. These activities by the Socialist countries in North Korea provided the North Korean medical personnel with the opportunity to directly experience the medical technology of each country. China's support was crucial to North Korea's ‘rediscovery’ of Korean medicine in the mid-1950s. After the Korean War, North Korea began to apply the Chinese-Western medicine integration policy, which was performed in China at that time, to the North Korean health care field through China's medical support and exchanges. In other words, China's emphasis on Chinese medicine and the integration of the Chinese-Western medicine were presented as one of the directions for medical development of North Korea in the 1950s, and the experiences of China in this process convinced North Korea that Korean medicine policy was appropriate. The decision-makers of the North Korean medical policies, who returned to North Korea after studying abroad in China at that time, actively introduced the experiences from China and constantly sought to learn about them. This study identified that a variety of external stimuli had complex impacts on the North Korean medical field in the gap between ‘Soviet learning’ in the late 1940s and the ‘autonomous’ medical development since the 1960s. The North Korean medical field was formed not by the unilateral or dominant influences of a single nation but by the stimulation from many nations and the various interactions in the process.

Higiene social y organización de la salud pública como ciencia y asignatura de la enseñanza. Breve historia del desarrollo de la higiene social y la organización de la salud pública (fragmento) / Social hygiene and public health organization as science and curricula subject. Brief history of the development of social hygiene and public health organization (fragment)

La revolución científico-técnica, los colosales éxitos de la ciencia médica y los logros de la práctica de salud pública han contribuido al cambio radical de los tipos de patología, al proceso activo de especialización y de integración en la ciencia médica y la salud pública y al perfeccionamiento del trabajo de los órganos y las instituciones de salud pública. El análisis desde el punto de vista de la higiene social es una tarea importantísima que incumbe a los científicos y pedagogos de las cátedras de higiene social y de organización de salud pública. La higiene social y la organización de salud pública como una ciencia médica independiente es una de las asignaturas más complejas de la enseñanza médica. La misma tiene una gran importancia en la formación del futuro médico que busca solución a los problemas de la salud pública socialista y de la protección de la salud de la población de la Unión Soviética. Para asimilar los conocimientos en esta rama, a esta misma le debe preceder una sólida preparación de los estudiantes en disciplinas teóricas, médico-biológicas, sociales y clínicas. Precisamente por eso la higiene social y la organización de salud pública se enseña en los cursos superiores de los centros de enseñanza...(AU)

Nem tudo que reluz é Marx: críticas stalinistas a Vigotski no âmbito da ciência soviética / Tout ce qui brille n’est pas Marx: analyse de la critique stalinienne à Vigotski dans la science soviétique / Ni todo lo que brilla es Marx: análisis de las críticas estalinistas a Vigotski en la ciencia soviética / Not all that glitters is Marx: analysis of Stalinist critiques of Vigotski within the Soviet science

No Brasil, tem havido notável crescimento da chamada “teoria da atividade”, cuja fundamentação é associada especialmente ao pesquisador russo A. N. Leontiev (1903-1979). Isso se tem feito em conexão direta com a noção de que Vigotski, Luria e Leontiev compuseram uma troika, responsável pela elaboração da teoria histórico-cultural e da teoria da atividade. O objetivo deste artigo é iniciar a problematização da própria veracidade dessa narrativa a partir de uma análise do contexto no qual se dispôs o conteúdo das críticas stalinistas a Vigotski de 1931-1937, da construção do sistema de produção científica no regime soviético e dos contrastes políticos e culturais entre os anos de 1920 e 1930 - especialmente o estabelecimento do marxismo-leninismo e o pragmatismo como marcas do regime stalinista. O texto contribui para a análise das ideias e frentes de trabalho vigotskianas condenadas pelos críticos stalinistas e suas potenciais repercussões na psicologia soviética elaborada nos anos de 1930.

Au Brésil, il y a une croissance remarquable de la ®théorie de l’activité¼, dont la fondamentation est associée en particulier au chercheur russe A. N. Leontiev (1903-1979). Cela a été fait en liaison directe avec l’idée que Vigotski-Luria-Leontiev étaient le trio responsable pour le développement de la théorie historique-culturelle et de la théorie de l’activité. Cet article se propose à remettre en question la vérité même de ce récit - restreint à le champ de l’histoire des idées - à partir d’une analyse du contexte dans lequel a surgi la critique stalinienne à Vigotski entre 1931-1937, la construction du système de production scientifique du régime soviétique et les contrastes politiques et culturelles entre les années 1920 et 1930 - en particulier l’établissement du marxisme-léninisme et du pragmetisme comme marques du stalinisme. Le texte contribue à l’analyse des idées et des fronts de travail vigotskiennes condamnés par les critiques staliniennes et leur impact potentiel dans la psychologie soviétique développée dans les années 1930.

En Brasil, se produce un notable crecimiento de la “teoría de la actividad”, cuya fundación se asocia sobre todo al ruso A. N Leontiev (1903-1979). Esto se lleva a cabo por la relación directa con la idea de que Vigotski, Luria y Leontiev compusieron una troika, responsable del desarrollo de la teoría histórico-cultural y de la actividad. Este artículo tiene la intención de empezar a cuestionar la verdad de esta narrativa -limitada al campo de la historia de las ideas-, a partir de un análisis del contexto en el que expuso el contenido de las críticas estalinistas a Vigotski del 1931 al 1937, la construcción del sistema de producción científica en el régimen soviético y los contrastes políticos y culturales entre los años 1920 y 1930 -en especial el establecimiento del marxismo-leninismo y el pragmatismo como marcas del estalinismo. Este texto debe de contribuir al análisis de las ideas y los frentes de trabajo vigotskianos condenados por los críticos estalinistas, y su potencial impacto en la psicología soviética desarrollada en la década de 1930.

In Brazil, there has been remarkable growth of the “activity theory”, whose foundation is associated especially to the Russian researcher Leontiev (1903-1979). This has been done in direct connection with the notion that Vigotski, Luria and Leontiev composed a troika, responsible for Cultural-Historical Theory as well as Activity Theory. The purpose of this article is to start a discussion on the truthfulness of this narrative from an analysis of the context in which it is arranged: (1) the content of the Stalinist criticism of Vigotski 1931-7, (2) the construction of the Stalinist Science by the Soviet regime, (3) the political and cultural contrasts between the 1920s and 1930s - especially regarding the establishment of Marxism-Leninism and pragmatism as main features of Stalinist regime. The text is intended to highlight the vigotskian ideas and lines of work condemned by the Stalinists critics and their potential impact in Soviet psychology developed in the 1930s.

The Role of Pavlov's Theory in North Korea in the Late 1950s: Ideological Struggle in Medicine and Scientification of Traditional Medicine / 의사학

This paper deals with Pavlov theory in North Korea in the late 1950s, focusing on its role in ideological struggle in medicine and in reinterpretation of traditional medicine. In North Korean Ministry of Health found Pavlov theory to have rich resources which could be used in the construction of the North Korea's socialist medicine. First of all, Pavlov theory provided the North Korean Communist Party with a powerful ideological weapon against capitalist medical thoughts, representing superior socialist medicine based upon Marx-Leninism and dialectical materialism. This paper examines the contents of Pavlov theory introduced in the North Korea from the Soviet Union in the late 1950s. Pavlov theory in the North Korea was not merely a political slogan but a unified medical system of thought, ranging from biological theory on the organism and pathogenesis to clinical theory. Nonetheless, Pavlov theory became Pavlov doctrine in the ideological struggle in healthcare field initiated by Kim Il Sung and the Communist Party. In the process of the ideological struggle, the abducted surgeon Kim Si-Chang was accused and purged of counter-revolutionary and refusal to conform to Pavlov doctrines by the Communist Party in 1959. Interestingly, Pavlov theory was used in reinterpretation of Traditional Medicine in North Korea from unscientific practice to a rich and scientific complementary medicine by connecting the two with common theoretical components such as Pavlov's typology. By the enthusiastic Communist Party members, Pavlov doctrine was introduced, transformed and exploited to build monolithic ideology system in medicine in North Korea in the late 1950s.

A Study on the Discourse and Reality of Abortion in Korea: 1920s~1930s / 의사학

This paper tried to collect, classify and analyse the discourse about abortion in 1920~1930. In Korea, modern medical abortion operation started in 1920~30s. At that time abortion was prohibited by the Japanese Government-General of Korea, because the Japanese Government-General of Korea needed large population which was used for labor and exploitation. Hence, the Empire of Japan de-penalized Japanese criminal law related to birth control but Korean law was not revised between 1910~1945. Nevertheless, there were quite a few women who wanted abortion when they had children born in sin or they were too poor to raise their children, so they had abortion secretly. At that time the women generally had abortion through toxic drugs or foods and violence (dropping from a high place or beating their stomach). But high class women did it by medical operation. In 1920s, there was few Korean (modern) medical doctors who could operate for abortion, instead Japanese immigrant medical doctors did it--as the newspaper of that time showed(there were many pieces of news that Japanese doctor who helped abortion was arrested by the police). As time went by Korean doctors got their say about the technique and various knowledge of abortion in newspapers, magazines, and academic Journals; this was especially the case starting in 1930. It is worth noting that they were sometimes arrested for illegal abortion operations. Furthermore, from the late 1920s the insist that abortion should be permitted for women and poor people, appeared. This insist was affected by Japan, the Soviet Union and other countries which was generous with abortion.

The influence of Dr. Hsiang-Tung Chang on neuroscience in Union of Soviet Socialist Republics / 生理学报

As one of the founders of Chinese neuroscience, Dr. Hsiang-Tung Chang's return to China has a profound impact on neuroscience in China. As many people expected, this action also may have influenced the development of neuroscience in other Eastern countries. Therefore, Dr. Chang's move may have changed the history of neuroscience in a greater area than China.

History and current status of acupuncture-moxibustion in Russia and former Soviet Union / 中国针灸

A brief history and new developments of acupuncture moxibustion in the former Soviet Union is provided in this paper, as well as in Russia. Science of acupuncture-moxibustion was introduced into Russia after the 10th Century. After the foundation of People's Republic of China, acupuncture-moxibustion therapy has drawn widespread attention in the former Soviet Union and Russia since the 1950s. Notably, acupuncture moxibustion therapy was legalized and popularized in mid 1950s in the Soviet Union, which was gradually accepted as a part of the country's medical system. In the latest 20 years, Federal health departments have paid attention to acupuncture-moxibustion therapy and issued laws and regulations on acupuncture reflexotherapy. The number of books and journals about acupuncture-moxibustion has been increasing; clinical application of acupuncture-moxibustion has been spreading and is welcomed by people. Academic exchanges between China and Russia are more frequent, which promoted the development of science of acupuncture-moxibustion in Russia.

El proceso de creación de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y la Guerra Fría / The process of creation of the World Health Organization and the Cold War

Este artículo estudia el proceso médico y político de surgimiento de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), la principal agencia multilateral de salud, formalmente fundada en 1948 y ligada a la recientemente creada Organización de las Naciones Unidas. Este proceso se inició hacia el final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, en 1945, cuando Estados Unidos y la Unión Soviética colaboraron para vencer a los nazis, y culminó poco después del inicio de la Guerra Fría en 1947, es decir, de la rivalidad entre las superpotencias soviética y norteamericana. La OMS pudo legitimarse en este cambiante contexto y dejar un legado que hasta ahora es importante en la salud pública.

Sonographic Findings of Polyacrylamide Gel Mammoplasty: A Report of Three Cases

Polyacrylamide gels (PAAGs) have been widely used for breast augmentation in China and the former Soviet Union since the 1990s. However, breast injection of PAAGs was abandoned due to various complications such as induration and lumps. Currently, this injection procedure is illegally practiced in South Korea and there are a few reports on the radiological findings of PAAG injection mammoplasty, especially describing the sonographic features. We report three cases of PAAG injection mammoplasty.

Estado actual del trasplante pulmonar / Lung transplantation: state of the art

Actualmente el trasplante pulmonar es considerado como tratamiento definitivo para algunas enfermedades pulmonares avanzadas. Los primeros trasplantes pulmonares experimentales en animales fueron realizados en los años 1940’s por el soviético Vladimir P. Demikhov. Sin embargo, pasaron aproximadamente dos décadas antes de que se realizara el primer trasplante pulmonar en humanos por el doctor James Hardy. Desafortunadamente los inicios clínicos del trasplante pulmonar no fueron muy exitosos debido a complicaciones quirúrgicas y efectos secundarios de los fármacos inmunosupresores. Gracias al mejoramiento de la técnica quirúrgica y al desarrollo de fármacos inmunosupresores más efectivos y menos tóxicos, la morbimortalidad ha disminuido significativamente. La selección y el cuidado del donador antes de la procuración de los órganos juegan un papel primordial en los resultados en el receptor. Debido a la escasez de donadores, algunas instituciones están utilizando criterios de selección más liberales con resultados satisfactorios. El manejo del paciente con trasplante pulmonar o del bloque cardiopulmonar requiere de un enfoque multidisciplinario que incluye al cirujano de trasplantes cardiotorácicos, al neumólogo, al anestesiólogo y al intensivista entre otros. En este artículo revisamos aspectos históricos y avances recientes en el manejo de estos pacientes incluyendo indicaciones y contraindicaciones, evaluación y cuidado del donador y del receptor, técnica quirúrgica y manejo peri- y posoperatorio.

Lung transplantation is currently considered an established treatment for some advanced lung diseases. The beginning of experimental lung transplantation dates back to the 1940's when the Soviet Vladimir P. Demikhov performed the first lung transplants in animals. Two decades later, James Hardy performed the first lung transplant in humans. Unfortunately, the beginning of clinical lung transplantation was hampered by technical complications and the excessive toxicity of immunosuppressive drugs. Improvement in the surgical technique along with the development of more effective and less toxic immunosuppressive drugs has led to a better outcome in lunt transplant recipients. Donor selection and management before organ procurement play a key role in the receptor's outcome. Due to the shortage of donors, some institutions are using more liberal selection criteria, reporting satisfactory outcomes. The approach of the lung and heart-lung transplant patient is multidisciplinary and includes the cardiothoracic transplant surgeon, pulmonologist, anesthesiologist, and intensivist, among others. Herein, we review some relevant historical aspects and recent advances in the management of lung transplant recipients, including indications and contraindications, evaluation of donors and recipients, surgical techniques and peripost-operative care.

La salud en la era postcomunista: tendencias sanitarias en Europa Central y del Este y en los Nuevos Estados Independientes de la Union Soviética (NEI) frente al reto del ingreso a la Unión Europea / Health in the postcommunist age: sanitary tendencies in eastern and central countries and the newly independient states of the former Soviet Union facing the challenge of the entering the European Union

El objetivo de este documento es el de mostrar las tendencias recientes de la transición sanitaria de los países de Europa Central, de Europa del Este y de los Nuevos Estados Independientes (NEI) de la Unión Soviética frente al reto del ingreso a la Unión Europea.