Consideraciones acerca del Estudio de los gemelos de la NASA: un vuelo espacial humano de un año / Considerations on NASA twins study: a one-year human spaceflight

Esta carta aborda de forma clara y sencilla, una opinión acerca del Estudio de los gemelos de la NASA (Administración Nacional de la Aeronáutica y del Espacio) por Garrett-Bakelman y otros. Este estudio fue un análisis multidimensional de un vuelo espacial humano de un año. La lectura sorprendió como grupo de investigación, al ver el síndrome de envejecimiento acelerado experimentado por los astronautas, que incluye disfunción mitocondrial, defectos inmunológicos, cambios vasculares y déficits cognitivos asociados con un mayor estrés oxidativo, inflamación y resistencia a la insulina.1 El estudio de la NASA analizó los extremos moleculares de los cromosomas denominados telómeros para evaluar el envejecimiento acelerado, pero solo se examinó a un astronauta en el espacio, y se compararon sus respuestas con su hermano genéticamente idéntico que permaneció en el planeta tierra. Es difícil concluir si todos los astronautas experimentarían los mismos cambios.1,2 El tamaño de los telómeros disminuye con la edad y el estrés puede reducirlos aún más; pero en un astronauta expuesto a 340 días en el espacio exterior, se logró evidenciar alargamiento de estos. Los datos relacionados con alteraciones en la longitud de los telómeros han captado la atención de múltiples investigadores con el paso de los años. Se establece que los telómeros se acortan, progresivamente, con la edad y que los críticamente, cortos y disfuncionales pueden contribuir a las enfermedades asociadas con el envejecimiento humano.1,2 La biología humana es complicada y misteriosa, incluso aquí en la Tierra. Al regresar de una misión espacial los telómeros del astronauta tienden a ser más cortos de lo que lo eran antes, lo que podría aumentar el riesgo de un envejecimiento más rápido. Es por ello que se destaca que el espacio es la frontera final para comprender la respuesta de la fisiología humana ante ambientes y condiciones extremas.1,2 Por tal motivo la pregunta sería por qué se alargaron sus telómeros. Los investigadores del Estudio de los Gemelos aún están tratando de averiguarlo, quizá el estrés del viaje espacial provocó que las células madre despertaran y comenzaran a multiplicarse. La NASA entiende que los viajes espaciales de larga duración plantearían serios desafíos...(AU)

Work Environment and Workload of Staff Nurses in Level 2 Hospitals at Cavite, Philippines

@#One of the greatest healthcare challenges for today's generation is the improvement of the nursing work environment. Despite the challenges brought by the unhealthy working environment and high workload demand, Filipino nurses stood up high in maintaining professionalism towards their work. The goal of this study is to determine the relationship between the work environment and the workload of staff nurses in level 2 hospitals in Cavite, Philippines. Quantitative non-experimental descriptive correlational design was used, and the standardized questionnaires namely: Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index (PES-NWI) and NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) were used to gather data from 70 respondents. Results showed that majority were female, belonging to Millennial age (23-38 years old), had baccalaureate degree in Nursing, with a gross monthly salary of Php 15,000.00- 19,999.00, being in the institution for more than 6 months to 5 years, and have an average nurse to patient ratio of 11.30. Their level of work environment was favorable in all subscales with a composite score of 3.13 (SD= 0.570). Their perceived workload was high, with a mean score of 71.24 (SD= 12.78). Likewise, nurse to patient ratio had a significant relationship with nurse manager ability, leadership, and support of nurses (X2= 94.26, p= <.001) and staffing and resource adequacy (X2= 75.06, p= 0.002). Moreover, significant relationships among the variables of age and physical demand (p= .004), length of institutional experience and physical demand (p <0.001), educational attainment and performance (p= .018), educational attainment and effort (p= .005), and length of institutional experience and effort (p= .001). Last, there is no statistically significant correlation between the overall work environment and the overall workload of nurses (r= -.084, p= .491). These findings underscore the importance of measures aimed at enhancing the work environment and workload of staff nurses to prevent further challenges among them.

Effect of Workload on Job Stress of Ghanaian OPD Nurses: The Role of Coworker Support

BACKGROUND: Although the concept of workload is important to nursing practice, only a few nursing researchers have focused on the issue of workload within the nursing context. Knowledge of how the dynamics of workload affects the job stress of nurses working in a specific unit or department in a hospital setting, and the influence of coworker support on this relationship, still remains limited. This study, therefore examined the effect of workload on job stress of Ghanaian outpatient department nurses and the moderating effect of coworker support on this relationship. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey design was used, and questionnaire was used to collect data from a sample of 216 outpatient department nurses from four major hospitals in Ghana. The data collected measured workload, job stress, and coworker support using National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Task Load Index, job stress scale, and coworker support scale, respectively. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and hierarchical regression. RESULTS: High levels of workload were associated with high levels of job stress of the nurses. Also, higher levels of workload were related to higher levels of job stress for nurses who received high levels of coworker support, but this was not the case for those who received low levels of coworker support (reserve buffering effect). CONCLUSION: The finding reiterates the adverse effect of workloads on employees' health, and the reverse buffering effect implies that supporting a colleague at work should be conveyed in a positive manner devoid of negative appraisal.

Geohealth: biology based mapping of vector borne disease in the Americas using NASA satellite data / Geosaúde: mapeamento da biologia das doenças vetoriais nas Américas utilizando dados de satélites da NASA

Implementation of a geospatial surveillance and response system data resource for vector borne disease in the Americas (GeoHealth) will be tested using NASA satellite data, geographic information systems and ecological niche modeling to characterize the environmental suitability and potential for spread of endemic and epizootic vector borne diseases. The initial focus is on developing prototype geospatial models for visceral leishmaniasis, an expanding endemic disease in Latin America, and geospatial models for dengue and other Aedes aegypti borne arboviruses (zika, chikungunya), emerging arboviruses with potential for epizootic spread from Latin America and the Caribbean and establishment in North America. Geospatial surveillance and response system open resource data bases and models will be made available, with training courses, to other investigators interested in mapping and modeling other vector borne diseases in the western hemisphere and contributing brokered data to an expanding GeoHealth data resource as part of the NASA AmeriGEOSS initiative.

A implementação de uma fonte de dados de vigilância e um sistema de resposta geoespacial para doenças transmitidas por vetores nas Américas (GeoHealth) será testada utilizando dados provenientes de satélites da NASA, sistemas de informações geográficas e modelagem do nicho ecológico, para caracterizar a suceptibilidade ambiental e o potencial de dispersão de doenças endêmicas e epizooticas transmitidas por vetores vetores. O foco inicial será o desenvolvimento de protótipos de modelos geoespaciais para a leishmaniose visceral, uma doença endêmica e em expansão na América Latina, e modelos geoespaciais para dengue e outros transmitidos pelo Aedes aegypti (zika, chikungunya), arbovírus emergentes com potencial para disseminação epizoótica pela América Latina e Caribe e estabelecimento na América do Norte. Sistemas de vigilância e resposta geoespacial e modelos de recursos em bases de dados abertas serão diponibilizados, com cursos de treinamento, para outros pesquisadores interessados em mapear e modelar outras doenças transmitidas por vetores no hemisfério ocidental e contribuir intermediando dados para uma fonte de dados GeoHealth em expansão, como parte da Iniciativa AmeriGEOSS, da NASA.

A thermodynamic paradigm for using satellite based geophysical measurements in public health applications / Um paradigma termodinâmico para o uso de medidas geofísicas baseadas em satélites e suas aplicações em saúde pública

A thermodynamic paradigm for studying disease vector’s habitats & life cycles using NASA’s remote sensing data is being proposed. NASA’s current and planned satellite missions provide measurements of the critical environmental measures environmental state functions important to vector & disease life cycles such as precipitation, soil moisture, temperature, vapor pressure deficits, wet/dry edges, and solar radiation. Satellite data provide landscape scale process functions represented by land use/cover mapping and actual measurements of ecological functions/structure: canopy cover, species, phenology, and aquatic plant coverage. These measurements are taken in a spatial context and provide a time series of data to track changes in time. Global public health is entering a new informational age through the use of spatial models of disease vector/host ecologies driven by the use of remotely sensed data to measure environmental and structural factors critical in determining disease vector habitats, distributions, life cycles, and host interactions. The vector habitat microclimates can be quantified in terms of the surface energy budget measured by satellites. The epidemiological equations (processes) can be adapted and modified to explicitly incorporate environmental factors and interfaces required by a specific disease and its vector/host cycle. Remote sensing can be used to measure or evaluate or estimate both environment (state functions) and interface (process functions). It is critical that the products of remote sensing must be expressed in a way they can be integrated directly into the epidemiological equations.

Um paradigma termodinâmico para estudar os habitats e ciclos de vida dos vetores de doenças utilizando dados de sensoriamento remoto da NASA está sendo proposto. As missões atuais e planejadas para os satélites da NASA fornecem medições das funções críticas ambientais e funções do estado ambiental, importantes para os ciclos de vida de vetores e doenças, como precipitação, umidade do solo, temperatura, déficits de pressão do vapor, bordas úmidas/secas e radiação solar. Os dados de satélite fornecem as funções dos processos na escala da paisagem, representada pelo mapeamento do uso/cobertura da terra e medições reais das funções/estruturas ecológicas: cobertura do dossel, espécies, fenologia e cobertura de plantas aquáticas. Essas medições são feitas em um contexto espacial e fornecem uma série temporal de dados para rastrear dinâmica das mudanças. A saúde pública global está entrando em uma nova era informacional através do uso de modelos espaciais para vetores/hospedeiros de doenças, impulsionados pelo uso de dados de sensoriamento remoto, para medir fatores ambientais e estruturais críticos na determinação de habitats de vetores de doenças, distribuições, ciclos de vida e interações com o hospedeiro. Os microclimas dos habitats vetoriais podem ser quantificados em termos do orçamento de energia superficial, medidos por satélites. As equações epidemiológicas (processos) podem ser adaptadas e modificadas para incorporar explicitamente fatores e interfaces ambientais requeridos por uma doença específica e o ciclo do seu vetor/hospedeiro. O sensoriamento remoto pode ser usado para medir ou avaliar, ou mesmo estimar tanto o ambiente (funções do seu estado) quanto a interface (funções de seus processos). É fundamental que os produtos de sensoriamento remoto sejam expressos de forma a integrá-los diretamente às equações epidemiológicas.

Child health promotion program in South Korea in collaboration with US National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Improvement in dietary and nutrition knowledge of young children

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Childhood obesity has become a global epidemic. Development of effective and sustainable programs to promote healthy behaviors from a young age is important. This study developed and tested an intervention program designed to promote healthy eating and physical activity among young children in South Korea by adaptation of the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Mission X (MX) Program. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The intervention program consisted of 4 weeks of fitness and 2 weeks of nutrition education. A sample of 104 subjects completed pre- and post-surveys on the Children's Nutrition Acknowledgement Test (NAT). Parents were asked for their children's characteristics and two 24-hour dietary records, the Nutrition Quotient (NQ) at baseline and a 6-week follow-up. Child weight status was assessed using Korean body mass index (BMI) percentiles. RESULTS: At baseline, 16.4% (boy: 15.4%; girl: 19.2%) of subjects were overweight or obese (based on BMI≥85%tile). Fat consumption significantly decreased in normal BMI children (48.6 ± 16.8 g at baseline to 41.9 ± 18.1 g after intervention, P < 0.05); total NQ score significantly increased from 66.4 to 67.9 (P < 0.05); total NAT score significantly improved in normal BMI children (74.3 at baseline to 81.9 after the program), children being underweight (from 71.0 to 77.0), and overweight children (77.1 at baseline vs. 88.2 after intervention, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The 6-week South Korean NASA MX project is feasible and shows favorable changes in eating behaviors and nutritional knowledge among young children.

Local production of specific IgE antibody to house dust mite in nasal polyp tissues / 천식및알레르기

OBJECTIVE: In order to confirm the local production of total and specific IgE antibodies in the nasal polyp tissues. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We measured total IgE and house dust mite(Dermatophagoides pteronpssinus .' DP)-specific IgE antibody using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) in the supernatant of nasal polyp homogenates from 72 subjects undergoing nasal polypectomy. The subjects were divided into three groups according to skin reactivity to DP: 20 strongly atopic subjects to group I(mean wheal diameter) 3mm), 19 weakly atopic subjects to group II (mean wheal diameter 1-3mm) and 33 negative skin responders to group III. RESULT: Group I showed significantly higher levels of total and DP-specific IgE levels in the nasa