Investigating effect of Faeces Bombycis on intestinal microflora in rats with syndrome of damp retention in middle-jiao by high-throughput sequencing / 中国中药杂志

The aim of this paper was to investigate the effect of Faeces Bombycis(FB) on the intestinal microflora in rats with syndrome of damp retention in middle-jiao, and to explore its mechanism in regulating intestinal microflora from the perspective of microorganisms contained in FB. The contents of antidiuretic hormone(ADH) and C-reactive protein(CRP) in serum and aquaporin 3(AQP3) in jejunum were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). Illumina Miseq platform was used for high-throughput sequencing of the rat feces and FB. The ELISA results showed that as compared with the normal control group, the contents of ADH and CRP in the model group were significantly increased(P<0.05), and the content of AQP3 was significantly decreased(P<0.05). After drug administration, the ADH, CRP and AQP3 contents were recovered. Sequencing of rat feces showed that the ACE, Chao1 and Shannon indexes of the intestinal microflora were the lowest in the model group. As compared with the normal control group, the levels from phylum to genus were all significantly changed in model group, and Proteobacteria, Acinetobacter, Anaerobacter, Pseudomonas, and Parabacteroides levels were significantly increased(P<0.05), while Marvinbryantia level was significantly decreased(P<0.05). As compared with the model group, Proteobacteria was significantly decreased in the FB low and high dose groups(P<0.05), and Acinetobacter, Anaerobacter, Pseudomonas, Parabacteroides levels were significantly decreased in the low, medium and high dose groups(P<0.05), while Lachnoanaerobaculum, Intestinimonas and Marvinbryantia were increased significantly in the high dose group(P<0.05). Sequencing analysis of FB showed that the relative abundance of Leclercia, Pantoea, Brachybacterium, Shimwellia, Hartmannibacter, Klebsiella, Serratia, Aurantimonas, Paenibacillus and Bacillus was high in the FB, but they were basically not present or little in the rat feces. In conclusion, FB may play a role in the treatment of "syndrome of damp retention in middle-jiao" by balancing the intestinal microflora, and this effect may be related to the metabolites of microorganisms in the FB.

Serum cystatin C is a sensitive early marker for changes in the glomerular filtration rate in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery

OBJECTIVE: Pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopy results in transient oliguria and decreased glomerular filtration and renal blood flow. The presence of oliguria and elevated serum creatinine is suggestive of acute renal injury. Serum cystatin C has been described as a new marker for the detection of this type of injury. In this study, our aim was to compare the glomerular filtration rate estimated using cystatin C levels with the rate estimated using serum creatinine in patients with normal renal function who were undergoing laparoscopic surgery. METHODS: In total, 41 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy or hiatoplasty were recruited for the study. Blood samples were collected at three time intervals: first, before intubation (T1); second, 30 minutes after the establishment of pneumoperitoneum (T2); and third, 30 minutes after deflation of the pneumoperitoneum (T3). These blood samples were then analyzed for serum cystatin C, creatinine, and vasopressin. The Larsson formula was used to calculate the glomerular filtration rate based on the serum cystatin C levels, and the Cockcroft-Gault formula was used to calculate the glomerular filtration rate according to the serum creatinine levels. RESULTS: Serum cystatin C levels increased during the study (T1 = T2<T3; p<0.05), whereas serum creatinine levels decreased (T1 = T2>T3; p<0.05). The calculated eGlomerular filtration rate-Larsson decreased, whereas the eGlomerular filtration rate-Cockcroft-Gault increased. There was no correlation between cystatin C and serum creatinine. Additionally, Pearson's analysis showed a better correlation between serum cystatin C and the eGlomerular filtration rate than between serum creatinine and the eGlomerular filtration rate. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that serum cystatin C is a more sensitive indicator of changes in the glomerular filtration rate than serum creatinine is in patients with normal ...

Hyponatremia and brain injury: absence of alterations of serum brain natriuretic peptide and vasopressin / Hiponatremia e traumatismo cranioencefálico: ausência de alteração sanguínea do peptídeo natriurético cerebral e hormônio antidiurético

OBJECTIVE: To study any possible relation between hyponatremia following brain injury and the presence of cerebral salt-wasting syndrome (CSWS) or the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), and if vasopressin, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and aldosterone have a role in its mechanism. METHOD: Patients with brain injury admitted to the intensive care unit were included and had their BNP, aldosterone and vasopressin levels dosed on day 7. RESULTS: Twenty six adult patients were included in the study. Nine (34.6 percent) had hyponatremia and presented with a negative water balance and higher values of urinary sodium, serum potassium and diuresis than patients with normonatremia. The serum levels of BNP, aldosterone, and vasopressin were normal and no relation was observed between plasma sodium and BNP, aldosterone or vasopressin. CONCLUSION: The most likely cause of hyponatremia was CSWS and there was no correlation between BNP, aldosterone and vasopressin with serum sodium level.

OBJETIVO: Estudar a possível relação entre a hiponatremia seguindo traumatismo cranioencefálico e a presença da síndrome cerebral perdedora de sal (SCPS) ou a síndrome da secreção inapropriada do hormônio antidiurético (SSIHAD), e se a vasopressina, peptídeo natriurético cerebral (BNP) e aldosterona têm um papel nesse mecanismo. MÉTODO: Foram incluídos pacientes com traumatismo cranioencefálico admitidos na unidade de terapia intensiva e foram dosados no sétimo dia seguindo o trauma, BNP, aldosterona e vasopressina. RESULTADOS: Vinte e seis pacientes foram incluídos no estudo. Nove (34,6 por cento) tiveram hiponatremia e apresentaram um balanço hídrico mais negativo e altos valores de sódio urinário, potássio sérico e diurese quando comparados com o grupo que apresentou normonatremia. Os níveis séricos de BNP, aldosterona e vasopressina foram normais e não foi observada relação entre o sódio sérico e BNP, aldosterona e vasopressina. CONCLUSÃO: A causa mais provável da hiponatremia foi a SCPS e não houve correlação entre BNP, aldosterona e vasopressina com o nível sérico de sódio.

Central actions of glucocorticoids in the control of body fluid homeostasis: review

The involvement of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the control of body fluid homeostasis has been extensively investigated in the past few years. In the present study, we reviewed the recent results obtained using different approaches to investigate the effects of glucocorticoids on the mechanisms of oxytocin and vasopressin synthesis and secretion in response to acute and chronic plasma volume and osmolality changes. The data presented here suggest that glucocorticoids are not only involved in the mechanisms underlying the fast release but also in the transcriptional events that lead to decreased synthesis and secretion of these neuropeptides, particularly oxytocin, under diverse experimental conditions of altered fluid volume and tonicity. The endocannabinoid system, through its effects on glutamatergic neurotransmission within the hypothalamus and the nuclear factor κB-mediated transcriptional activity, seems to be also involved in the specific mechanisms by which glucocorticoids exert their central effects on neurohypophyseal hormone synthesis and secretion.

Vasopressin serum levels and disorders of sodium and water balance in patients with severe brain injury

BACKGROUND: Disorders of water and sodium balance are frequently seen in patients with severe brain injury (SBI), and may worsen their prognosis. PURPOSE: To evaluate vasopressin (AVP) serum levels and sodium and water balance disorders during the first week post-injury in patients with SBI. METHOD: Thirty-six adult patients with SBI (admission Glasgow Coma Scale score < 8) and an estimated time of injury < 72 hours were prospectively studied. Clinical and laboratory data were recorded and AVP was measured in venous blood samples collected on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 5th days following inclusion. RESULTS: AVP serum levels remained within the normal range in SBI patients (either traumatic or non-traumatic), although tended to be greater in non-survivor than in survivor patients (p=0.025 at 3rd day). In-hospital mortality was 43 percent (15/36), and serum sodium and plasma osmolality variabilities were greater in non-survivor than in survivor patients during the observation period (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: AVP serum levels remained within the normal range values in these SBI patients, but those who died have shown higher incidence of abnormal sodium and water balance during the first week post-injury.

ANTECEDENTES: Desordens do balanço de água e sódio são frequentemente vistas em pacientes com lesão cerebral grave (LCG), podendo agravar o prognóstico. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os níveis séricos de vasopressina (AVP) e a incidência de distúrbios da água e sódio na primeira semana pós-lesão em pacientes com LCG. MÉTODO: Trinta e seis pacientes adultos com LCG (pontuação inicial na escala de coma de Glasgow < 8) e tempo estimado de lesão < 72h foram estudados prospectivamente. Dados laboratoriais e clínicos foram registrados e os níveis séricos de AVP foram mensurados no 1º, 2º, 3º e 5º dias pós-inclusão. RESULTADOS: A AVP manteve-se dentro da faixa de normalidade nestes pacientes, mas mostrando-se proporcionalmente mais elevada nos pacientes que não sobreviveram (p=0,025 no 3º dia). A mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi 43 por cento (15/36) e as variações do sódio e osmolalidade plasmáticos foram maiores nos pacientes que não sobreviveram durante o período de observação (p<0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Os níveis séricos de AVP mantiveram-se dentro da faixa de normalidade nestes pacientes com LCG, mas aqueles não sobreviventes mostraram maior incidência de anormalidades do balanço de água e sódio durante a primeira semana de evolução.

Efeitos hemodinâmicos e metabólicos da infusão de vasopressina em crianças com choque: [revisão] / Hemodynamic and metabolic effects of vasopressin infusion in children with shock: [review]

OBJETIVO: A vasopressina é um hormônio neuropeptídico utilizado clinicamente há mais de 50 anos, com papel importante na homeostase circulatória e na regulação da osmolalidade sérica. Seu papel no tratamento do choque vem recebendo ênfase recentemente. Foram revisadas a fisiologia deste neuro-hormônio e as evidências disponíveis para sua utilização no contexto de choque com vasodilatação na criança. FONTES DOS DADOS: MEDLINE, usando os termos vasopressin, vasodilation, shock, septic shock, e sinônimos e termos relacionados, além de publicações clássicas referentes ao tema, sendo escolhidas as mais representativas. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: A vasopressina é sintetizada na neuro-hipófise e liberada em resposta à diminuição da volemia ou ao aumento da osmolalidade plasmática. A ação da vasopressina dá-se pela ativação de vários receptores acoplados à proteína G, os quais são classificados, de acordo com sua localização e rotas de transmissão intracelular, em receptores V1 (ou V1b), V2 e V3 (ou V1b) e por receptores de ocitocina. A função central da vasopressina é causar vasoconstrição, embora, em determinados órgãos, possa promover vasodilatação seletiva. Diversos estudos clínicos em adultos e crianças apontam efeitos benéficos e seguros da vasopressina no tratamento do choque com vasodilatação por diversas causas. CONCLUSÃO: As evidências são restritas, os estudos na maioria são retrospectivos e com número reduzido de pacientes, mas já há uma experiência bastante significativa no que diz respeito a seu uso em pediatria. A vasopressina possui um efeito clinico benéfico na criança e pode ser indicada no tratamento do choque refratário com vasodilatação, depois de adequada reposição volêmica e quando altas doses de outros vasopressores não foram eficazes.

OBJECTIVE:Vasopressin is a neuropeptide hormone which has been used clinically for more than 50 years and plays a major role in circulatory homeostasis and in the regulation of serum osmolality. Recent work has emphasized its role in the treatment of septic shock. This paper reviews the physiology of this neurohormone and the available evidence in favor of its use as a vasodilator for children in shock. SOURCES: MEDLINE, using the terms vasopressin, vasodilation, shock and septic shock, plus synonyms and related terms. Classic publications on the topic were also reviewed and selected depending on their relevance to the study objectives. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: Vasopressin is synthesized in the neurohypophysis and released in response to a decrease in plasma volume or an increase in serum osmolality. The action of vasopressin is mediated by the activation of oxytocin receptors and of several G protein-coupled receptors, which are classified according to their location and intracellular transmission routes as V1 receptors (or V1b), V2 and V3 receptors (or V1b). The main role of vasopressin is to induce vasoconstriction. However, in certain organs, it can also induce selective vasodilation. Several clinical studies in adults and children have reported that the effects of vasopressin for the treatment of vasodilatory septic shock, due to a variety of causes, are both beneficial and safe. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence is restricted. Most studies are retrospective and include a small number of patients. Nevertheless, there is significant experience concerning the use of vasopressin in Pediatrics. Vasopressin has a beneficial clinical effect in children and can be indicated in the treatment of refractory vasodilatory shock, after adequate volume resuscitation and when high doses of other vasopressors are not effective.

Efeitos da dexmedetomidina sobre o sistema renal e sobre a concentração plasmática do hormônio antidiurético: estudo experimental em cães / Effects of dexmedetomidine on renal system and on vasopressin plasma levels: experimental study in dogs

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A insuficiência renal aguda peri-operatória é responsável por elevada taxa de morbidade e mortalidade. Os fármacos alfa2-agonistas aumentam o débito urinário e promovem boa estabilidade hemodinâmica nesse período. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar os efeitos renais e sobre a concentração plasmática do hormônio antidiurético (HAD) provocados pela dexmedetomidina no cão anestesiado. MÉTODO: Trinta e seis cães adultos, anestesiados com propofol, fentanil e isoflurano, foram divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos que receberam, de modo encoberto: G1 - injeção de 20 mL de solução de cloreto de sódio a 0,9 por cento, em 10 minutos, seguida de injeção de 20 mL da mesma solução em uma hora; G2 - injeção de 20 mL de solução de cloreto de sódio a 0,9 por cento contendo dexmedetomidina (1 æg.kg-1), em 10 minutos, seguida de injeção de 20 mL da mesma solução, com a mesma dose de dexmedetomidina (1 æg.kg-1), em uma hora e G3 - injeção de 20 mL de solução de cloreto de sódio a 0,9 por cento contendo dexmedetomidina (2 æg.kg-1) em 10 minutos, seguida de injeção de 20 mL da mesma solução, com a mesma dose de dexmedetomidina (2 æg.kg-1), em uma hora. As variáveis renais, hemodinâmicas e a concentração plasmática do HAD foram estudadas em quatro momentos: M1 (controle) - imediatamente após o período de estabilização; M2 - após a injeção inicial de 20 mL da solução em estudo, em 10 minutos, coincidindo com o início da injeção da mesma solução, em uma hora; M3 - 30 minutos após M2 e M4 - 30 minutos após M3. RESULTADOS: A dexmedetomidina reduziu a freqüência cardíaca e promoveu estabilidade hemodinâmica, mantendo constante o débito cardíaco. Houve elevação do débito urinário no G2 e G3, em comparação com o G1. A osmolalidade urinária no G2 e G3 foi menor no M3 e M4 em relação ao M1 e M2. A depuração de água livre aumentou no G3. A concentração plasmática do HAD diminuiu no G3, apresentando valores mais baixos que os observados no G1 e G2 em M2 e M4. CONCLUSÕES: Os cães anestesiados com baixas doses de dexmedetomidina promovem diurese hídrica por inibir a secreção do hormônio antidiurético, havendo potencial para proteção renal em eventos isquêmicos.

Fluid regulation and A.D.H. in rat oestrus cycle; the effect of difluoromethyl ornithine [demo] and oestradiol

Plasma ADH concentration have been shown to fluctuate during the oestrus cycle of the rat and following ovariectomy. Oestradiol is also known to participate in the regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance. To determine how these variations in ADH and oestradiol concentrations are related to fluid balance, studies have been carried out in the overiectomized female rats injected subcutaneously daily with oestradiol benzoate [50 [micro]g/rat] and specific inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase [ODC]; difuormethylorithine [DEMO 20 mg/100 g.b.w] for 7 days. The animals were housed in individual metabolism cages under 12 hr dark regimen with free excess to food and water. Urine samples to determine volume were obtained and food and water intake recorded at 8:00-9:00 and 17:00-18:00 hr. Plasma samples for determination of ADH levels by radioimmunoassay were taken. In DFMO and cestradiol benzoate treated rats, food and water intake were reduced during both dark and light periods compared with vehicle treated rats. But more urine output was observed in these animals. The result of this study indicate decreased water retention in the drug treated animals as compared to the controls. The observations of this study have shown that the underlying cause of fluid retention in the cycling rat during pro-oestrus may the oestradiol dependent elevation of the ADH levels. Furthermore, this increase in ODC activity in the hypothalamic neurons is part of mechanism underlying the oestradiol induced ADH release

Fluid balance: changes in cycling rats treated with difluoro-methyl-ornithine [DFMO] during the pro-oestrus.

Plasma vesopressin levels have been shown to fluctuate through out the rat oestrus cycle and following ovariectomy. To determine how these fluctuations in vesopressin are related to fluid regulations during the rat oestrus cycle. Studies have been carried out in cycling females rats using a specific inhibitor of Ornithine Decarboxylase [ODC], Di-fluoro-methyl Ornithine [DFMO 20 mg/100g body weight], the animals were housed in individual metabolism cages under 12 hours light/12 hour dark regimen with free access to food and water. Urine samples were collected to determine the osmolality and sodium concentration at 8.00 and 17.00-18.00 hours. The results of this study indicate a significant decrease in urine osmolality and sodium retention in the cycling pro-oestrus rats treated with DFMO as compared to the controls. The result of this study indicates that cause of fluid retention in the cycling rats during pro-oestrus may be the oestradiol dependent increased levels of vesopressin and the increase in the ODC activity in the Magno-cellular neurons is the part of mechanism underlying the oestradiol induced Vesopressin release

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion [SIADH] in a pediatric ICU

Fifty hyponatremic children were recruited from those who have been admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit [PICU] at Ain Shams University hospitals in a 4 month period. Their ages ranged between 5 months and 9 years. They were 27 males and 23 females. The fifty cases were categorized under 3 clinical groups; pneumonia [19], status asthmaticus [17] and meningitis [14]. All cases were subjected to measurement of serum and urinary sodium as well as serum and urine osmolality in addition to clinical and laboratory evaluation of the underlying disease. It was found that SIADH is a common cause of hyponatermia in the PICU [60%] with more prevalence among cases of meningitis group. However severity of SIDAH does not vary with the cause or severity of the underlying disease. We conclude that SIADH should be considered a common problem in PICU especially among hyponatermic cases. Therefore routine measurement of urinary sodium and osmolalities of both serum and urine are recommended in hyponatremic cases admitted to PICU so as to pick up those who would pass to SIADH and hence adequately managed

Síndrome hepatorrenal / Hepatorenal syndrome

In this article the author presents the definition, clinical features, laboratory findings, patho-physiology and management of the hepatorrenal syndrome

Fluid regulation and ADH in rat oestrous: the effects of oestradiol

To determine how fluctuations in vasopressin are related to fluid balance, studies were carried out in ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats injected daily with either vehicle or oestradiol benzoate [50, micro g/rat] for 14 days. The animals were housed individually under 12 Light/12 h dark regimen with free access to food and water. Inputs and outputs were recorded and urine samples obtained to determine volume and osmolality. Plasma vasopressin levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. In the oestradiol benzoate-treated rats, food and water intakes were reduced during both dark and light periods compared with vehicle-treated rats. Urine output showed a similar pattern of changes and appeared to be related to the vasopressin concentrations. Urine osmolality also correlated with the plasma vasopressin levels. These results indicate water retention in oestradiol benzoate-treated rats, and that Oestradiol - induced increase in vasopressin may play a role in this fluid retention

Effect of tamoxifen on plasma arginine vasopressen levels

Ovariectomy of the mature female rat results in a fall in the plasma vasopressin concentration, although the ovarian content of the hormone is low. To investigate this further, functional ovariectomy was done in the rats by administration of an anti-oestrogen acting drug [Tamoxifen]. Studies performed on female rats indicated significant reductions in uterine weight and plasma vasopressin levels. The uterine weights decreased from 206.9 mg /100 gm body weight in control group to 142.2 mg /100 gm body weight in experimental group. Plasma vasopressin levels decreased from 1.15 microunits / ml in the control group to 0.38 microunits /ml in the experimental group. The study confirms that like surgically ovariectomized rats, functional ovariectomy also causes decreases in uterine weights and plasma vasopressin levels

Intermittent negative pressure ventilation may increase urine flow in normal subjects

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da ventilaçäo por pressäo negativa intermitente (NPV) na funçäo renal, estudamos vinte indivíduos voluntários normais (idade média de 29 ñ 41 anos). A NPV foi obtida utilizando-se um respirador "Emerson Chest Respirator Pump" o qual foi ajustado para assegurar freqüência de 10 respiraçöes por minuto com relaçäo de tempo inspiratório total de 0,4 e pressäo negativa de 25 cm de água. O protocolo experimental foi desenvolvido em 2 fases com duraçäo de duas horas cada - fase de respiraçäo espontânea e fase de respiraçäo com NPV. No final de cada fase, foi medido o volume urinário e coletado sangue para as determinaçöes bioquímicas. Durante a NPV houve um aumento significante do fluxo urinário (p<0,05) (1,42 ñ 0,81 para 2,76 ñ 1,95 ml/min), da natriurese (258 ñ 201 para 389 ñ 175 mcEq/min), da caliurese (61 ñ 45 para 98 ñ 49mcEq/min), da fraçäo de excreçäo de sódio (1,38 ñ 1,82 para 4,32 ñ 1,24 ml/min) e do pH (7,37 ñ para 7,41 ñ 0,07). Os clearances de creatinina e de água livre näo se alteraram significativamente. Concluímos que a respiraçäo com NPV aumenta o fluxo urinário, a caliurese, porém nossos dados näo nos permite explicar a origem destes achados

role of the cerebellum in the control of plasma vasopressin in hypotensive haemorrhage

A study was made in anaesthetized cats of the relative roles of buffer nerves and the fastigial nucleus of the cerebellum in the increased release of ADH following haemorrhage in intact cats, a haemorrhage of 20 cc/kg resulted in a significant increase in plasma ADH titer. nevers sectioning resulted in a marked but transient increase in plasma ADH titer, stimulation of the nucleus fastigius of the cerebellum which has a Cardiovascular pressor effect produced a significat decrease in ADH titer, suggesting, for the first time, that the nucleus fastigus of the cerebellum through its sympathoexcitatory pressor pathway is involved in the fluid and electrolyte balance

Fluid balance in cycling and ovariectomised rats treated with estradiol benzoate

Plasma vasopressin levels have been shown to vary throughout the rat oestrus cycle and following ovariectomy. To determine how the fluctuations in vasopressin are related to fluid balance, studies have been carried out in ovariectomized female Sprague-Dawley rats injected subcutaneously daily with either vehicle or oestradiol benzoate [100 ug/100 g.b.w] for 14 days. The animals were housed in individual metabolism cages under 12 hours light/12 h dark regime, with free access to food and water. Urine samples to determine volume, osmolality, and electrolytes concentration were obtained and food a water intake recorded at 8.00-9.00 and 17.00-18.00 h. Plasma samples for determination of plasma volume, plasma vasopressin levels by radioimmunoassay and haematocrit were taken. In the oestradiol benzoate treated rats, food and water intake were reduced during both dark and light periods compared with vehicle treated rats. However, after about 9 days there was little difference between the two groups Urine output showed a similar pattern of changes and appeared to be related to the vasopressin concentrations. Urine osmolality also correlated with the plasma vasopressin levels. The results of 1 study indicate water and electrolytes retention in oestradiol benzoate treated rats and oestradiol induct increase in vasopressin may play a role in this fluid retention

Depressäo, antidepressivos e alteraçöes endócrinas / Depressión, antidepressive agents and endocrinological alterations

O autor faz uma revisäo sobre os principais aspectos endocrinológicos que acompanham os quadros depressivos de tipo endógeno, a repercussäo do tratamento com antidepressivos sobre o sistema hormonal e a possibilidade de utilizaçäo diagnóstica e terapêutica dessas alteraçöes