Grading angiogenesis in oral squamous cell carcinoma: A histomorphometric study.

Context: Like normal tissues, tumors require an adequate supply of oxygen, metabolites and an effective way to remove waste products. This is achieved by angiogenesis, which is defined as the process by which new blood vessels are produced by sprouting from preexisting vasculature. There is a large spectrum of physiological and pathological processes in which angiogenesis occur, ranging from tissue hypertrophy, wound healing, and inflammation to tumors. Aims: The present study was designed to morphometrically evaluate the angiogenesis in different grades of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) under light microscope by the use of H and E stained sections and to assess that whether the parameters of vascularity like mean vascular density (MVD), mean vascular area (MVA), and total vascular area (TVA) can be used to histologically grade the tumors. Subjects and Methods: A total of 10 cases each of well‑, moderately‑ and poorly‑differentiated SCC cases were retrieved from the archives of the Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology and were morphometrically analyzed for mean vascular density (MVD), MVA, and TVA. Ten cases of normal oral mucosa were taken as Control. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 19.0 version (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) software for windows. Group mean for MVD, TVA and MVA were calculated for 10 cases of each group. “Student’s t‑test” was applied to assess the intergroup variation of mean values of MVD, TVA, and MVA. Results: Our results showed significant differences between all the three parameters, that is, MVD, MVA and TVA when poorly differentiated OSCC was compared with the normal mucosa, well‑ and moderately‑differentiated OSCC. However, when comparison was made between the well‑ and moderately‑differentiated OSCC, the differences in the three parameters were present but not statistically significant. Conclusion: There was an increased MVD, MVA and TVA in poorly differentiated OSCC, which could be used as an additional criterion to histologically grade the tumor.

D2-40, a novel lymphatic endothelial marker: identification of lymphovascular invasion and relationship with axillary metastases in breast cancer

BACKGROUND: Studies of lymphatic vessels were limited by the lack of specific markers. Recently, they have become possible due to the release of new D2-40 antibody, a selective marker for lymphatic endothelium. The aim of our study was to compare neoplastic invasion in lymphatic and blood vessels detected in hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemistry-stained sections. METHODOLOGY: A total of 123 cases of invasive mammary carcinomas were studied and sorted out into three subgroups according to axillary staging (macrometastasis, micrometastasis and lymph node negative). Lymphatic vessel invasion (LVI) and blood vessel invasion (BVI) were initially evaluated in histological H&E and immunohistochemistry-stained sequential sections. Lymphatic and blood vessel invasions were assessed by immunohistochemistry, employing D2-40 and CD31 antibodies, respectively. LVI and BVI were related to size, type, histologic grade of primary tumors, and the presence of metastasis. RESULTS: LVI was detected through H&E staining procedure in 17/123 cases (13.8 percent), and through immunohistochemistry procedure in 35/123 cases (28.5 percent) (kappa = 0.433). BVI was detected through H&E in 5/123 cases (4.1 percent), and through immunohistochemistry in 19/123 cases (15.4 percent) (kappa = 0.198). LVI and BVI were positively related to higher histologic grade of primary tumors (p < 0.05). LVI was also positively related to the presence of macrometastasis. CONCLUSION: The detection of lymphatic and blood vessel invasions through immunohistochemistry employing D2-40 and CD31 was higher than the detection through H&E, and it was related to higher tumor grade and metastasis in axillary lymph nodes.

INTRODUÇÃO: Estudos de vasos linfáticos eram limitados pela ausência de marcadores endoteliais linfáticos específicos. Recentemente, eles se tornaram possíveis após liberação comercial do novo anticorpo D2-40, marcador seletivo para endotélio linfático. O objetivo do nosso estudo foi comparar invasão neoplásica em vasos linfáticos e sanguíneos detectada em secções coradas pela hematoxilina e eosina (HE) e imuno-histoquímica (IIQ). MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 123 casos de carcinomas mamários invasores subdivididos em três subgrupos de acordo com o estadiamento axilar: macrometástases (Mac-Met), micrometástases (Mic-Met) e linfonodo negativo (LNN). Invasão de vasos linfáticos (IVL) e de vasos sangüíneos (IVS) foi inicialmente avaliada em secções histológicas coradas pela HE e através da IIQ realizada em cortes seqüenciais. A invasão de vasos linfáticos e sanguíneos foi avaliada pela imuno-histoquímica, empregando-se respectivamente os anticorpos D2-40, e CD31. IVL e IVS foram relacionadas com tamanho tumoral, tipo e grau histológico dos tumores primários e com a presença de metástases. RESULTADOS: IVL foi observada pela HE em 17/123 casos (13,8 por cento) e pela IIQ em 35/123 casos (28,5 por cento) (kappa = 0,433). IVS foi observada pela HE em 5/123 casos (4,1 por cento) e pela IIQ em 19/123 casos (15,4 por cento) (kappa = 0,198). IVL e IVS estavam positivamente relacionadas com maior grau histológico dos tumores primários (p < 0,05). IVL também estava positivamente relacionada com a presença de macrometástases. CONCLUSÃO: A detecção IIQ, respectivamente por D2-40 e CD31, de invasão de vasos linfáticos e sanguíneos foi maior que a detecção feita em cortes corados pela HE e relacionou-se com maior grau tumoral e metástases em linfonodos axilares.

Vessel-tissues mutual relations in rat's gonad and their changes at kotoran's action

The analysis of influence of harmful factors of the environment on the organism of the person and animals shows, that among bodies the most sensitive to this influence are sexual gland, is especial gonads [6]. In some cases they are bodies - targets [4]. The important role in development and formation of gonads structure is played blood vessels [1,2,3]. They primarily and more intensively react to the action of various adverse factors [5,6]. However it is necessary to note, that in these researches the age dynamics in formation of blood vessels of the gonad and interrelation between character of distribution of vessels and the organization of the follicular device of the gonad is insufficiently covered. There are no facts on changes in blood vessels of reproductive bodies in posterity at influence of pesticides on a parent organism. Jet changes of blood vessels are not completely investigated depending on a place of their localization. There is no precise representation about connection of vascular changes with the certain stage in development and becoming of reproductive bodies and at influence on them harmful substances in early postnatal ontogenesis