Exposição ao uso da lenha para cocção no Brasil e sua relação com os agravos à saúde da população / Exposure to the use of firewood for cooking in Brazil and its relation with the health problems of the population

Resumo A poluição do ar em ambientes fechados é agravada pela queima de lenha em fogões rústicos e ambientes pouco ventilados. A exposição aos poluentes emitidos por este tipo de combustível resulta no aumento da morbidade e da mortalidade. No Brasil, os estudos e as estimativas são escassos. Visando entender esta problemática, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o uso de lenha utilizando as séries de dados das agências governamentais para estimar o número de pessoas expostas. Os resultados apontam que a lenha é o segundo combustível mais usado para cozinhar, sendo utilizada por uma parcela significativa da população, em torno de 30 milhões de brasileiros. Um fator decisivo no maior uso deste combustível é o nível socioeconômico da população associada ao preço do gás liquefeito de petróleo (GLP). Os estudos realizados no país registraram concentrações altas de partículas durante a queima da lenha, excedendo os limites sugeridos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Também foram observadas associações entre a exposição aos poluentes gerados pela queima e o agravamento dos mais diversos problemas de saúde, dentre eles doenças respiratórias e câncer. A substituição da lenha e outros combustíveis sólidos por combustíveis mais limpos deve ser a meta do governo para minimizar custos com a saúde.

Abstract Indoor air pollution is exacerbated by the burning of firewood in rustic stoves and poorly ventilated environments. Exposure to the pollutants emitted by this type of fuel results in increased morbidity and mortality. In Brazil, studies and estimates regarding these conditions are scarce. In order to understand this problem, the objective of this work was to investigate the use of firewood using the data series of government agencies to estimate the number of exposed people. The results indicated that firewood is the second most used fuel for cooking, being used by a significant portion of the population, more than 30 million Brazilians. A decisive factor in the increased use of this fuel is the socioeconomic level of the population associated with the price of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). The studies carried out in the country recorded high concentrations of particles during firewood burning, exceeding the limits suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO). Associations were also observed between the exposure to the pollutants generated by the burning and the aggravation of health problems, among them respiratory diseases and cancer. Replacing fuelwood and other solid fuels with cleaner fuels should be the government's goal to minimize health costs.

Indoor Air Quality in the Hospital: The Influence of Heating, Ventilating and Conditioning Systems

Abstract Clean, fresh air is the most important requirement for good indoor air quality (IAQ) in all buildings, but it is especially important with regard to the environments within hospitals and other healthcare facilities. The literature indicates that buildings with heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems may have an increased risk of sick building syndrome (SBS) and building-related illness (BRI) if they are not well maintained. Microorganisms are brought into hospitals by people, air currents, water, construction materials and equipment. The main objective of this study was to assess the degree of fungal and bacterial contamination in the University Clinical Centre in Banja Luka, which is directly connected to the HVAC system. Airborne bacteria and fungi in the indoor hospital environment were assessed experimentally. Air samples were collected during the winter season. This paper presents the results related to the concentration of microorganisms expressed in colony forming units per cubic metre of air sampled (in CFU/m3) together with the microclimatic parameters temperature and relative humidity. The results of monitoring indicate the effectiveness of HVAC systems in reducing microbiological contamination.

Calidad del aire en edificios destinados a oficinas: parámetros y estándares de diseño y gestión para una ventilación eficiente / Air quality in buildings intended for offices: parameters and design and management standards for an efficient ventilation

Nuestra experiencia en evaluación de sistemas de ventilación existentes en edificios destinados a trabajos de oficina nos ha permitido detectar con una frecuencia relativamente alta problemas relacionados con el diseño y gestión de estos sistemas, que dificultan la obtención de ambientes sanos y confortables. En cuanto al diseño, éste requiere considerar las bases, parámetros y estándares que permitan obtener de ellos las condiciones que las personas necesitan y, una vez logrado lo anterior, la gestión correspondiente para controlar su aplicación y existencia permanente, que implica la evaluación periódica de los parámetros a través de mediciones y dispositivos de observación, así como de regulación y mantención de sus elementos constituyentes. Los resultados de las mediciones de estos parámetros deben ser verificados con estándares nacionales o internacionales reconocidos, utilizados en el diseño.

Our experience in evaluation of ventilation systems installed in buildings intended for offices has allowed us to detect rather frequent problems related to the design and management of these systems, which hamper the achievement of healthy and comfortable environments. With regard to design, it is necessary to consider the bases, parameters and standards that allow the achievement of the conditions that people require, and once this has been achieved, the corresponding management for controlling its application and continuous existence that implies the periodic evaluation of parameters through measurements and observation devices, as well as the regulation and maintenance of its constituent elements. The results of the measurements of these parameters must be verified with recognized national or international standards used in the design.

Avaliaçäo dos sistemas de ventilaçäo local exaustora - Instituto Adolfo Lutz. Divisäo de Bromatologia e Química: relatório técnico / Evaluation of local exhauster ventilation - Instituto Adolfo Lutz. Division of Bromatologie and Chemistry: technical report

Levantamento qualitativo e quantitativo dos sistemas de ventilaçäo local exaustora instalados nos laboratórios da Divisäo de Bromatologia e Química do Instituto Adolfo Lutz. Este relatório sintetiza os dados considerados, os resultados das avaliaçöes, conclusöes e recomendaçöes necessárias para a melhoria das condiçöes de trabalho