Consumption of vegetables and their relation with ultra-processed foods in Brazil / Consumo de hortaliças e sua relação com os alimentos ultraprocessados no Brasil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To characterize the household purchase and the individual consumption of vegetables in Brazil and to analyze their relation with the consumption of ultra-processed foods. METHODS We have used data on the purchase of food for household consumption and individual consumption from the 2008-2009 Brazilian Household Budget Survey. The Brazilian Household Budget Survey studied the purchase of food of 55,970 households and the food consumption of 34,003 individuals aged 10 years and over. The foods of interest in this study were vegetables (excluding roots and tubers) and ultra-processed foods. We have described the amount of vegetables (grams) purchased and consumed by all Brazilians and according to the quintiles of caloric intake of ultra-processed food. To this end, we have calculated the crude and predicted values obtained by regression models adjusted for sociodemographic variables. We have analyzed the most commonly purchased types of vegetables (% in the total amount) and, in relation to individual food consumption, the variety of vegetables consumed (absolute number), the participation (%) of the types of culinary preparations based on vegetables, and the time of consumption. RESULTS The adjusted mean household purchase of vegetables was 42.9 g/per capita/day. The adjusted mean individual consumption was 46.1 g. There was an inverse relation between household purchase and individual consumption of vegetables and ultra-processed foods. Ten types of vegetables account for more than 80% of the total amount usually purchased. The variety consumed was, on average, 1.08 type/per capita/day. Approximately 60% of the vegetables were eaten raw, and the amount consumed at lunch was twice that consumed at dinner; individuals with higher consumption of ultra-processed foods tended to consume even less vegetables at dinner. CONCLUSIONS The consumption of vegetables in Brazil is insufficient, and this is worse among individuals with higher consumption of ultra-processed foods. The most frequent habit was to consume raw vegetables at lunch and with limited variety.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Caracterizar a aquisição domiciliar e o consumo alimentar individual de hortaliças no Brasil e analisar sua relação com o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados. MÉTODOS Foram utilizados dados de aquisição de alimentos para consumo no domicílio e de consumo alimentar individual da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2008-2009. A Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares estudou a aquisição de alimentos de 55.970 domicílios e o consumo alimentar de 34.003 indivíduos com 10 anos ou mais de idade. Os alimentos de interesse neste estudo foram as hortaliças (excluindo raízes e tubérculos) e os alimentos ultraprocessados. A quantidade de hortaliças (gramas) adquiridas e consumidas foi descrita para o conjunto dos brasileiros e segundo quintos da participação calórica de alimentos ultraprocessados na alimentação. Para tanto, foram calculados os valores brutos e preditos, obtidos por modelos de regressão ajustados por variáveis sociodemográficas. Analisaram-se os tipos mais adquiridos de hortaliças (% na quantidade total) e, em relação ao consumo alimentar individual, a variedade de hortaliças consumidas (número absoluto), a participação (%) dos tipos de preparação culinária à base de hortaliças e os horários de consumo. RESULTADOS A aquisição domiciliar média ajustada de hortaliças foi 42,9 g/per capita/dia. O consumo individual médio ajustado foi 46,1 g. Verificou-se relação inversa entre aquisição domiciliar e consumo individual de hortaliças e de alimentos ultraprocessados. Dez tipos de hortaliças respondem por mais de 80% da quantidade total habitualmente adquirida. A variedade consumida foi, em média, 1,08 tipo/per capita/dia. Cerca de 60% das hortaliças foram consumidas cruas, sendo a quantidade consumida no almoço duas vezes maior que aquela do jantar e indivíduos com maior consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados tenderam a consumir quantidade ainda menor de hortaliças no jantar. CONCLUSÕES O consumo de hortaliças no Brasil é insuficiente, sendo pior entre indivíduos com maior consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados. O hábito mais frequente foi consumir hortaliças cruas, no almoço e com limitada variedade.

Custo estimado de hortaliças folhosas minimamente processadas e hortaliças folhosas verdes in natura processadas em uma UAN no interior do Rio Grande do Sul

A Unidade de Alimentação e Nutrição (UAN) estudada pertence a uma concessionária do interior do Rio Grande do Sul, onde são servidas diariamente 255 refeições. O estudo foi observacional descritivo, transversal, sendo realizado no período de 17 de julho a 26 de julho de 2012. A inovação relacionada a produtos alimentícios de origem vegetal, faz com que os embalados sejam uma alternativa atrativa prática e segura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a diferença do custo estimado de hortaliças pré-preparadas com hortaliças folhos as minimamente processadas em uma unidade de alimentação e nutrição no interior do Rio Grande do Sul. As hortaliças avaliadas foram: alface crespa, americana e lisa (Lactuca sativa L.) e rúcula (Eruca sativa L.). Foram incluídos na pesquisa as hortaliças folhosas verdes que apresentavam alto Fator de Correção (FC) e que eram higienizadas na Unidade de Alimentação e servidas pelo menos quatro vezes na semana para comparação com as hortaliças minimamente processadas. Foram excluídos aquelas que necessitavam de cocção e as hortaliças folhosas que não eram comercializados minimamente processadas. Foram acompanhados por cinco dias consecutivos o recebimento, pré-preparo (descarte de partes não comestíveis), higienização até a distribuição. A análise estatística foi realizada através de média e desvio padrão entre os pesos das hortaliças folhosas verdes e os valores das mesmas avaliadas na UAN. A média diária de hortaliças folhosas verdes recebidas na UAN foi de 7,245 Kg com ± 2,639 Kg, foram servidas após o descarte em média 5,395 kg ao dia com ± 2,650Kg. Conclui-se que mesmo a hortaliça minimante processada teve seu valor 68,04% a mais em relação a hortaliça in natura pré-preparada na UAN.

The Food and Nutrition Unit (FNU) studied belongs to a dealer in the countryside of Rio Grande do Sul where 255 meals are served daily. The study was observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, being conducted between from July 17th to July 26th, 2012. Vegetables are often grown in vegetable garden and makes up part edible stems and leaves, as in the case of hardwood and can be used. The food production market is growing and with this comes the technological innovation joining the practicality and the biotechnology in order to reach cheaper and safer food concerning the customers health. The innovation related to vegetal origin food-stuffs makes the ready cooked meals became a practical and safe attractive alternative. The aim of this task was to compare the difference between the estimated cost of the pre-prepared vegetables to the slightly processed hardwood vegetables in a food and nutrition unit (FNU) in the countryside of Rio Grande do Sul. The evaluated vegetables were: crespa, American and lisa lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and rúcula (Eruca sativa L.). The green hardwood vegetables which had high Correction Factor (CF) and were sanitized in the Food Unit were included. They were served at least four times a week to compare to the slightly processed vegetables. Those which needed cooking and the hardwood vegetables which were not marketed slightely processed were excluded. For five consecutive days the reception, pre-preparing (getting rid of non edible parts), sanitizing and the distribution were followed. The statistical analysis was done through the average and standard deviation considering the green hardwood vegetables weight and the values of them evaluated in the FNU. The daily average of green vegetables received in the FNU was 7,245 Kg with ± 2,639 Kg. An average of 5,395 Kg a day were served after the discard with ±2,650 Kg. Concluded that even minimally processed vegetables has the value 68,04%...

La transición alimentaria y la doble carga de malnutrición: cambios en los patrones alimentarios de 1961 a 2009 en el contexto socioeconómico mexicano

El propósito de este trabajo fue identificar si existieron cambios en la composición de los patrones alimentarios de 1961 a 2009, si el gasto en algunos alimentos por nivel de ingresos y el aumento en el precio de ciertos alimentos básicos de la dieta en el contexto socioeconómico mexicano, podrían explicar la transición alimentaria y la doble carga de malnutrición. Se llevó a cabo un estudio ecológico con la información de las Hojas de Balance de la FAO. Para conformar los patrones alimentarios se realizó análisis de conglomerados. Además, con los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos en los Hogares 2012 del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía se construyeron curvas de Engel para calcular la evolución del precio relativo de algunos alimentos. La dieta se definió en tres patrones alimentarios. La disponibilidad total de energía aumentó de 2316 kcal/persona/ día en 1961 a 3146 en 2009. Las modificaciones del patrón alimentario están en consonancia con la transición alimentaria y nutricional y con la doble carga de malnutrición. Se observó que la energía derivada de los cereales y la proveniente de las leguminosa (frijol) se redujo considerablemente, y de manera simultánea la energía procedente de azúcares, alimentos de origen animal y grasas vegetales tuvieron un aumento notable. El gasto en alimentos fue diferencial de acuerdo al nivel de ingresos. La malnutrición está mediada por la inequitativa distribución del ingreso, el bajo costo relativo de los alimentos ricos en energía, el encarecimiento de alimentos nutritivos y el escaso apoyo a la agricultura.

The nutrition transition and the double burden of malnutrition: changes in dietary patterns 1961-2009 in the Mexican socioeconomic context.. The purpose of this study was to identify whether there were changes in the composition of dietary patterns from 1961 to 2009, if food patterns by income level and the increase in the price of certainbasic foods of the diet in the socioeconomic Mexican context, could explain the nutrition transition and the double burden of malnutrition. We conducted an ecological study with data from FAO balance sheets. To construct eating patterns cluster analysis was performed. Engel curves were developed with data from the 2012 INEGI ENGH survey and evolution of therelative price of some foods was calculated. The diet was defined in three dietary patterns. The increase in the total availability of energy increased from 2316 kcal/person/day in 1961 to 3146 in 2009. Dietary pattern modifications are in line with the nutrition transition and the double burden of malnutrition. It was observed that the energy derived from cereals andfrom legume (common beans) was significantly reduced, and simultaneously, the energy from sugars, animal foods and vegetable fats had a dramatic increase. Spending on food was differential according to income level.Malnutritionis mediated by theunequal distribution of income, the relatively lowcost ofenergy-dense foods, the increased cost of nutritious foods, and limited support to agriculture.