Diversity patterns of hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) in the canopy of an ombrophilous forest in Central Amazon, Brazil / Padrões de diversidade de Sphingidae (Lepidoptera) no dossel de floresta ombrófila na Amazônia central, Brasil

ABSTRACT Sphingidae attracted to light were systematically collected in an Amazonian forest canopy. Sampling occurred at a height of 34 m in an upland primary rainforest plateau in the Cueiras River basin, located within the Experimental Station of Tropical Silviculture, Manaus municipality, Amazonas, Brazil. The hawkmoths were collected using a vertical white sheet illuminated by a 250 W mixed mercury light and a 20 W black-light (BLB) fluorescent tube. Monthly collections were carried out from January to December 2004, during three nights of lunar transition from third quarter moon to new moon between 6 p.m. and 6 a.m. We sampled 1748 specimens, represented by 1485 males and 263 females, belonging to 52 species and 21 genera. Xylophanes comprised the highest number of species (seven), followed by Erinnyis, with six species. The most abundant species were Pseudosphinx tetrio (169 specimens), Pachylia darceta (162), Erinnyis ello ello (154), Isognathus excelsior (151) and Callionima parce (139). The species accumulation curve showed that the species richness tended to stabilize by the eighth month. We also observed that species composition altered significantly throughout the night period. All presented hawkmoth records are new for the canopy in the central Amazon.

RESUMO Foram realizadas coletas sistemáticas de Sphingidae no dossel de floresta ombrófila densa na Amazônia central utilizando-se armadilha luminosa. As coletas ocorreram em uma floresta primária de terra firme, na bacia do Rio Cuieiras, a 34 m de altura na torre da Estação Experimental de Silvicultura Tropical, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. Foi utilizado um lençol branco iluminado com uma lâmpada de luz mista de mercúrio e uma lâmpada de luz negra UV-BLB. As mariposas foram coletadas mensalmente durante o ano de 2004, em três noites consecutivas de lua minguante e/ou lua nova, sempre das 18:00 às 06:00h. Foram coletados 1748 espécimes, dos quais 769, por serem comuns, foram identificados, marcados e soltos. Foram obtidos 1485 machos e 263 fêmeas, pertencentes a 21 gêneros e 52 espécies. Xylophanes foi representado por sete espécies, seguido por Erinnyis com seis. As espécies mais abundantes foram Pseudosphinx tetrio (169 espécimes), Pachylia darceta (162), Erinnyis ello ello (154), Isognathus excelsior (151) e Callionima parce (139). A curva de acumulação de espécie mostrou que em torno do oitavo mês de coleta, a riqueza de espécies tendeu a estabilizar. Foi possível observar ainda que a composição de esfingídeos mudou significativamente ao longo da noite. Todos os registros são novos para o dossel de floresta na Amazônia central.

Premaxillary crest variation within the Wukongopteridae (Reptilia, Pterosauria) and comments on cranial structures in pterosaurs

ABSTRACT Cranial crests show considerable variation within the Pterosauria, a group of flying reptiles that developed powered flight. This includes the Wukongopteridae, a clade of non-pterodactyloids, where the presence or absence of such head structures, allied with variation in the pelvic canal, have been regarded as evidence for sexual dimorphism. Here we discuss the cranial crest variation within wukongopterids and briefly report on a new specimen (IVPP V 17957). We also show that there is no significant variation in the anatomy of the pelvis of crested and crestless specimens. We further revisit the discussion regarding the function of cranial structures in pterosaurs and argue that they cannot be dismissed a priori as a valuable tool for species recognition.

Distância de voo para forrageamento da abelha uruçu beiço (Melipona eburnea Friese, 1900) / Foraging flight distance for Melipona eburnea Friese bees / Distancia de vuelo para forrajeo de abeja real (Melipona eburnea Friese, 1900)

Devido à necessidade de insumos para manutenção da colônia, as abelhas operárias realizam voos afim de coletar alimentos (pólen e néctar), materiais de construção (barro, resina etc.) e retirar o lixo do interior da colônia. Para realização do experimento foram capturadas 30 abelhas operárias, na saída do ninho, que foram marcadas no tórax com tinta atóxica e colocadas em uma caixa plástica, medindo 11cm de altura por 15cm de largura e 20cm de comprimento. As cores utilizadas na identificação das abelhas foram administradas de acordo com a distância de soltura. Adotaram-se as cores: laranja para 500m; azul para 1.000m; amarela para 1.500m; verde para 2.000m; branca para 1.600m e vermelha para 1.700m. As solturas foram realizadas uma a cada dia de experimento, sendo as distâncias medidas com o auxílio de GPS. As liberações ocorreram entre 07h e 08h da manhã, em linha reta, em relação à colônia. Para contagem do número de abelhas que retornavam, a entrada do ninho foi fechada e, a cada abelha que regressava, era reaberta, permitindo que a mesma entrasse. Para análise dos dados, utilizou-se o programa Microsoft Excel 2013. Houve uma taxa significativa de retorno até 1.500m. A partir dessa distância, o sucesso das atividades de forrageamento foi inferior a 50%, tornando-se inviável a realização de coletas, devido à perda de grande número de forrageiras. As análises mostraram que Melipona eburnea alcança um raio de ação em torno de 908 ha, podendo percorrer uma distância de, aproximadamente, 1.700m em relação ao ninho.(AU)

Due to the need for inputs to maintain the colony, worker bees fly to collect food (pollen and nectar), building material (clay, resin, etc.) and remove garbage from the inside of the hive. In order to carry out this experiment, a total of 30 foraging bees were collected at the exit of the hive, marked on the chest with nontoxic paint and placed in a plastic box measuring 11-cm high, 15-cm wide and 20-cm long. The colors used for the identification of the bees were administered according to the distance of their release. The following colors were adopted: orange for 500 m; blue for 1,000 m; yellow for 1,500 m; green for 2,000 m; white for 1,600 m, and red for 1,700 m. The releases were performed one per day of the experiment, and the distances measured with the aid of a GPS device. The releases took place between 7 and 8 a.m. in a straight line in relation to the hive. In order to count the number of returning bees, the nest entrance was closed and only reopened for each returning bee, allowing it to enter. Data was analyzed used Microsoft Excel 2013. There was a significant rate of return up to 1,500 m. Beyond that distance, the success of foraging activities was less than 50%, making data collection impossible due to the loss of large number of worker bees. The analyzes showed that Melipona eburnea reaches an action radius of around 908 ha, being able to cover a distance of approximately 1,700 m in relation to the hive.(AU)

Debido a la necesidad de insumos para el mantenimiento de la colonia, las abejas obreras realizan vuelos para recolectar alimentos (polen y néctar), materiales de construcción (arcilla, resina, etc.) y quitar la basura desde el interior de la colonia. Para realizar el experimento fueron capturados 30 obreras a la salida del nido, que estaban marcadas en el pecho con tinta no tóxica y puestas en una caja de plástico, midiendo 11cm de alto, 15cm de ancho y 20 cm de longitud. Los colores utilizados en la identificación de las abejas fueron manejados de acuerdo con la distancia de soltura. Se adoptaron los colores: naranja de 500m; azul para 1.000m; amarillo para 1.500m; verde para 2.000m; blanco para 1.600m y rojo para 1.700m. Las solturas se realizaron una a cada día del experimento, y las distancias medidas con la ayuda de un GPS. Las liberaciones ocurrieron entre las 07h y 08h de la mañana, en línea recta, en relación con la colonia. Para conteo del número de abejas que retornaban, la entrada del nido fue cerrada y, a cada abeja que regresaba era reabierta, permitiendo que la misma entrase. Para análisis de los datos se utilizó el programa Microsoft Excel 2013. Hubo una tasa significativa de retorno hasta 1.500m. A partir de esta distancia, el éxito de las actividades de forrajeo fue inferior al 50%, lo que hace inviable la realización de recolecciones, debido a la pérdida de un gran número de forrajes. El análisis mostró que Melipona eburnea alcanza un radio de acción alrededor de 908ha, pudiendo recorrer una distancia de, aproximadamente, 1.700m en relación al nido.(AU)

Can body traits, other than wings, reflect the flight ability of Triatominae bugs?

Abstract: INTRODUCTION : Insects of the subfamily Triatominae are vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi , the Chagas disease parasite, and their flying behavior has epidemiological importance. The flying capacity is strikingly different across and within Triatominae species, as well as between sexes or individuals. Many Triatoma infestans individuals have wings but no flying muscles. In other Triatominae species, no clear relationships were found between wing length and flying behavior. If wing presence or size is not reflective of the flying behavior, which other parts of the body could be considered as reliable markers of this important function? METHODS : The genus Mepraia has exceptional characteristics with invariably wingless females and wingless or winged males. We calculated the porous surface exposed to odorant molecules to estimate the olfactory capacity of Mepraia spinolai . The head shape and thorax size were estimated using the geometric morphometric approach and traditional morphometric techniques, respectively. RESULTS : Alary polymorphism in M. spinolai was significantly associated with consistent modification of the thorax size, head shape, and notable change in the estimated olfactory capacity. The macropterous individuals had a larger olfactory surface and thorax size and significantly different head shape compared to those of the micropterous individuals. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that these structural changes could be associated with the flying potential of Triatominae. Thus, morphological attributes not found on wings could help determine the likely flying potential of the bugs.

Teste de voo como critério de avaliação da qualidade de Trichospilus diatraeae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) / Flight test as evaluation criteria of the Trichospilus diatraeae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) quality

Trichospilus diatraeae Cherian & Margabandhu, 1942 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) é um parasitoide gregário, principalmente de pupas de Lepidoptera. O sucesso de um programa de controle biológico de Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) utilizando T. diatraeae depende de estudos em laboratório e campo. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a qualidade da população de T. diatraeae, pelo teste de voo denominado modelo ESALQ em laboratório. Pupas de D. saccharalis com 24h de idade foram expostas ao parasitismo por fêmeas da 30º geração de T. diatraeae com 24h de idade nas relações parasitoide-hospedeiro de 3:1, 5:1 e 14:1. Os adultos emergidos foram classificados de acordo com suas posições, voadores, caminhadores e não voadores. O teste de voo é uma técnica adequada para determinação da qualidade de populações de T. diatraeae para utilização em programas de controle biológico.

Trichospilus diatraeae Margabandhu & Cherian, 1942 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is a gregarious parasitoid, especially pupae of Lepidoptera. The success of a program of biological control of Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) using T. diatraeae depends on laboratory studies and field. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of the population of T. diatraeae, called the test flight model ESALQ laboratory. Pupae of D. saccharalis 24h old were exposed to parasitism by females of the 30th generation of T. diatraeae 24h old parasitoid-host relationships of 3:1, 5:1 and 14:1. The emerged adults were classified according to their positions, flying, running and nonflying. The flight test is a suitable technique for determining the quality of populations of T. diatraeae for use in biological control programs.

Metapopulation in bats of Southern Brazil / Metapopulação em morcegos do sul do Brasil

The purpose was to show that displacements, promoters of genetic diversity in metapopulations, increase the probability of survival of bat species adapted to medium and long-distance flights. Samples were taken in four forest fragments, distributed in three municipalities in northern Paraná, and the maximum distance between the studied areas is 20 km. A monthly sampling was performed for each fragment, for the period of July 2008 to June 2009. We used eight nets for collection which remained open during the first four hours of the night, totalling 192 hours during a year of study. The marking occurred from October 2008 to March 2009 and was accomplished through the use of anodised metal rings of four different colours. One hundred and fifty individuals were banded and since the first capture, four displacements were recorded. After five months of collecting and marking, one Carollia perspicillata was found three km away. Two Artibeus lituratus were recorded about 20 km from the marking place: the first one after 22 months and the second one after 24 months. Additionally, one Platyrrhinus lineatus was captured at about 20 km, after 26 months. As they moved around over considerable distances and are not monogamous, they mate with females of other fragments, exchanging genes and reducing or even avoiding inbreeding. Thus, populations of bats have the ability to increase genetic diversity in metapopulations, provided by displacements between the forest fragments. Species that behave like this are not vulnerable to isolation.

Objetivou-se mostrar que os deslocamentos, promotores da diversidade genética em metapopulações, incrementam a probabilidade de sobrevivência das populações de espécies de morcegos adaptadas para voos de média e longa distância. As amostragens foram realizadas em quatro fragmentos florestais, distribuídos em três municípios da região norte do Paraná, sendo que a distância máxima entre as áreas de estudo foi de 20 km. Uma amostragem mensal foi realizada em cada fragmento, durante o período de julho de 2008 a junho de 2009. Foram utilizadas oito redes por coleta, que permaneceram abertas durante as quatro primeiras horas da noite, totalizando 192 horas, durante um ano de estudo. A marcação ocorreu de outubro de 2008 a março de 2009 e foi realizada por meio de anilhas metálicas anodizadas de quatro cores diferentes. Cento e cinquenta indivíduos foram marcados e, desde a captura, foram registrados quatro deslocamentos. Após cinco meses da coleta e da marcação, um Carollia perspicillata foi encontrado a três quilômetros. Dois Artibeus lituratus foram registrados a cerca de 20 km do local de marcação, um destes após 22 meses e o segundo, após 24 meses. Adicionalmente, um Platyrrhinus lineatus foi capturado a cerca de 20 km, após 26 meses. Ao se locomoverem por razoáveis distâncias, como não são monogâmicos, os machos cruzam com fêmeas de outros fragmentos, trocando genes e reduzindo - ou mesmo evitando - a endogamia. Assim, há a possibilidade de se incrementar a diversidade genética nas metapopulações, possibilitada pelos deslocamentos entre os fragmentos. As espécies que assim se comportam não são vulneráveis ao isolamento.

Dispersal of Triatoma infestans and other Triatominae species in the arid Chaco of Argentina: Flying, walking or passive carriage? The importance of walking females

The aim of this paper was to analyse the active dispersal of Triatoma infestans and the role of chickens as passive carriers of this insect in peridomestic areas of La Rioja, Argentina. To measure active dispersal, monthly catches were made on six consecutive nights for five months (in the warm season) using light traps (for flying insects) and sticky dispersal barriers (for walking insects). The nutritional and reproductive states of adults were evaluated. Over the course of the sampling period, a total of eight flying adults, six walking nymphs and 10 walking adults of the species T. infestans were captured, as well as specimens of Triatoma guasayana, Triatoma eratyrusiformis and Triatoma platensis. Our data demonstrate for the first time that females of T. infestans can disperse by walking. This may be an adaptive strategy because it allows them to move with eggs and/or with good blood reserves, which are not possible when flying. All flying and walking individuals of both genders were of an appropriate physiological state that would allow for colonisation of the target habitat. However, manual inspection of 122 chickens suggests that it is unlikely that these animals passively transport T. infestans. Finally, the dispersal activity of T. infestans was compared with other triatomines using a dispersion index.

Proteomic and transcriptomic analysis of visual long-term memory in Drosophila melanogaster

The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is able to discriminate visual landmarks and form visual long-term memory in a flight simulator. Studies focused on the molecular mechanism of long-term memory have shown that memory formation requires mRNA transcription and protein synthesis. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the visual learning paradigm. The present study demonstrated that both spaced training procedure (STP) and consecutive training procedure (CTP) would induce long-term memory at 12 hour after training, and STP caused significantly higher 12-h memory scores compared with CTP. Label-free quantification of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and microarray were utilized to analyze proteomic and transcriptomic differences between the STP and CTP groups. Proteomic analysis revealed 30 up-regulated and 27 down-regulated proteins; Transcriptomic analysis revealed 145 up-regulated and 129 down-regulated genes. Among them, five candidate genes were verified by quantitative PCR, which revealed results similar to microarray. These results provide insight into the molecular components influencing visual long-term memory and facilitate further studies on the roles of identified genes in memory formation.

Chilled packing systems for fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the sterile insect technique

We evaluated three packing systems (PARC boxes, "GT" screen towers and "MX" screen towers) for the emergence and sexual maturation of sterile fruit flies, at three adult fly densities (1, 1.2 and 1.3 fly/cm²) and three food types. At the lowest density, results showed no significant differences in the longevity and flight ability of adult Anastrepha ludens (Loew) and Anastrepha obliqua Macquart among the three packing systems. Higher densities resulted in a decrease in these parameters. In the evaluation of the three food types, no significant differences were found either on longevity or flight ability of A. ludens. However, the greatest longevity for both sexes A. obliqua was obtained with commercial powdered Mb® and the mix of sugar, protein and corn starch on paper (SPCP) food types. The highest value for flight ability in A. obliqua males was obtained with powdered Mb® and SPCP food types, and for females with Mb® powdered food. Our data indicated that GT and MX screen tower packing systems are an alternative to the PARC boxes, since they were suitable for adult fly sexual maturation without any harm to their longevity or flight ability. The tested foods were equivalent in both fruit fly species, with the exception of the agar type for A. obliqua, which yielded the lowest biological parameters evaluated. Our results contribute to the application of new methods for the packing and release of sterile flies in large-scale programs.

Playing in the skies: The White-rumped Monjita (Xolmis velatus) coordinates its flight with flights of other bird species / Brincando nos céus: a noivinha-branca (Xolmis velatus) coordena seu vôo com aqueles de outras espécies de aves

Play is a behavior known for some groups of birds. This study aimed to report on play performed during flight by the White-rumped Monjita (Xolmis velatus) in central Brazil. On two occasions, one X. velatus was observed coordinating its movements with those of other bird species while flying over savanna vegetation. By pairing at their side, this tyrant coordinated its the flight trajectory with those of a Campo Flicker (Colaptes campestris) and a Peach-fronted Parakeet (Aratinga aurea). Several attributes of this behaviour characterise play. This is the first study to report on parallel locomotor play for a bird species

Brincadeira é um comportamento conhecido para alguns grupos de aves. Este estudo teve como objetivo reportar sobre brincadeira exibida durante voo por noivinha-branca (Xolmis velatus) no Brasil central. Em duas ocasiões, um X. velatus foi observado coordenando seus movimentos com aqueles de outras espécies de aves enquanto voava sobre vegetação savânica. Ao parear aos seus lados, este tiranídeo coordenou sua trajetória de voo com aquela de um pica-pau-do-campo (Colaptes campestris) e de um periquito-estrela (Aratinga aurea). Vários atributos deste comportamento caracterizam brincadeira. Este é o primeiro estudo a registrar brincadeira locomotora paralela para espécies de aves.

Flight activity of Sitophilus oryzae (L) and Sitophilus zeamais Motsch (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and its relationship with susceptibility to insecticides / Atividade de vôo de Sitophilus oryzae (L) e Sitophilus zeamais Motsch (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) e a sua relação com a susceptibilidade a inseticidas

Insect-pest mobility can influence insect susceptibility to the insecticides used to control them. The objective of this work was to evaluate the flight activity of Sitophilus oryzae (L) and Sitophilus zeamais Motsch populations reared on corn and wheat grains, and its relationship with insecticide susceptibility. Unsexed adult insects with ages between 10 and 20 days were placed on a plastic tray. A 40-watt incandescent light bulb was positioned at a 50 cm height relative to the tray. Flight activity was evaluated during 30 min. In the LC50 estimation bioassays, the insects were exposed to dry residues of the organophosphorus insecticide fenitrothion and of the pyrethroid insecticide esfenvalerate on the internal surface of glass vials. Mortality was evaluated 24h after installation of the experiments. Sitophilus zeamais showed greater flight activity when compared with S.oryzae; likewise, insects reared on corn had greater flight activity than those reared on wheat. Sitophilus oryzae was less susceptible to the insecticides studied than S. zeamais. Adults reared on wheat were more susceptible to the insecticides than those reared on corn. This study demonstrates that the lower flight activity of S. oryzae is related to its greater tolerance to insecticides.

A mobilidade de insetos pragas pode influenciar sua susceptibilidade aos inseticidas usados no seu controle. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a atividade de vôo em populações de Sitophilus oryzae (L) e Sitophilus zeamais criadas em grãos de milho e trigo, e a sua relação com a susceptibilidade a inseticidas. Insetos adultos não-sexados, com idades entre 10 e 20 dias, foram colocados sobre bandeja plástica. Uma lâmpada de luz incandescente de 40 watts foi posicionada a 50 cm de altura em relação à bandeja. A atividade de vôo foi avaliada durante 30 min. Nos bioensaios para estimar a CL50 os insetos foram expostos a resíduos secos do organofosforado fenitrotiom e do piretroide esfenvalerato sobre a superfície interna de tubos de vidro. A avaliação da mortalidade foi feita 24h após a instalação dos experimentos. Sitophilus zeamais apresentou maior atividade de vôo quando comparada a S. oryzae; outrossim, os insetos criados no milho apresentaram maior atividade de vôo do que aqueles criados no trigo. Sitophilus oryzae foi menos susceptível aos inseticidas estudados do que S. zeamais. Os adultos procedentes da criação em trigo foram mais susceptíveis aos inseticidas do que aqueles procedentes da criação em milho. O presente trabalho demonstra que a menor atividade de vôo de S. oryzae está relacionada a sua maior tolerância a inseticidas.

Presumed unconstrained dispersal of Aedes aegypti in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Dispersão de Aedes aegypti em local presumidamente sem barreira limitante ao vôo na cidade do Rio de Janeiro / Dispersión ilimitada de Aedes aegypti en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, Brasil

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate dispersal of Aedes aegypti females in an area with no container manipulation and no geographic barriers to constrain mosquito flight. METHODS: A mark-release-recapture experiment was conducted in December 2006, in the dengue endemic urban district of Olaria in Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil, where there is no evident obstacle to the dispersal of Ae. aegypti females. Mosquito traps were installed in 192 houses (96 Adultraps and 96 MosquiTRAPs). RESULTS: A total of 725 dust-marked gravid females were released and recapture rate was 6.3 percent. Ae. aegypti females traveled a mean distance of 288.12 m and their maximum displacement was 690 m; 50 percent and 90 percent of females flew up to 350 m and 500.2 m, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Dispersal of Ae. aegypti females in Olaria was higher than in areas with physical and geographical barriers. There was no evidence of a preferred direction during mosquito flight, which was considered random or uniform from the release point.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a dispersão de fêmeas de Aedes aegypti em uma área onde não houve nenhuma interferência quanto à redução de potenciais criadouros e não há barreira geográfica que limite o vôo dos mosquitos. MÉTODOS: Um experimento de marcação-soltura-recaptura foi realizado em dezembro de 2006, no bairro urbano Olaria, endêmico para dengue na cidade do Rio de Janeiro (RJ), onde não há obstáculos evidentes à dispersão de fêmeas de Ae. aegypti. Armadilhas para captura de mosquitos foram instaladas em 192 residências (96 Adultraps e 96 MosquiTraps). RESULTADOS: Foram soltas 725 fêmeas grávidas marcadas com pó fluorescente e a taxa de recaptura foi de 6,3 por cento. Fêmeas de Ae. aegypti dispersaram em média 288,12 m do ponto de soltura e o deslocamento máximo foi de 690 m; 50 por cento e 90 por cento das fêmeas voaram até 350 m e 500,2 m respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: A dispersão de fêmeas de Ae. aegypti em Olaria foi maior que em áreas com barreiras físicas e/ou geográficas. Não houve evidências de preferência de direção do vôo dos mosquitos, o qual foi considerado randômico ou uniforme a partir do ponto de soltura.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la dispersión de hembras de Aedes aegypti en un área sin manipulación de recipientes y sin barreras geográficas que limiten el vuelo del mosquito. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un experimento de marcaje y recaptura en diciembre de 2006, en el distrito urbano Olaria, Rio de Janeiro (Sureste de Brasil), área endémica para dengue, donde no hay obstáculo evidente para la dispersión de hembras de Ae. aegypti. Trampas para mosquitos fueron instaladas en 192 casas (96 Adultraps y 96 MosquiTraps). RESULTADOS: Un total de 725 hembras grávidas marcadas con polvo fueron liberadas y recapturadas siendo la tasa de 6,3 por ciento. Las hembras de Ae. Aegypti viajaron una distancia promedio de 288,12 m y su máximo desplazamiento fue de 690 m; 50 por ciento y 90 por ciento de las hembras volaron hasta los 350 m y 500,2 m, respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: Dispersión de las hembras de Ae. aegypti en Olaria fue mayor que en las áreas con barreras físicas y geográficas. No hube evidencia de una dirección preferida durante el vuelo del mosquito, por lo que se considera aleatorio y uniforme desde el punto de liberación.

Diversidad de cicadélidos y clastoptéridos (Hemiptera) en tres zonas productoras de café afectadas por Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al. en Costa Rica / Hemipteran diversity (Cicadellidae and Clastopteridae) in three coffee production zones affected by Xylella fastidiosa (Wells et al.) in Costa Rica

Se realizó un estudio durante los años 2002, 2003 y 2004, con el fin de determinar la composición, la abundancia, riqueza, diversidad, equidad, ocurrencia y fluctuación temporal de las especies de saltahojas en tres zonas productoras de café de Costa Rica. Se utilizaron trampas amarillas pegajosas para clasificar y cuantificar el número de saltahojas adultos durante el período de muestreo. Se encontró un total de 82.500 individuos, pertenecientes a 139 especies ubicadas dentro de nueve subfamilias. San Isidro de León Cortés presentó la mayor diversidad entre los sitios estudiados. Veinticinco especies se encontraron frecuentemente en al menos uno de los sitios muestreados, y solamente Coelidiana sp.1, Osbornellus sp.1, Scaphytopius sp.1 y Empoasca sp. se capturaron a lo largo de todo el período de estudio. La fluctuación temporal de los taxa que comprenden los principales vectores de X. fastidiosa Wells et al. mostró diferencias entre las zonas estudiadas.

A survey was conducted during 2002, 2003 and 2004 to determine the leafhopper species composition, abundance, richness, diversity, evenness, occurrence and flight activity among three coffee production zones of Costa Rica. Yellow sticky traps were used to qualify and quantify the number of aerial leafhoppers during the sampling period. A total of 82,500 individuals, belonging to 139 species within nine leafhopper subfamilies, were trapped. San Isidro de León Cortés site presented the highest diversity from the three surveyed sites. Twenty five species were frequently trapped at least in one of the studied zones, and only Coelidiana sp.1, Osbornellus sp.1, Scaphytopius sp.1 and Empoasca sp. were trapped throughout the sampling period. The flight activity of the taxa that contain the main vectors of Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al. showed differences among the sampling zones.

Hedylidae (Lepidoptera: Hedyloidea) coletados à luz a 40 metros de altura no dossel da floresta da Estação Experimental de Silvicultura Tropical em Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil / Hedylidae (Lepidoptera: Hedyloidea) collected with light trap at 40 meter height over an Amazon forest canopy at Experimental Station of the Tropical Silviculture in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil

Os Hedylidae constituem um grupo de lepidópteros exclusivamente neotropical com 35 espécies conhecidas em um gênero, Macrosoma Hübner, 1818. Antes classificados entre as mariposas Geometridae, agora são considerados um grupo basal e noturno de borboletas. Foram realizadas coletas mensais de janeiro a dezembro de 2004 no dossel de uma floresta em área de terra-firme, utilizando um lençol branco iluminado por luz mista de mercúrio e outra luz negra UV-BLB, instalado a 40 m de altura em uma torre. As coletas foram realizadas das 18:00 às 6:00 h do dia seguinte. Foram coletados 55 exemplares , a maioria machos, somente dois exemplares fêmeas pertencentes a nove espécies, uma delas provavelmente nova, a saber: M. hedylaria Warren (1894), M. bahiata (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875), M. conifera (Warren, 1897), M. heliconiaria (Guenée, 1857), M. hyacinthina (Warren, 1905), M. klagesi (Prout, 1916), M. lucivittata (Walker, 1863) M. nigrimacula (Warren, 1897) e Macrosoma sp. Os Hedylidae foram mais abundantes na estação mais chuvosa, dezembro a maio, com 65,5 por cento dos espécimes coletados. O horário de maior atividade foi entre 19:00 e 22 h com 80 por cento dos espécimes coletados.

The Hedylidae is a lepidopteran group exclusively neotropical, with 35 known species in the genus Macrosoma Hübner, 1818. The family was classified as Geometridae moths but presently they are considered a basal and nocturnal group of butterflies. The collections were carried out monthly from January to December of 2004, during three nights of lunar transition third quarter moon/new moon from 6 p.m. to 6 a.m. The insects were collected over a vertical white sheet illuminated by a 250 watt mixed light and a 20 watt black-light (BLB) lamp installed in a tower at a height of 40 m. We collected 53 male specimens and two female specimens, belonging to nine species of which one was probably new to science: M. hedylaria Warren (1894), M. bahiata (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875), M. conifera (Warren, 1897), M. heliconiaria (Guenée, 1857), M. hyacinthina (Warren, 1905), M. klagesi (Prout, 1916), M. lucivittata (Walker, 1863) M. nigrimacula (Warren, 1897) e Macrosoma sp. The hedylids were more abundant in the rainy season, December to May, with 65,5 percent of the collected specimens. They were collected mainly from 7:00 pm to 10:00 pm with 80 percent of the collected specimens.

Atividades de vôo de operárias de Melipona seminigra (Hymenoptera: Apidae) em um sistema agroflorestal da Amazônica / Flight activities in Melipona seminigra workers (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Amazonia

Atividades externas de vôo estão associadas a coleta de néctar, pólen, resina e barro e transporte de lixo para fora da colônia. Informações sobre esse trabalho das abelhas sem ferrão são importantes para atender a programas de manejo de polinizadores, reflorestamento e restauração ambiental e ainda a manutenção das populações silvestres destes insetos. Duas colônias de Melipona seminigra foram instaladas em um sistema agroflorestal constituído por variados tipos de espécies vegetais frutíferas e madeireiras para observações diárias de suas cargas transportadas. Um total de 17434 indivíduos foi observado sendo que 9355 (54%) transportavam pólen, 4195 (24%) resina, 2754 (16%) barro e 1130 (6%) néctar/água. O pólen foi o principal recurso coletado em ambas as colônias de junho a agosto de 2005 com pico de coleta matutino seguido por resina, barro e néctar/água, enquanto que no inicio da tarde a quantidade de cargas transportadas, em ordem decrescente, foi barro > resina > néctar/água > pólen. As temperaturas internas das colônias tiveram menor variação do que as temperaturas externas mostrando que abelhas M. seminigra também regulam a temperatura interna. Com a intensa atividade de forrageamento concluiu-se que o sistema agroflorestal pode ser uma interessante alternativa para a criação de abelhas sem ferrão.

Flight activities can be related to nectar, pollen, resin and clay collection, as well as garbage dumping to outside's hive. Information about this stingless bee work are important to attend pollinators management programs, reforest and environment recuperation with maintenance of these insects population. Four hives of Melipona seminigra were installed in an agro-forestry system with a varied assortment of wood and fruit tree species. In a total of 17434 individuals were observed 9355 (54%) of the transports were done for pollen, 4195 (24%) for resin, 2754 (16%) mud and 1130 (6%) nectar/water. Polen was the main resource collected for both colonies from June to August of 2005 with picks in the mornings, followed by resin, mud and nectar/water. Early afternoon the quantity of charges transported, in decreasing order were mud > resin > nectar/water > pollen. The internal colonies temperatures had less variation if compared to the external temperatures, showing that M. seminigra bees also regulate the internal temperature. Due to the intense flight activity in the agro-forest system is an interesting alternative to keep stingless bees in these environments.

Flight a activity of Tetragona clavipes (Fabricius, 1804) (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini) at the São Paulo University campus in Ribeirão Preto / Atividade de vôo de Tetragona clavipes (Fabricius, 1804) (Hymenopetra, Apidae, Meliponini) no campus da Universidade de São Paulo em Ribeirão Preto

The Tetragona clavipes (Fabricius, 1804) bees, knowing as “borá”, is found in all Brazil country until south of Parana state. However in the São Paulo state, this species is not very common. Our main aim was, in São Paulo University Campus at Ribeirão Preto, to realize the characterization of the flight activity of this bee, showing possible relations some environmental factors, such as temperature, relative humidity and “A” type ultraviolet radiation. Data were obtained during September and October months (Spring) and showed that there is a high correlation between the start and finish of the flight activity and environmental temperature. However the UVA radiation and specially air relative humidity did not show relevant role on this behavior and they were considered secondary factors.

A abelha Tetragona clavipes (Fabricius, 1804), também conhecida como Borá, é encontrada em todo Brasil, até os limites sul do estado do Paraná. Embora ocorra no estado de São Paulo, ela não é uma espécie muito comum. Nosso principal objetivo foi realizar, no Campus da USP em Ribeirão Preto, a caracterização das atividades de vôo dessa abelha, mostrando suas possíveis relações com alguns fatores climáticos, tais como temperatura, umidade relativa do ar e radiação ultravioleta do tipo A. Após coleta e análise dos dados durante os meses de Setembro e Outubro (primavera), pôde-se afirmar que existe uma alta correlação entre o início e o término das atividades de vôo e a temperatura ambiente. Porém, os índices de radiação UVA e principalmente a umidade relativa do ar não apresentaram papel relevante neste tipo de comportamento e foram considerados como parâmetros secundários.

A mechanical model of wing and theoretical estimate of taper factor for three gliding birds.

We tested a mechanical model of wing,which was constructed using the measurements of wingspan and wing area taken from three species of gliding birds.In this model,we estimated the taper factors of the wings for jackdaw (Corrus monedula), Harris' hawk (Parabuteo unicinctas) and Lagger falcon (Falco jugger) as 1.8, 1.5 and 1.8,respectively. Likewise, by using the data linear regression and curve estimation method,as well as estimating the taper factors and the angle between the humerus and the body, we calculated the relationship between wingspan,wing area and the speed necessary to meet the aerodynamic requirements of sustained flight.In addition,we calculated the relationship between the speed,wing area and wingspan for a specific angle between the humerus and the body over the range of stall speed to maximum speed of gliding flight.We then compared the results for these three species of gliding birds. These comparisons suggest that the aerodynamic characteristics of Harris' hawk wings are similar to those of the falcon but different from those of the jackdaw.This paper also presents two simple equations to estimate the minimum angle between the humerus and the body as well as the minimum span ratio of a bird in gliding flight.

Interplay between the morphometry of the lungs and the mode of locomotion in birds and mammals

We studied the lung diffusion parameters of two species of birds and two species of mammals to explore how structural and functional features may be paralleled by differences in life style or phylogenetic origin. We used two fast-flying species (one mammal and one bird), one running mammal and one bird species that flies only occasionally as models. The harmonic mean thickness of the air-blood barrier was very thin in the species we studied. An exception was the Chilean tinamou Notoprocta perdicaria, which only flies occasionally. It showed an air-blood barrier as thick as that of flightless Galliformes. We found that the respiratory surface density was significantly greater in flying species compared to running species. The estimated values for the oxygen diffusion capacity, DtO2 follow the same pattern: the highest values were obtained in the flying species, the bat and the eared dove. The lowest value was in N. perdicaria. Our findings suggest that the studied species show refinements in their morphometric lung parameters commensurate to their energetic requirements as dictated by their mode of locomotion, rather than their phylogenetic origin. The air-blood barrier appears to be thin in most birds and small mammals, except those with low energetic requirements such as the Chilean tinamou. In the species we studied, the respiratory surface density appears to be the factor most responsive to the energetic requirements of flight