"The group facilitates everything": meanings patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus assigned to health education groups / "O grupo facilita tudo": significados atribuídos por pacientes portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 a grupos de educação em saúde / "El grupo facilita todo": significados atribuidos por pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 a grupos de educación para la salud

OBJECTIVE: to interpret the meanings patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus assign to health education groups. METHOD: ethnographic study conducted with Hyperdia groups of a healthcare unit with 26 informants, with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and having participated in the groups for at least three years. Participant observation, social characterization, discussion groups and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. Data were analyzed through the thematic coding technique. RESULTS: four thematic categories emerged: ease of access to the service and healthcare workers; guidance on diabetes; participation in groups and the experience of diabetes; and sharing knowledge and experiences. The most relevant aspect of this study is the social use the informants in relation to the Hyperdia groups under study. CONCLUSION: the studied groups are agents producing senses and meanings concerning the process of becoming ill and the means of social navigation within the official health system. We expect this study to contribute to the actions of healthcare workers coordinating these groups given the observation of the cultural universe of these individuals seeking professional care in the various public health care services. .

OBJETIVO: interpretar os significados atribuídos por pacientes portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 a grupos de educação em saúde. MÉTODO: estudo etnográfico em cinco grupos Hiperdia de um centro de saúde, com 26 informantes portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 que participavam dos grupos há, no mínimo, três anos. Para coligir as informações, utilizaram-se observação participante, caracterização social, grupos de discussão e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os dados foram analisados por meio da técnica de codificação temática. RESULTADOS: emergiram quatro categorias temáticas - facilidades de acesso ao serviço e profissionais de saúde, orientações sobre o diabetes, participação nos grupos e experiência com o diabetes e compartilhamento de saberes e experiências. O aspecto mais relevante deste estudo diz respeito aos usos sociais que os informantes conferiam aos grupos Hiperdia pesquisados. CONCLUSÃO: os grupos estudados mostraram-se como instâncias produtoras de sentidos e de significados, concernentes ao processo de adoecimento e aos modos de navegação social no interior do sistema oficial de saúde. Almeja-se que este estudo possa contribuir para as ações dos profissionais de saúde que atuam nesses grupos, tendo em vista a observação do universo cultural dos indivíduos que procuram por cuidado profissional, nos diversos serviços públicos de saúde. .

OBJETIVO: interpretar los significados atribuidos por pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 a los grupos de educación para la salud. MÉTODO: estudio etnográfico en cinco grupos Hiperdia de un centro de salud, con 26 informantes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 que participaban de los grupos hace, por lo menos, tres años. Para recolectar las informaciones se utilizaron la observación participante, la caracterización social, los grupos de discusión y las entrevistas semiestructuradas. Los datos fueron analizados por medio de la técnica de codificación temática. RESULTADOS: surgieron cuatro categorías temáticas: facilidades de acceso al servicio y profesionales de la salud; orientaciones sobre la diabetes; participación en los grupos y experiencia con la diabetes; y, compartir conocimientos y experiencias. El aspecto más relevante de este estudio se refiere a los usos sociales que los informantes daban a los grupos Hiperdia investigados. CONCLUSIÓN: los grupos estudiados se mostraron capaces de producir sentidos y significados concernientes al proceso de enfermarse y a los modos de navegación social en el interior del sistema oficial de salud. El objetivo de este estudio es que pueda contribuir para las acciones de los profesionales de la salud que actúan en esos grupos, considerando la observación del universo cultural de los individuos que buscan cuidados profesionales en los diversos servicios públicos de salud. .

Effect of Ketamine on Apoptosis by Energy Deprivation in Astroglioma Cells using Flow Cytometry System

Apoptosis is a programmed, physiologic mode of cell death that plays an important role in tissue homeostasis. As for the central nervous system, ischemic insults can induce pathophysiologic cascade of apoptosis in neurophils. Impairment of astroctye functions during brain ischemia can critically influence neuron survival by neuronglia interactions. We aimed to elucidate the protective effect of ketamine on apoptosis by energy deprivation in astrocytes. Ischemic insults was induced with iodoacetate/ carbonylcyanide mchlorophenylhydrazone (IAA/CCCP) 1.5 mM/ 20 micrometer or 150 micrometer/2 micrometer for 1 hr in the HTB-15 and CRL-1690 astrocytoma cells. Then these cells were reperfused with normal media or ketamine (0.1 mM) containing media for 1 hr or 24 hr. FITC-annexin-V staining and propidium iodide binding were determined by using flow cytometry. Cell size and granularity were measured by forward and side light scattering properties of flow cytometry system, respectively. An addition of keta-mine during reperfusion increased the proportion of viable cells. Ketamine alleviated cell shrinkage and increased granularity during the early period, and ameliorated cell swelling during the late reperfusion period. Ketamine may have a valuable effect on amelioration of early and late apoptosis in the astrocytoma cells, even though the exact mechanism remains to be verified.

Effect of pH and sodium ions on intestinal uptake of lysine in rats.

Intestinal uptake of lysine in rats progressively decreased with an increase in pH from 5.2 to 8.5, both in the presence and absence of Na+ ions. At pH 5.2 lysine uptake was 30-35% more than that at neutral pH. Na+ activated lysine uptake by 40-50% at pH 5.2 and it was increased to 110-120% at neutral pH. The observed increase in lysine uptake in response to Na+ and H+ gradients was due to enhanced maximal velocity (Vmax), with little change in affinity constant (Kt). Arrhenius analysis revealed a biphasic curve for lysine uptake with transition temperature (Tc) around 20 degrees C (24 degrees C at pH 5.2 in presence of Na+). The energy of activation (Ea) below (16.1-23.4 Kcal/mole) and above (6.7-8.6 Kcal/mole) the Tc was similar at pH 5.2 and 7.0 both in the presence and absence of Na+ ions. The sensitivity of lysine uptake to various inhibitors was also dependent upon pH and Na+ ions.